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iA COLONY OF SMALL FARMERS.
A COLONY OF SMALL FARMERS. Many persons may be unaware that there is a distrkifc in England where some 10,000 acres together are &t- voted to la petite culture. This is the Isle of Axhoitte, the north-western portion of the county of Linc.tu, lying west of the River Trent near its confluence wiifc the Humber. Eutering upon the district, you find ttMt of the 20,000 acres of upland a large proportion cotisMflf of openfield acres of 100 acres or more, each boundei by small farm enclosures the open fields lying part2y on the hills and extending also over portions of tte plain. A field sometimes a mile in length is divided into narrow lands or stripes, all abutting upon a road stretching back in some cases for a quarter of a mile; and on these plots of all breadths, from 10 to 20 yars& or much more, but frequently not exceeding a width « £ five or six yards, intermixed crops of different kinde grow side by side without any fence or gutter or evec a grass boundary between. In Epworth, out of tfas 5500 acres of the parish, 3400 are parcelled out in theae riband-like plots of one rood, balf an acre, three roodb^ one acre, and up to two or three acres each. In Haxey the extent of similarly allotted open field is still greater; and other tracts of this piecemeal cultivation occupy parts of the parishes of Owston, Belton, and Crowle. In the whole district only a few farms of 200 to 4.01 acres are in existence, while about half the enclosol land is in farms of 20 to 50 acres, and the remainder ias. holdings of less than ten acres each. The plots are nflfc only separate occupations, but to a great extent also dis-tinct properties in fact, there are in the isle upwards of 1500 fieeholders having votes for the county. Many of ther-e small propri. tors farm their own plots, oftea scattered in different part- of the open fields; some let their bits of land to tenants, either little farmers or labourers, and the plots let are more numerous thac those in the hands of the owners. A large proportion of the land is copyhold. This plot culture is of very ancient institution; some of the strips of land having probably preserved their exact, limits and site since the Mowbravs granted them to their villeins. But the larger number, known as the New Allotments, were awarded to the commoners in lieu of rights of grazing and other privileges at the commencement of the pro- sent century. Some one pronounced the Isle ofAxboh18 a paradise for lawy-rs no doubt, with reference to the deed-making, and conveyancing, and will-making in- separable, under existing laws, from the succession, &al<^ and transfer of such a multiplicity of properties. Land auctions are of very frequent occurrence and the earth hunger is so great that extravagant biddings are ma.de. and prices given for land adjacent to that of the pur- chaser beyond all proportion to the cultivable value of such soil in larget parcels. Many yearly servants or ploughmen devote themselves to the saving up of £14) or £20 so as to enable them to buy a bit in t'fiel.r4" urch ising perhaps half an acre or more at the rate of £80 up to £120, and in cases even £150 an acre, ana mortgaging the estate for tbe largest part of the pur- chase money. There are many instances in which, ty severe assiduity and the virtue of sobriety and stead nesa, for lack o' which many failures have been made, the eo- cuuibrance has been cleared off in a f jw yesrs, and tbw thrifty cult'v.oor has added other slices to h's property. Very commonly yung men who made a beginning ia this way have craved lor a larger occupation, and selling their plot", hwe bee iir.e occupiers of small enclosed. farms. Many of tbe open-field lands are owned by artisans and tradesmen, who can boast that they ha*e their four, five, or six acres of land, distributed, pec- haps, in several different places, without a sixpence on it aud men of this class, though holding so much land that they can perform personally only a smaB proportion of the manual labour, find less difficulty than the very small plot men in making the business remunerative. Nevertheless, there are some who, mort- gaging their land and money at 4 or 5 per cent., eoa- tinue struggling with their position, working most laboriously ad living on the dietarv, wearing the and possessing the scale of household comforts of ordi- nary day labourers. Tenants paying £ Z, £4, or £ < per acre rent are (or have been until the present crisis) in a good position so long as they confine their occupy tion to their means but throughout the temptatia* is for men to buy or to take more ground than they have capital for. The general testimony is that the men to whom tbe plots prove of greatest, value are the labourers with half an acre or three roods, in someeasee more, according to the amount of help available from, the family. The proceeds from the land make a urreat addition to the labourer's means without his sacrificing his regular earnings at work for other people. Another class who do specially well is that of men owning a small plot and a pair of horses, which, after executing the short term of work required on that plot, are em- ployed in ploughing and carting for other farmers. Tlw legal costs and other charges connected with the trans- fer of a little property are moderate, and not almost pro- hibitive of small purchases, as they have been some- times found to be. The title and all expense involved in buying a half acre may come to about 50s., for IU1 acre or large plot perhaps £5. Occasionally a piece of land is divided among the children of a deceased pro- prietor but the usual course is to bequeath it to one son, sometimes a favourite heir, but more commonly than otherwise to the youngest son—the elder sons having been already settled in life elsewhere. Paymente have generally to be made out of the proceeds of the estate to the other members of the family. Were the law of primogeniture abolished, the small owners wotthi be more careful to provide for the same thing by will; and it has been remarked that they are, of all men, most opposed to an abolition of settlement. The changes ia the number of plots on the open fields in three-quarters of a century have not been very marked but the ten- dency is to diminish the number by amalgamation of adjoining strips by purchase, and thus to make the average size of holding somewhat larger. The systeaa of minute occupation is not extending. It is important to remark that la petite culture has not-tended to in- crease tbe population. As in other purely agricultural districts, the number of inhabitants has remained stationary, with the exception of a trifling immigration of Irish families. The natural increase of the people migrates to the towns. The open field properties arc entirely without buildings of any kind, so the largest part of the corn cropping has to be carted long distances. A. few neat and well-constructed buildings for housing cattle and horses and for storing and preparing food atw to be seen; but back yards and forecourts to cottages; parts of what should be gardens or orchards, and spare spaces, such as the angles where two roads meet, are made to bold the small stacks of wheat, barley, oata; and beans. A considerable portion of the straw is sold, some to farmers, some sent out of the district; anda part is consumed or used as litter, making cattle, horse, or pig manure, which has to be carted back a long average distance to the fields. Live stock is the weakest feature of the patchwork husbandry. A sheep is "rarity is the district; no attempt whatever being made to feed off clover or turnips by small flocks folded on the ground by hurdles. And though almost all the cot- tagers have their save all and manure-makers in the shape of pigs, tbe cow-keeping and calf-raising, the butter-making, and cheese-making, or milk-selling, so much extolled in the petite culture of Prance, Bel- gian), Denmark, and elsewhere, are comparatively minor accessories of the rural industry of the Isle of Axholme, There is no better milk supply in Epworth, Haxey, or Crowle than in any other agricultural villages. Fat pigs are plentiful; and in every little yard, or in crofts or bits of pasture about the houses, run broods of chickens and ducks. The principal crops are wheat and potatoes, alternately taken for a long series of years till the land may be considered rather weary of the course complaints being general that potatoes, the sheet-anchor crop of the Axholme cultivators, can no longer be relied npon for such yields as were formerly dug up. The spade and fork do not play the important part which might be expected in this miniature farming. The plough accomplishes the principal tillage, a pair of strong horses cutting and turning furrows of 10 inches depth when stubble is being broken up for potatoes. They scarify or grub land for autumn cleaning; they drag, barrow, roll, and drill; they ridge and horse-hoe; but the narrowness of the strips of ground prohibits any crossing by implements, the result being a special difficulty in extirpating root-weeds.. Scrupulous neat- ness and devoted mastery of intruding vegetation mark the grounds of many husbandmen; while a less carefnl or a lazy, slovenly style is perceptible in some other cases. On an average, the cultivation is well done, without that perfection of treatment which is proper to allotments and gardens.
