The Welshman

J t POLAND. I °' (iuarter than Italy it seems as if nationality is ?"Ut t °?'gg!c into substance. A short while ago it did n0(. tt?peai-^if p o! nd was to be added to the complica- srofContinental Europe. When, however, War?aw is deoj 6!e *n a"state siege" it means, if any- thin, th1 p thinks it necessary to govern her Po)ish Prov?? ? ")' the Co?isjcks once more. It means the aban- ?n?? °/ y ?hat half-and-half conciliation which for som? titne .)been recei ved as a mockery by the Poes. an i t?tth? ?°""ses of hùeral institutions which have been ?r)w,'? meant for the ear of Europe and not for the ?op?b? pi'e circumstances under which this step ^asbeen taken are well known, but the real reason is not so aPParent ?? are weli known, but the real reason is not so ?Pparen, It is supposed that when it was found that the ?ectj" for the Municipal Council had resulted in the ?tu??' ?or ?? who are classed as patriots it was thought ?ssy to throw aside the policy of patience and lib- Mity J1 to return to the normal attributes of despotic ?6r ?? t° return to the norma)' attributes of despotic ?'era*???' The opportunity was not wanting. The an- ? ??e1\ °? ?'? death of Kosciusko was about to be 'l'his c by solemn commemorative religious ceremony. 6 k u was forbidden by the police. The Poles, tljgmarve^ous persistency with which they carrv out thejr 118 founded on that which is their policy— ?d, ely .1 n tb, ?'°?''y?"g of Russians out of their country— ??i Y to disobey the order. The proclamation which ?rea{?'* ? he most severe military measures in case of any dEr?,,n atration afforded ai opportunity to the people to show ?ongt ?ti.on afforded an opportunity to the ppopie to show th, ir d 'StREte of the Gorernment, and at any sacriSce dis- "?dien ?? ? bs exhibited, in the hope that the Russian ?orir j^thorit'8 would make exactly the blunder which they ave raaid". The Poles are aware that it is possible to ?akpth ? ???"t'on of Poland by Russia too expensive to be ^es'rab]. and every circumstance which tends to bring the ?ygte,, Rovernment pursued by the agents of the Czar '"?"odji. '? ? so much gained towards that consummation ?hieb j °Psdfor—namely, that ere long wiser counsels !VilUrL* at St. Petersburg, and that Russia will cast off aoqu; °n ???" has hitherto brought her nothing but ?Biar-? i'°?? ?"? a bad name in Europe. i N0\v ■" Is hardly possible to conceive a more maladroit ?Hcf c ?'° the hands of those who cherish this policy, and  HQ chance and care for ?" sacrfice in carrying it out, ^atl th e and care for 110 sacrifice in carrying it out, !?*• I? cou^"se pursued by the Russian Executive at War- t IV IfOw does Tead in the eyes of the other nations of ^orld^I h at a solemn national festival a savage and lri^°Xicat • v j ? of Cossacks were let loose on a people ?tib) ?'- ° ''?"?hes. where men and women fell by L,,I)dred?,s, wounded ?'? muskets and pikes, priests were '"?ek ?' ?? at the.altar, and ??'es seized awl personally ?tre?? (it '? aid that they were whipped) and dragged ? na k ed ???s???sts, while three or four thousand "?f?on.a-s?e arrested ? Then comes the "state of siege," "f nj1-,We this country have but a shadowy idea. In •Uch a CASE no two or three persons can hold a conversation '°8pth er Uninterrupted no one can linger in the streets or *ear & certain description of apparel, or sing certain song. At a tt_lCu^ar hour of the nigbt -an early one -every u«e. ] 0o* .u.t be closed, and the least symptom of dis- Vbatl e "R8S down armed men, who are at liberty to *s  Weapons at their discretion on any persons on wllo they ?y chance to alight. It may seem a cui ious tl,i to 8' b.trecent accounts from Warsaw state that thi?R lt'te ? things is not viewed with regret in the abstract 4? tbI)se Jh have ?*?? they deem the true interests of &"?d atb '??- Of course there is private sorrow, and %(jut "g for the physical suffering of those who are looked 0? ? ?art ? ?