[No title]
On the bills of fare at the White Sulphur Springs Hotel' in Old Virginia, the following significant line appears:— Engagement rings can be had at the jewellery stere." Two young men, at Dublin, who had broken £27 worth of plate-glass in public buildings by amusing themselves throwing stones from catapults as they passed swiftly by in cabs, have been sent for trial. PHARAOH'S ARMY IN THB RED SEA.—At a sitting of the French Academy, upwards of ÛYe years ago, ItL Lesseps stated, upon the authority of the reports made by bis engineers, that "at the time the Israelites left Egypt under Mos s's leadership the ebb and flow of the tides of the Red Sea reached up to the foot of the Saragaim, near Lake Timsah. If this be correct, it follows that the fpot where the Israelites crossed the Red Sea was situated not to the south, but to the north of the present extremity of its southern arm. In his paper, Les Mondes, Abbe Meigne has traced the course of the Children of Israel day by day, in accordance with these new data, and he asks the whole Christian world, since the spot is now known where the Egyptian's were swallowed up, with the horse and his rider," chariot, and everything to subscribe the requisite funds to enable excavations to be made and the relics of the army overcome by the Almighty himself to be brought to light." The learned Abbe will undertake the work if he succeeds in getting together 300,000f., because the finding of the remains of Pharaoh's army would be a powerful reason in favour of the truth of the Holy Scriptures." FITS.—EPILEPTIC FITS OR FALLING SICKNESS, A cer- tain method of cure has been discovered for this distressing complaint by a physician, who is desirous that all sufferers may benefit from this providential discovery, is never known to fail, and will cure the most hopeless case after al other means have been tried. Full particulars will be sent by post to anv person free ot charge.—Address ALr. MhlAkUS, 10, Oxford-terrace, Hyde Park, London.
;...::----------.---THE AFGHAN…
THE AFGHAN REVOLT. SIMLA, September 21.-The Afr d) and other tribes in the Kbyber Puss have yuarant.d the H f- ty "f their portion of the road to Cabul, the Sninwirri* volume- r- ing to cohvey supplies to the front. General Koberf") force will advance as noon a sufficient means of trans- port has been supplied. An KHKFL, September 19.—Numerous Afghan regi- ments, including a considerable force of artillery, "re in Cabul. Our troops are healthy. Reinfoi cements are coming, and the stores are pushed on with intense energy. Alloodeen Khln, a powerful ^hilz u chief, brother of Padishah Knan, is now in Sir F. liob-^rt a camp. Risings amongst the tribes on tho" ron are possible, but we hope thev may be prevented. bhut- argardan i* held by a strong brigade under General Baker, securely entrenched. A reconnaissance has been made towards Kushi, but no signs were observed of the Afghan army. The troops at Herat have mutinied and murdered their commander. The tele- graph is completed to Shutargnrdan. LAHORE, September 20 (9.50 a.m.)—Gundamuk is now occupied by the tribes The Momunds threaten D ikka. The troops at Cabul are levying neavy taxes on the merchants. The ma-sacre at C'ibul and the Herat outbreak were almost simultaneous. Kohistan bae) revolted. Official new? corroborates my previous statement that warnings h rl h-en r«c ived rwpeetmg the danger at Cabul.—Daily News Second Edition. The following telegram was receiv. d "t the Indian Office on Satuiday :— (From Viceroy, September 20, 1879.) Letter from Ameer, dated Hep'emb r 16. and enclosing Turkestan and Herat reports as fol 'Mutiny of troops and murder of Fakir Ahmec jn, Civil Governor and Miliary Commandant nnd^r Ayoob Khan at Herat. Disaffection OrVlrle regiments, ordered to march from Taktapul and Mazar hher.ff to Alt Shaban in Turkestan, Ayoob s letter to Ameer confirm report of disturbance in Turkestan, and begs, leave to resign his position. An«r states that he hopes very shortly to regain his power, and intends to expend the whole of hi? resource* and energy in main- taining his friendship with B nish G 'Verniuent.' taining his friendship with B nish G 'Verniuent.' Message ends. This news is con firmed by folio ving tele- gram simultaneously received from \1'j >p St. J^hn, in C^ndahar :—" Letter from Ayooh Ktian at Herat to Sirdar states that on the otti of September Cabuli regiments mutinied, attacked house of Genpral Fakir Ahmed Khan, killed him, plundered and burnt his bouse. Fakir Abmed Khan wa* a no ed and very faithful adherent of Y-ikoob and his brother Ayonh Khan fled with the latter into Persia in February, 1875, in the t me of Sher Aii." I SIMLA, September 22.-General Stewart has tele- graphed that the abundant harvest in Afghanistan wlll only render it necessary to import a @!I1"ll. quantity of grain for the use of the troops. Telegraphic communi- cation with the Shutaigardan Pa-s IS HOW open. CALCUTTA, September 22. A telegram received here from Ali Kheyl, dated 21st, states that Mustaphi Habibulla and the Ameer's W»z r, Sh"h Mahomed. arrived here on that day to see Geneial Robert?. The Ghilzais are sending a fair amount of carriage. PLA. N OF OPERATIONS. BOMBAY Monday night.—Tli> following is the offici 1 plan of operations in Afghanistsm as now definitely settled. The occupation of Cabul having become a necessity, carriage i" b^irig supplied and m asures taken to send and maintain troops, under the command of General Roberts, from the Khururr Valley to C.tbul. nam >r0f,Ps to proceed with General Roberts will consist t' .,oRe Battpry of Horse Artillery, one Field Battery, m. ,1^ one Mountain Battery, the 67t h Foot, the 72d, 92d fi-en's, the 12th Bengal Cavalry. 14th Bengal Cavalry, an :td wing of the 5th Punjah Cnvnlr\, the 5th G-lvorkas, ° '\0 Punjab Infantry, 23.1 Pioieeis, 28th Punjab -ntry, 3d Sikhs, one company of Sappers and Miners; caking a total of seven thousand or eight thousand men. The following force is available for an advance to simultaneously open communications between Peshawur and Cabul:—One Bittery Hoisa Artillery, Peshawur and Cabul:—One Bittery Hoisa Artillery, one Field Bittery, one Heavy lhtte,ry, and two Mountain Batteries, one regiment of Bnnsh Cavalry, two regiments of British Infantiy, four Regiments of Native Cavalry, fne regiments of Native Infantry, and two companies of Sappers and Miners, in addition to the troops now holding the K,,yber as fir as Lundi Kotal and the Peshawur Valley, General Gough is to command the moveable column in advai ce of Jellalabad, and General Arbuthnot, C.B., the troops in the Khyber. To General Doran the command of the whole operation is entrusted, while General Bright will hold the supreme command from the Attock to Jugdaluk. The operation thus developed will represent nn advanced division capable of meeting anytbing Afghanistan can bring into the field from Cabul. The é:0mwunicat.ions will be assured, and the advancing column be supported from Peshawur, The troops in advance of the Khyber number fifteen thousand men. An abundant harvest is now ripening in the Logar and Cabul Valleys, and abundant supplies will be found in Cabul; but, in order to leave nothing to chance, we have provided for any possible shortcomings by the possession of the Jellalabad route. The garrison of the Khnrum Valley, and in advance of Thull, will consist of one Field Battery, two Mountain Batteries, two Dridsb regiments of Infantry, two of Native Cavalry, and seven regiments of Native Infantry. General Stewart has told off a column, equal to a division, with heavy artillery, to move upon the line towards Ghuzni, watching the events, and maintaining peace throughout the country. SnUTURGARDAN, Sept. 22.-0n the 19rh inst. Mus- tacni Aabib Allah Khan and Nnzir Habib Mahomed, two of the highest dignitaries of the Court of Cabul, occupying tbe post of confidential advisers to the Ameer, arrived here with a large retinup, heinur re- ceived at the entrance of the camp by a British officer deputed for the purpose. They were the bearers of a letter from the Ameer to General Robeits, and pro- ceeded on the 20th to the divisional head-quarters at Ali Kheyl, escorted by a British officer. The object of this important mission has not transpired, but it is generally supposed that it is to persuade the Indian Government to abandon the idea of an advance upon Cubut. During the night of the 19th. about 10 o'clock, the camp of the 72nd regiment was fired into. The officers were standing round a wood fire when shots from a neighbouring bill were discharged at them. They immediately scattered the burning logs, that the enTny should have nothing to aim by, and whilst doing so were again shot at, a brisk volley being poured into the camp. One ball entered a soldier's tent and wounded Private Jackson, as he was preparing to turn out. The 72nd picket and sentries quickly made use of their rifles in return, and a company was sent out to clear the ground. The marauders, however, had de- camped, having first put out the lighted beacon used to show the way to our position. They were proba- bly Ghilzais under the influence of religious excitement. This morning some Mongols attacked a convoy of 90 mules, in charge of eleven sepoys of the 5th Punjab Infantry. Eight Sepoys and 15 mule drivers were kIlled-most of them stabbed by knives. The Mongols were 400 strong, and surprised the party at the foot of the Kotal, an out-of-the-way spot at the foot of the Pass. At the same time they attacked the tower at the top of the Sirkai Kotal, held by a detachment of the lame regiment, under a British officer. These, how- ever, soon dislodged the enemy, who bad ensconced themselves amongst the rocks opposite and above them. Four companies of the 72nd, encamped two miles off, were sent in pursuit; but before they could come up with the enemy the Mongols made off by unknown paths to their own mountain tops, whence they fired a volley in defiance of their pursuers. It did no harm, as it was at a distance of 4000 yards. They looted several mules, Snider rifles, ammunition, and accoutre- ments. The Daily News has received the following despatch, dated Allahabad (via Teheran), September 21 :—"The camp of the 72nd Regiment at Shutargardan was attacked on the night of the 19th. There were a few casualties. The enemy's rallying heacons are seen nightly. A Moolah at Matoom is preaching a Jehad The following telegram, dated on Sunday, from Ali KhpyI, is published by the Standard .—" An important Embassy has arrived here from the Ameer. It is composed of Wazir Sbah, Mahomed Khan, and Mustafi Hababoola, with a suite of attendants. They bring assurances of the Ameer's fidelity and friendship but, beyond this, the object of their mission is as yet un- known. The Ghilzai Chiefs are, so far, faithfully carrying out the agreements which they have signed for furnishing transport beyond the Shut.rgardan, The prospects, therefore, of an early advance appear more favourable at the present moment than tney have hitherto done. The tribes in tbe neighbourhood of the Khurum Valley seem to be unsettled. A Jehad is being preached in the Kbost Valley, and also among the Mongols and other tribes. According to the reports received here, great preparations are being made by the rebels, and a vigorous resistance may be expected near Cabul." The news of the serious outbreak at Herat has been officially confirmed. Apparently the whole of the regiments stationed there joined in the mutiny, reordered the Governor, and plundered and burnt his house. It is stated that the murdered Governor was a friend and supporter of the Ameer and the event has thrown suspicion on the loyalty of Ajoob Khan, who has not been on friendly terms with his brother, the Ameer, for some time. Another outbreak is reported to have taken place in the district of Kohistan, owing to the Ameer having put a chief to death because a large majority of the mutineers in Cabul belonged to his tribe. The correspondent of the Standard, tele- graphing from Ali Kheyl, mentions the interesting fact that two troopers of the Guides have escaped from the massacre at Cabul and have arrived at Ali Kheyl. They bring some further particulars of the conflict. It appears that Lieutenant Hamilton and several of the Suite made three desperate charges upon a gun which was being fired into the Residency, and at the third charge he succeeded in silencing it. The Afghans all directed their pieces at him alone and fired, and he fell dead. More grass cutters have escaped than was at first supposed, and several of the servants of Sir L. C .vwgnari Bud Lieut. Hamilton have also escaped. The Guides PI >n;;rit.e the Ameer from complicity in the revolt, and declare that \1*j >r Citvagn ri was warned of coming danger. R ut'r now tells us that the transport, service for the ex ^ed fion to C.ibul has been efficiently orga- n.<.ed, and forms a distinct department, of which C lone) Tuck r has been appointed Director-General P "howur will ^>e the bane of operations, hut an etappen system has been established independently of the Commissariat Department. The Madras Govern men is fu nishi >g a large quantity of transport ma ena Tne British advance on Dakka, whio wasrecen y determined uoon, h is b-en countermanded, lbe great ri • ^„nr*iv fe t. The principle seaicitv ot doctors is sever v ic > r r- i n -i the Elders, of tbe Afreedees Jirjjahs, or Councils or tne „»r.>«ment to ensure the safety ot havesijjr ied fresh Hgr_em«"<' J the roads through the Kybar Koha and Mic ni Passes The Slinwarris, who inhabit the c u.itry round Jellalabad, have offered their services for the conveyance of supplies.
THE ZULU WAR.
THE ZULU WAR. THE CAPTURE OF KING CETEWAO. Writing from Ulundi on August 31, the Times cor respondent triv-'s the lollo vinf account of the capture of the Zulu King:—" The King arrived in the camp this morning at ten o'clock, under a guard of the King's Dr goon Guards, 60th Rifle?, and Native C 10- tingent. He is lodged in a tent next the guard tent, wi'h th-> girls and at'.eudants in an adjoining tent. He gave some trouble on the march, sitting down at interval*, saying that he was exhausted, and would go no further, and refusing a horse or mule. wi.l-tart at two o'clock, in charge of Captain Poo e, R.A., for Fo-t Victoria. He is said by those who know him to he sadly broke i down since the days ot his kingship, but he has lost neither the Royal mien nor the iabit of command. He is repor e o ave cosed two men to be killed for disobedience of orders two .tays before bis capture. The krnal in which the King was cptured lies *8 miles north of Brigadier Ct -r.s Camp on the Black U.nv osi Lord Giffhrd marched from near there through Tuesday night, arriving within tour miles of the kraal at day- bre k with the white oav-Ury and natives. 1 hey lay in ambu.b, fearinu to advance across the op"n ground, j and waiting for the night to make the attack, lesr the Ki Itg should see and P/ilC, pEl into the bush, which bor- ders the kraal within L 0 yfirds on the north. side. Lord Gifford was on the !!o,.th-e"st side. In the mean- time Major Mu-ter, with th" King's Dragoon Guards, appeared on the north-east, and was seen by the King, but. was lint fe red, the Kin; thinking the cavalry on j the bad ground could not approach quietly or without warning. Maj r Mart/r, however, h >d stripped the saddles and left the scabb rds b hind. Disappearing from view, he giole up noiselessly through th' bush The Native Contingent, whom he had concealed, were put in advance, *nd they were able to move more rapidly thart t e hnrRes. Tuese Illen dshffd out of the bush, and surmunded the kraal, saying," The white man is com in if you are caught." Major Ma ter then rose up and dis « ousted, and coming straight to the hut in wbi. b the Kmir was, called on him to come forth and surrender. The Kiny feared and sai come unto me b ,t Mart r was ir.fi■ x.ble, and the t7" nn among tho .DF&IXOOMS with Kinff. creeping out, i-tona up "7 A draffoon sought t lay his hands Bti'i-I.V composure. df„, me w He then asked to be -hot Lord Gifford's dismounted men, posted in e 0 eonceahnentto watch the kraal, had seen Mjor Marter's ruse, and ran with the news to Lord Gilford, who then gallopped in. The King's bearing on the march betwe n the lines of the C>0;h Regiment, into bis tent was dignified and calm. Wearing a r.. d blanket upon his breast in the form of a Roman toga, he stepped slowly, looking round with head thrown hack and haughty gaze at the soldiers around him. When captured he asked the rank of the officer who had taken him. He treated the Native Contingent contemptu- ously. The Daily News correspondent, telegraphs :—For more than a week Captain Lord Gifford, taking his life in his hand, t'ncked the King day and night, with the persistence of a sle itb h und, through the mwst un- trodden wildr< of Zululand. His party, at times re- duced to a mere handful, relied for provisions on food obtained from natives who were but lately in arms. Led hy information from the same source, they pressed the King hard, and captured bis attendants, including his gun-bearer, who had with him a valuable rifle. Foiled in his a tempt to break through our toils to the coast, Cetewayo doubled back to the Ngome Forest, L^rd Gifford still beintr hard on his track. On the 27th of August he took Cetewayo's sleeping mat at a kraal where the King had slept. Two lads were found there, and, as they de ,ierl all knowledge of Cetewayo's where- abouts. they were blindfolded and a volley fired in the air. The ruse succeeded, and one, exclaiming My brother is shot," promised to lead Gifford to the King's retreat. Led by this boy he threaded the defiles of the forest at night, and, after a wild, perilous ride, reached at dawn of the 28th, the spot which was in an open glade. Fearing the escape of the King to the surrounding for st, Gifford sent back intelligence and waited till night to make the capture. While lying bidden he watched the King slaughter an ox, and then descried a body of cavalry on the ridge op- posite the kraal. This was Major Marter, who was commanding a party of dragoons. He had received Lord Gifford's intelligence, and, moving down on the opposite side, effected the King's capture. The correspondent of the Daily Telegraph says, with reference to the capture of the King :—All present were struck by the calm and fearless dignity of the captive King's deportment. On his arrival at Ulundi, when his yes rested for the first time on the ruins of the Royal kraal, be showed some symptoms of mental dis- tress, otherwise his fortitude was admirable. It was a singular coincidence, and which possibly had weight on his mind, that the day on which he was marched away a prisoner, passing through bis ruined capital, as he supposed, into captivity, was the anniversary of his coronation. CETEWAYO SENT TO CAPE TOWN. CAPE TOWN (via Madeira), Sept. 2, 4 p m.—Cetewayo will embark at Port Durnfovd for Cape Town. Colonel Clarke's column is now returning from the Umvolosi Bush. General Sir Garnet Wolesley is expected to arrive at Utrecht on the 6th inst. A few Zulus in the North and We-t still proving hostile, Colonel B iker Russell, with his Zulu allies, continues to operate on the disaffected districts. Despatches were received on Sunday by the Govern- ment from Sir Garnet Wolseley. Their contents were telegraphed to her Majesty. They were of a private character. Communications are passing between the Government and the British authorities in Africa, with reference to the subject of peace. Cetewayo has been informed of tbe conditions on which it is intended to carry on the future Government of Zuluknd, and the terms of peace are negotiated. The following telegrams from General Sir G. J. Wolseley to the Secretary of State for War were re- ceived at the War Office on Monday, by way of Maderia :— ULUNDI, August 29.-Cetewayo was captured yester- day in the heart of N gome Forest, by patrol under com- mand of Major Marter, King's Dragoon Guards. Use- buba has submitted, and is in my camp. All the im- portant Zulu chiefs have now made their submissions. I shall hold meetings of Great Chiefs on let or 2nd of September, when I shall announce division of Zululand, and names of the chiefs who are to hold independent chieftainship in the several districts, and these will then sign the terms on which they agree to hold their chieftainship. I hope to leave this on the 6th of Sep- tember for Transvaal, when all the troops will with- draw from Zululand, with the exception of a small column engaged in pacification of country to north- west where the semi-independent chiefs of Makulusi district have not submitted. I leave two officials of the Natal Government to represent the British power, one in the north and one in the South of Zululand. They will have no executive or administrative functions, but will be the eyes and ears of the Government; they will have temporarily a small bodyguard of Natal natives. Healtb of troops good. ULUNDI. September 1.—I have rec3ived your despatch of the 24th of July, communicating her Majesty's gracious message of congratulations upon the victory of c Iv" an(^^er dosire to be informed of the condition a r°Mn ? ^er Majesty's message has been con- 11 J J'10 RR°P.SJ the wounded officers and men are they all most grateful for her Majesty s gracious enquiries. ULUNDI, September 1 Mnat ==»• e of chiefs to-day, when six, including [h« J- I8 Dunn, signed the following terms; the six other chiefs selected for territories were absent, having mistaken the day for the meeting they will arrive shortly- 1. I will observe and respect whatever boundary shall be assigned to my territory by the British Govern ment through the Resident o. the division in which my territory's situattd. "2 I will not permit the existence of the Zulu mili- tarv system or the existence of any military system of organisation whatever in my territory, and I will pro- claim and make it a rule that, all men shall be allowed to marrv when thev choose, and as they choose according f (mod ancient customs of my people known and to the g tViiidavs preceding the establishment by Chaka tao«UM .h. Ti.ilimry .j.wn, ™d I .111 allow and encourage all men living within my terrItory to go and come freely for peacofu purposes, and to work in Natal and the Transvaal and elsewhere for them- selves or for hire.. • 3. I will not import or allow to be imported into my territory, bv any persons upon any pretext or ior any ob- j'ct whatever, any arms or ammunition from any port whatsoever, or any goods or merchandise by the sea coast of Zululand, without the express sanction.of the Resident of the division in which my territory is situated; and I will not encourage, or promote, or take part in, or coun- tenance in any way whatever the importation in any other part of Zululand of arms or ammunition from any part wha'evcr, or goods or merchandise, by the sea coast of Zululand, without such sanction, and I will confiscate aud hand over to the Natal Government all .arms and ammunition a..d good- and merchandise so imported into IllY territory, anti I will punish by fin« or by other sum. cient puni-hmo'it ar.y person guilty of or concerned in any such unsanc:i'>Ded importation, and any person fouud yos-essintr arms or ammunition or goods or merchandse knowingly obtained th reby. 4. I will not allow the life of any of my people to be tak n for any cause except after sentence passed in a coun- cil of the chief men of my territory, and after fair and im- partial trial in my presence, and after the hearing of wit. nesses. And I will not totfratethe employment of witch doctors, or the practice known as smelling out, or any practice of witchcraft. 5. The surrender of persons fugitive in my territory from justice, when demanded by the Government of any British colony, territory, or province iu the interests of j'is ice, shall be readily and promptly made to such G eminent. and the escape into my territory of persona accused or convicted of offences against British laws shut be prevented by all possible means, and every exertion shall be made to seize and deliver up such persons to Brit s'i authority. "6. I will not make war upon any chief or chiefs, or people, without the sanction of the British Government through the Resident of the division in which my territory is airuatcd. » • 7. The succession to the chieftainship of my territory shull '»e aco or jing 10 the ancient laws and customs of my pa p)e, and the nomination of ench successor shall be sub. jer-t to the :u.prov>.l of the British Government. 8. I wi 1 not sell or in any way alienate, or permit or countenince any s de or alienation of any part of the land in III v territory. 9. I will permit all people residing in my territory to there remain upon the conditions that they recognise my auth. r ty as chief. Any persons not wishing to recognise my authority and desiring to quit my territory I will per- mit to quir, and to pass unmolested elsewhere. "10. In all cm of dispute in which British subjects are involve. I will appeal to and abide by the decision of the British Resident of the division io which my terri- tory is situated. In all cases where accusations of ottence or crime committed in my lerritory aro brought against British subjects, or xgains'; my people In relation to British subjects, I will hold no trial, and p^8 ?° sentence, except with the approval of such British Resiuen s. 11. In all matters not included within these conditions, and li niia'ions, and in all c>ise9 provr e or herein, and in all c<i8es when there may be nouot an un- certainty as to tiie hws, rules, or stipulations appli^-a le to matters to be de.dt with, I will govern, ordet, an de- cide iu accordance with the ancient law and usige ot my people." ————— THE GENERAL SITUATION IN SOUTH AFRICA. Reuter's correspond nt telegraphsS >me anxie y prevails in Pretoria as to the nature of the reply to the B -ers, and as to their action, should it be unfavourable to tbeir hopes. The Boers in the Wokenstrom district are said to be unsettled, but g -nerjilly there does not appear much fear of any outbreak. Peice has been restored among the Pondos, but the Basutos appear to hwe rebelled again, and have fired upon two com- missariat wagons, killing the drivers and leaders, and carrying off the contents. The Government has called for 50 volunteers from Queenstown to proceed to the Moirosi's mountain. Tiie Parliamentary business has principally consisted of a discussion of Estimates and advancing Bills already considered. The expectation of the cjlony being called upon to contribute to the cost 01 tliw Zulu war has caused considerable discussion, und the Premier as being asked by the leader of the Opposition, Mr. Merriinan, whether he had received any des; a ch on the subject. T ie Times c -rrespondent snys :—The seheme for the s'ltlement of Zululand is understood to be prepared. The country will ba divided into six or eight territories, such under a sovereign Zulu chief, for purposes of Government, and will hive two E .glisb Residents—one for the District south of the White Umvolosi, the other for the district north of tint river. Tnese Residents will have no administrative, executive, or n agis erial powers. Ttley will be simply Resident Agents of the British Government, instructed to advise the chiefs if advice is sought, and act as arbitrators and mediators in tribal quarrels They will be instructed to report to the Government any breaches by a chief of the compact upon which he receives the sovereignty. The compact, will include a promise to stop the military system, to allow a fair trial to accused persons, to for- bid witchcraft, and smellmg out, and to appeal to the arbitration of the Resident betore making war. Sir Garnet, Wols'dey's next work will be in th Transvaal. The operations against Secocoeni, recently stopped, are to be re-umed. Sir Garnet Wolseley hopes that the chief will give in without fighting as Cetewayo is caught, but those on the spot think that nothing but fighting will bring Secocoeni to an un- conditional surrender. Secocoeni lately sent a message to our camp for a white man ro be sent to talk and arrange about the prisoners. M^jor Conington, of the 24th Regiment., sent Captains Dennison and Simpson. We now learn they were nearly killed. All the women and children were paraded at the kind's kraal to see how the white men would die. The Council sat for five hours, but fortunately Secocoeni's brother, who has proved friendly on previous occasions, finally succeeded in getting these two officers away safely. In Podoland aff iirs are less alarming. Our Resident, Mr. Oxland, has induced the chief Umquike'a to take a decided action in tbe interests of peace. Umquikela, at a great gathering of the Pondos, told them he had ordered Dico, who made the recent raid upon our allies, Jojo's people, to give up everything, and would make him do so. If Umquikela is honest in this intention, matters will soon settle down. At the request of tbe Colonial Government Major Nixon, R.E., has gone to Morosi's mountain to advise as to the best means of reducing the rebel stronghold there.
. THE WAR IN SOUTH AMERICA.
THE WAR IN SOUTH AMERICA. We take the following from the Anglo-Brazilian Times of the 1st of September:—" Valparaiso d tes to the 22d of August state that a new Ministry had been formed, Colonel Sotomayor taking War, Justice, Santa Mtria Interior, Mitte Finance, and Araunateguy Foreign Affiirs. Besides the official Ministry, it seems by Valparaiso pipers that the people were seriously tbiuking of creating a committee of public safety, consisting of seven members, which was to watch over the conduct of the war, represent the voice of the people, and indicate to the Government what it should do. At the Session of the 2lst the Government programme was declared to be the prosecution of the war, and on the name day the Chilian Congress authorized the issue of 10,000 000 pesos fortes of Treasury bills. The Minister of War was himself going to the north to push on the operations. The German packet arrived at Valparaiso from Callao reported the Peruvian corvette Pilcomayo at Callao, and the ironclad Huascar and the two monitors Atahualpa and Manco Capac at Aiic. Of the corvette Union nothing was known. The Esmeralda prisoners were at Lima, and smallpox was bad at Callao. The Peruvian corve tes Union and Pilcomayo failed in the intent attributed to them of intercepting the arme and ammunition expected from Europe for Chili ina steamer, for on the 13th of August she arrived at Lota, escorted by the ironclad Cochrane, which had started from Valparaiso on the 7th to meet her and protect her, and on the 18th of August both arrived at Valparaiso, together with the Covadonga, the Matias Cousino, and others vessels, to the great joy of the Chilians, whom the success of the raids of the Huasoar and her satellites had filled with misgivings as to the safety the valuable and greatly needed cargo. Admiral Williams and his staff arrived at Valparaiso on the loth, in the steam corvette Columbia, formerly the fast merchant steamer Amazonas, bought for 600,000 pesos. The object of the return of the Chilian admiral ap- peared to be the settling of a modified plan of operations, inasmuch as the Peruvian naval raids had, by enabling relief to be thrown into Iquique, when is May it was almost exhausted, and, by finally obliging the Chilians to abandon, in the beginning of August, the blockade of Iquique, permitting heavy guns to be landed and works erected capable of keeping at least unarmoured vessels at a distance, completely annulled that part of the first plan which contemplated securing Iquique and forming of it the bulwark of Chili against the large army of Peruvians and Bolivians assembling and organizing at Tacna. The Chilians are thus thrown back upon the Loa, their advanced line of defence, with Antofagasta as its support, and, in fact, ita base of supplies of every kind, including food and even w^ter. A march from Iquique or the interior of Bolivia against the Chilian forces at the Loa is hardly to be attempted, owing to the hundreds of miles of waterless desert to be traversed, but with Iquique as a resting place and refuge, and Arica with its hill and shore batteries protecting the port, and two power u monitors and the Huascar to oppose to naval attacks, a fleet of transports might be got together at Arica and a favourable opportunity taken for landing a superior force and cutting off the Loa corps, or even assailing Anto- fagasta, the capture of which would almost certainly entail the surrender of that corps. The Huascar has so clearly established her superiority of speed over the Blanco Encalada, the fastest of the two Chilian iron- clads, yet which can make only 9i miles an hour at full speed, that the Chilian ironclads are practically reduced to the partofmM-e guards of important ports and convoyers of transports. The Peruvians are said to be forcing the Chilian prisoners to work on the fortifications of Iquique and Arica. A Chilian letter says that Peru has 30,000 men from Iquique to Callao, that Bolivia has 10,000 on a war footing and 15,000 more in training but unarmed, and that Ctiili has 15,000 men in the north, with reserves of 10,000 more in the centre of Chili. The Blanco Encalada captured at Piragua a torpedo boat manned by four Americans, and found on one of them an engagement of the Peru- vian Government to pay £ 2,000 for each Chilian ves- • o11, by them- The United states representative in Bolivia, who had come to Santiago to consult with the Envoy to Chili, took the opportunity to make some strong representations to the Cilian Government upon the absolute need of suspending operations and terminat- ing the war. I hese recommendations having been con- strued by the Press and people into a pressure exerted by the United States upon Chili, a bad feeling was created thereby, and the American Minister in Chili thought it right to declare that his colleague's language was not official, that the United St.tes Government had given no instructions to offer mediation, and he believed would not make any such offer unless pre- viously solicited by the belligerents. The Chilian Government h&-< forbidden the Government offices :c transmit WHI- news wiJb >ut authorization of the auth >riups, ail(j impo'tant, without license ol the Government. Cipher telegrams are foi bidden, unless' transmitted by legations and by banks and respectabl firms to their agents in Chili itself."
-. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. AFGHANISTAN. The Saturday Review remarks that there is so far no proof of any organised conspiracy and the Ameer him- self would seem to have been guilty rather of weakness than of perfidy. Even if further information should modify the judgment suggested by the present nar- rative, the Indian Government will be well advised in suspending its public or official judgment on the con- nection of the Ameer with the outrage. The question is not one for judicial decision either on the moral or legal merits of the case. It would not, indeed, be ju-t to inflict punishment without sufficient evidence but the policy to be adopted at the conclusion of the war must be determined by considerations of military and political expediency. If circumstances then render it convenient to make use of Yakoob. it will not be con- venient to have made it impossible by proofs of his guilt to employ his services. The hope that the op- ponents of the Government would for the time feel re- gret rather than triumph has proved to be too sanguine. The satisfaction of the Russians in finding compensa- tion for their late diplomatic defeat is more excusable but the enemies of England are almost as extravagant in their language as the enemies of the Government. A St. Petersburg jour al is allowed to propose im- mediate war with England, on the ground that Russia does not want England to remain in Asia. It is un- necessary to httacb importance to an unprovoked de- claration of hostility, though Russian journals say nothing which is not expressely permitted by the Government. There is no present fear of a collision between England aud Russia in Afghanist n, and am attempt to inquire whether Russian intrigues preceded the outbreak at Cabul ought to be deliberately av,,id ?d. If the Russian writer were in want of a precedent or apology, be might easily prove that his violenc- has been exceeded or surpassed by one of the 1110-t intelli- gent and respectable members of the English Opposi- tion. Mr. Grant Duff, in the course of an angry de- clamation, asserted that Lord Salsbury is as much responsible for the death of Sir Louis Civngnuri and his companions liS if he had killed them with his own hands. It is hardJy worth while to remark tt,at. Lord Salisbury had no offieial connection, except as one of a dozen members of ihe Cabinet, with the terms of the Treaty .vI' Gutidamuck or with the Mission to Cabul. Mr: Grant DuffN personal ruiiculous attack on Lord Salisbury is unvvorthy of his ability, his a'tamm-jit*, his character, and his political rank. If the murder of an ambassador formed a conclusive argument against the maintmaut.e 0f an embassy, barbarous despots and their mutiri0us troops might regulate at their own ca- price their diplomatic relations with civilised Govern- ments. it has not been th0 custoin of Anglo-Indian soldiers a id statesmen to blame their superiors lor pliciiig tliein in positions where they have consciously cariied their lives in their hands. The Spectator observesThe news from India is in one respect, fairly good. Lord Luton is still whist- ling to keep up the national courage, sending home bit- of news intended to suggest to the public that the out- break in Cabul was an accident, and that his policy would have succeeded if it had not casually happened to fail; but his -reat offices, possibly he himself, see tne truth quite clearly, and are making grave and solid preparation for a difficult "no possibly protracted campaign. Better a victory in December, than a column brought to a dead halt in Sep'ember, for want of transport as has happened twice recently—once to General Browne in tbe Khyber, and once to General Crealock in Zuiuiand. Whether tbe resistance will be protracted and desperate or not, is not yet certain, the only certainty beillg that whatever its extent, ou troubles will commence, as before, with our victory; but the omens are not favourable. The telegrams about this man's and that man's adhesion, the submission of Badshah Khan's brother, and the devotion of Yakoob iiban s maternal second cousin, are hardly wortti the reading. Every Afghan and hill-man hates us, and whether they try to stop our advance, or wait to tush in behind our troops at the first signal of a check, their hositility has equally to be provided for. 1 he divisions must be ready, even if they have not to fight. It is not an expedition we are beginning, but a war, and a war which may be ag laborious as exhausting, and kS costly as any we have ever waged in I di". while it has this patent difficulty of its own. Behind us, between us and the great seaports which are the basis of our power, lie four-fifths of tbe fighting races of India, few ot them sympathising with us, all watching etgerly to see whether it Is or is not true that the English good- fortune brf'aks at the Suleiman. ihe Uati&t is of opinion that indisputably the draft of public opinion is setting strongly in favour of the annexation of Afghanistan. Even the opponents of that measure admit as much, and that the conclusion IS belllg reached without passion and as tbe result of deliberate consideration. To ourselves the step has long appeared inevitable. We have been driven to it by the course of events, as it were by an inexorable destiny. It is clear that a people so savage and tur- buient cannot be restrained by parchment treaties. WJietber we annex or only occupy, we must overawe them by superior force. Even in India we had to do this. How much more necessary is it in a country bor- dering upon Russian dominions ? Whether we like it or no, we are henceforth face to face in Central Asia with one of the greatest military Powers of the world- one which is compelled to be aggressive by a force stronger than the will of any one man, and which can °f 'ast Multitudes of disciplined soldiers, but which yet is infinitel inferior l0 ourselves, if we take the trouble to prepare for the struggle that is before us. If we do so, all the advantages are in our favour. Our immense wealth makes it easy for us to construct railways through Afghanistan, and so bring the Oxus 'r^cation with London. It is already de- cided to build a railway t0 Candahar. If this were continued to Herat, we could mass an army on the Rus- sian frontier while the forces destined to oppose us were wasting away in painfuI marches through arid steppes and thirst-devoured sands, and we could then impose the law upon Peril ill., and by gaining a footing upon the Caspian, paraly8e Russian action in Asia, fhe ques- tion of rallwayS, it will be seen is the key of the whole situation. Whichever Power by means of these opens up Central Asia may if it chooses, have the other at its mercy. rr. END OF THE ZCLU WAR. The captUre of Oetywayo is (saya the Saturday Bemew) at the same time satisfactory and embarrassing. If strict personal justice were consistent with the pubhc interest, the prisoner might perhaps be entitled to an ample apology, with full compensation for his losses Unr0rtunately it is for the moment impossible to restore him to liberty, and it is ?ot likely that his dominions will at any future time be restored. There f.a" hn? *oubt that in the meantime Cetywayo is en- totled to hberal a„d courteous treatment. To the great relief of Englishmen ip general, who were at once anxious and Une in conscience, the Zulu war is over. Mr Garnet Wolseley deserves credit for his rapid per- ception of lhe pletenesfl ef Lord Chelmsford suc- cesses A c0nsideraFble p0rti0n of the army has already left South Africa; and, it maybe hoped, that there wili be no further need of regular warfare. Secocoeni, who had probabl lied on the diversion effected by Cetywayo, may perhaps think it prudent to seek peace before be 18 crushed in his turn. The untried power of f was always an element^in the calcula- tions of disaffected native chiefs. Their reliance on Cetywayo was one of Sir Bartle Frew's reasons for en- Pf»f a war which has effected all his objects. Indeed the only question which can be raised as to his policy is whether the results were worth the sacrifices by which they were attained, and also whether it is justifiable to make war on a neighbour who has given no provocation. The Roman fashion of leading a captive prince in triumph, and then cutting off his # j8 PPily rendered impossible by the gentleness ot modem manners. As soon as he has settled tbe altairs of Zuluhnd and discovered, if possible, some sate and creditable mode of dealing with Cetywayo, Sir (jarnet Wolseley will probably transfer his head- quarters to the Transvall or Secocoeni's country. The conclusion of the native war may perhaps be entrusted t? aJ,'eut«nant. The mo3t difficult task which awaits the Chief Commissioner is tbe reconciliation with the Government of the malcontents in the Transvaal. inougn bir Garnet Wolseley has some reputation for diplomatic adroitness, it may be doubted whether he will succeed as well as his predecessor in obtaining the confidence of the Boers. IJiscussing the question, "What are we to do with Cetywayo?" the Examiner remarks It may be laid down in the first place, that English opinion will not endure any harsh treatment of the captured King beyond what is absolutely necessary. Cetywayo is no revolted subject of ours he has been guilty of no treachery or breach of faith, and his subjects have car- ried on war against us in a manner (.ccording to the accepted principles of such warfare) strictly legitimate. They may, indeed, have given no quarter, but that is all in the day's work of savage warfare, and to speak without cant, it is probable that our men showed them- selves quite able to play the same game. To exact vengeance for Isindlwana by punishing Cetywayo would be, to put the matter shortly, a cowardly and abominable crime. In short, the difficulty may be summed up thus. We cannot leave him at large. We ought not to keep him in the Cape Colony. To keep him anywhere else would be a heavy punishment which he has in no way deserved. The only thing to be said keeping our hand on Cetywayo, is, that if the disintegrated Zululand proves unmanageable, we might at a pitch send him back again. If we brought him over to England and showed him a cotton-mill, a London Sunday, and the Metropolitan Railway on a November afternoon, his admiration for the power of endurance p >s-e*sed by Eng ishmen would probably se ure us Hgainst further outbreak, and his practised hand might, be ab e to k'>ep the Zulus in order. KFSSH AND ENGLAND IN CENTRAL ASIA. Of late says the M .scow correspondent of the < ologne Gazette, the question of fixing tbe limits of the power ot England and of Ruisia in Central Asia has been brought up for discussion It would in any case he desirat le if the two Powers, whose real inte- rests have to suffer through tlwir mutual distrust, could come to some agree ent on the Central Asiatic ques- tion but to calculate seriously on their doing so would seem to be like assuming an impossibility. Under the exceptional conditions of the situation of Middle Asia, an attempt to mark out even approximately the sphere over which the two Powers should Ht verally exercise a predominant influence is impracticable. Asia is very different from Europe. The inhabitants of Bokhara, the Turcomans, and even the Persians, will never re- cognise two masters in Asia it. the sam" tiiiie, and ac- cordingly an understanding b- twt-en Russia and Eng- land would be idle, as its object, the assurance of tran- q,¡jiity in Central A-in, c"uld not be attained. It is, however, more than doubtful whether the two Powers are troubling themselves at all about this object. They each, on the contrary, pursue their own special aims and interests, which are diametrically opposed. Eng- land in her policy toes to work, at any rate. more openly sho does not conceal her hostile attitude in •Vsia as regards Russia under the cloak of humane principles a«d efforts at civilization, hut rperily takes up her ground as the enemy of Russia in all respec's. Eitch of the two Powers is exploring the unknown re- gions of Asia under various pret xt- of scifntific re- search, and e ch of them keep* its own amenta and if Russia is slowly making efforts to undermine England's power, none the less is England keeping herself pre- pared to strike a decisive hlow at Russia's influence in Central Assia. According to appearances, the Afghan war was the first step in this direction. It would almost seem that. both Powers had met one aie thcr upon a neutral field wi h like aims, but, never- theless, almost; q ually unprepared. Russia, who was in many respects the cause of the war, found herself j compelled t • let the war take its course, resolving to IDakp. up for it in another way, and to checkmate Eng- la d's success in another qu irter—that is. by the expe- dition in the Akhal-Tekke Ol\"is. England at present ean only attempt to put obstacles in I he way (f the Russian expedition and hinder her from taking Merv. In our opinion no understanding can oe arrived at between the two Powers, even in case the E ;gl.sh held Heiat and left Merv to the Russian". England would, in tho-e circumstances, manifestly be at a disadvan- tage, for Russia would have the w open to IIe>-at on tw 1 side.«—from Merv and from Bokhara; while by the occupation of Herat England would not only break the treaty concluded with Afiih*nistan, but. would also injure the iuterests of Permit as well as Russia. Eiigliiud is perfectly conscious of the difficulties of h 1 position, and therefore first trio her means of pu'ting obstacles in the way of Rifsi .'s advance, c >nt nt g herself with not withdrawing her troops from Cmd.ihar. Tiie intervening spare separating the two opp )sed Powers has grown much narrower within the past ten years. The tW" points about which t ie solution of the question of Centr d Asia—a que-tio equally important, to ea-h of ihe two opponelll¡,1p- pends ire Mv and Herat. M rv is a qu stiun of life ordeattt for Russia. On the other lund. England would not adow Herat to pass into Russi <n possession w. h- out a life-and-dea!h struggle
. LORD HARTINGTON AT NEWCASTLE.
LORD HARTINGTON AT NEWCASTLE. Lord Hartington addressed a larpe meeting in the Newc t-ile Town-hall on Friday afternoon in inaugurat- ing a new Liberal Club. He was most cordially received. In the c >urse of his address he welcomed the establish- ment, of these dubs because of the influence they might have in consolidating the numerous interests of the Liberal party, because of the educational force they possessed in an age when no political party could say tba: their educ tion, which consists of a li tie history, a little political economy, much party spirit, and no snriil prejudice, was complete. Questions were coming to the fore tor settlement, upon which a considerable education would be neeoed if they were to be rightly and equitably settled. On the land laws be could not reply to Lord Beicwnsfield after the cursory examina- tion of his speech which he had been able yet to make, but he charged Lord Be^con^tield that while the coun- try at, large had properly understood his ideas and ex- pressions on the question, Lord Be .consfieid seemed determined to place an opposite and erroneous coh- struction on nearly every word he had ut ered. How- ever the Liberals had fared in divisions last session, he thought they had held their own in the debates. In re- ference to the future, Lord Hartington expressed his opinion that the equalisation of the franchise, the re- distribution ot seats, local government, and the reform of the land laws must soon he undertaken. In the evening, his lordship addressed a large and enthusiastic meeting, in the Tyne The-itre, the Earl of Durham presiding. The resolution to which Lord Hartington had 10 reply gave him a cordial welcome to the North, and express d appreciation of the ability with wmch he has led the Liberal party in difficult tunes. The principal portion of his speech was devoted to the Cabul disaster. There were some, he said, who would not he-itateto say that the Opposition would find pleasure in this calamity; but, for himself, and for those who acted with him, he could say that they would rather have suffered lasting exclusion from office than that it should have occurred. The Prime Minister in his speech at Aylesbury had not even referred to the di-aster, though wh n occasion served, politics were not excluded from the Aylesbury had not even referred to the disaster, though when occasion served politics were not excluded from the Aylesbury farmers' dinner. But the country would know what interpretation to put upon this significant, this ominous silence of the Prime Minister Lord Salisbury told them a very short time ago that they had just brought to a triumphant con- clusion the most momentous war in the East which this country bad ever undertaken. This war had to be re- commenced anew (cheers), and we could not flatter our- selves now, though we tried to flatter ourselves before. that it was a war undertaken only against the ruler of the country, and n..t against the people, because we know now thit in this second war which we had to undertake we should have to meet, if not the whole, at all events a very largi part of the inhabitants of the country (applause.) After the beginning of the first Afghan war, public attention was very seriously directed to the condition of Indian finance, and all parties agreed that for the security of our empire in India it was abso- lutely necessary that those finances should he established on sounder foundations, and that retrenchments should be made. Under these circumstances, and remembering who was responsible for this policy, there would be no doubt now that India must not be saddled with the ex- penses of this second war. But if we were to go to Cabnl, and if it were necessary for us to annex the greater part of Afghanistan, who was to pay for the ex- penses of that occupation ? The Indian authorities, —and perhaps Indian authorities, after what has oc- curred, will be somewhat, more regarded—had told us we could not hold Afghanistan with less than 20,000 or 30,000 troops, at an expense of something like three millions a year, and if that addition was to be placed upon the already overburdened finances of India there was an end, for many years to come at all events, of all improvement of Indian finances (hear, hear.) The re- sults of what has recently occurred in India were grave enough if we looked at them from an Indian point of view only. How infinitely the gravity of the situation was increased if we were to look at it in connexion with another Power. Whether the insurrection in Cabul had been instigated or not by Russian officers or agents, our advance iu Central Asia had undoubtedly increased the probability of future difficulties, as Russia would be likely to make a corresponding advance, and he should like to know whether anyone could look with equanimity and satisfaction at the prospects of a nearer approach of the frontier of the two countries, whose constitution and government were so diametrically opposed to each other. These were some of the results of the policy of the present Government, which was described by their admirers as a policy of reckless and restless excitement and intrigue (cheer), and what was the result of this policy at home? Our finances were in disorder and every year our debt increased. Home legislation had been neg- lected, and the estimation in which Parliament was held had decreased. There had been obstructions in Parliament and a few men had been able to dictate to the British Parliament the small modicum of work that should be conducted. He did not say how far the policy of the Government was to blame for this. He believed the aim of Mr. Parnall was honest, though misguided. He might calculate rightly on the power he could exercise over the present Government, but if be thought the Liberal party would be ready to purchase his support by legislation which would be injurious to the unity of the empire he was deceived. Statesmen who would lend themselves to any such system would condemn themselves to lasting exclusion from office (cheers). As to the present Government, they never consulted par- liament about their plans, and simply used it to register their decisions (cheers.) Parliamentary obstruction was a great fact, and was only to be put down when the Government presented to Parliament well considered schemes of legislation in which both Government, Par- liament, and country took an interest (cheers). In con- clusion, he asked whether they were contented to pay this price at home for the Government policy abroad (cheers and No.") If was said that the Opposition had no policy to put before the country, but he held that no Opposition had ever stated their policy more fully b th on foreign and home politics. Their polioy was well-known, and when a Liberal majority was re- turned there would be no lack of legislation but before internal reform could be commenced much would have to be undone—not mischievous legislation but a mis- chievous policy. His Lordship concluded amidst general cheering.
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It is said that the East Brent Harvest Home, which was the first of the revivals of the old English rural thanks- givings, is not to be held this year.