°? ??" country is not wanting; but many of h ?triot'waders see in such an event something like a the Pltrioti, Itad,ers see in such an event the ?ething like a b, .tilatii, 9 Of the end. The situation of the Russian em- ite it gc-ner,l is duly taken into calculation. It is be- ?,le,v, dthat tiier L, is growing up in Russia Proper a people, 1? ?t the ?y'Npathy of such Russians is with the Poles. ? is i''?,.°'? ?nd hoped, there should arise a Russian If 48 red i c!ed and hoped, there should arise a R,issiau fore I th Place of an autocracy and a serfdom as here- °rei 'it 18 not possible that the Polish provinces can c i^^nue ^e'r present condition. Something of this eag sa to exist in the present and, coincident with an t?y a -'?"settled state of affairs in St. Petersburg, there Sup?d to bean understanding between a party there \v ????- A rumour is abroad that telegraphic com- h Un'ca'ti between the two cities, addressed to individuals, Data Fstop l J, which indicate co-operation and pre- Patati0 for action. This may be considered at least doubt- ?Ut the fact of such a rumour is not without a pregnant sir"?i a Ltlev, There have been statements that Russian >^nC.bere have been statements that Russian t8inw arsaw have refused to fire on the people; and /?thp "??' e said not to be Russians, but men of other e,, e? thPolice e said not to be, Russiaiii, but men of other e^ trieg ?'. c'ously selected for their personal rather M?thei' ? ?'? qualities. The existence, however faint, h ? P'jh" in favour of Poland i, per- jP'Jbl°^'n'°n'n -^uss'a in favour of Poland is, per- h4 DB thPt omen of a solution of the question which now tf) L e assuming a proportion and extent which it has t???hih" ? for some time past. While considering the o eJ( nlng circumstances of the situation, it is necessary  ,ituation, it is necesstry e"atn; whetber Poland contains within herself the di ??r;e $,' le elements of a national restoration. These ,141 st'era to be twofold. In the first p?ce. no nation success in any project for its freedom or its ?'?pp"dence which was not imbued with uanimity of feel- it. Itild(,Pi.nion as well as in determination to support that which It '?'?nds. In the next place, what a nation ?"'es /?t be clearly and simply defined before any ?tio? is made. So far as can be ascertained, the fi rst requisite Poland is not wanting. All classes, a|l re l j„: ? ?i?'? ?'?"'<'said to be united in one patriotic senti- k(,Ilt  heart of the people is single and undivided. ?o.as ''??''da clearness of aim and purpose, there is, if H(Jssible ?t'? greater deSnitiveness The claims of ?'na Pol.and are ei,, Ply nat'ona' existence and separation from °Ui« 0Th'It this latter is immediately on the cards it Vvo ut(i (: ltll, t but it is no very rash speculation ? ?future n too far distant, '1he former is anatu?lt: ? cow. 'ihe former is attainable 0? ?t'lusion has been made above to the feeling towards ?od wh<* IS growing up simultaneously with the People in Russia, but the time has not quite !l''vcd n ?'°?'"?'?'"S' on the Polish situation ??nturP.?ore the existence or the power of the to eror. It I said tbat the proceedings at Warsaw have ???dotit ''?""? the sanction and even without the '?")ed ? of ?Alexander, who has been absent in a distant Part of s dominions; and that, whatever he may do in viH(]ic ..11 ? ?? that, whatever he may do in' ?d'Cat °? ?? authority of his Government, he will at "?h?istr ??.?" tt?e extreme mcasutes which have been taken. ^UencH ?re'o" has achieved a reputation for being unin- aid ti hy tbe hereditary policy of his family, and it is ".??t )I,, has leained to endure the name and to look h'??dt 'be existence of a people in his realm. He is ???t?oe actuated by political and pers,mal tendencies  i c h oN Wo11 ud rei,der him accessible to the unanimous wishes rit "'tion like Poland. Granting that he, too, has dis. to, Oleid that II's Polish 'erritOfios cost him more than they t?8 in 'saotan impossibility that be may also arrive  p i?j. "t PinirL '8ablc to a peaceful conclusion of a ques- f lon wh '? ?"ys cropping up at awkward times, which '?''6s? ?'tality that is seldom even scotched, but never t'?dpQ The best friends of Poland would desire to her !ian°e to restored nationality by steps. In a ?'?ra] ??''tort-stored nationality by otops. In a '"?tsion of Europe, originating it, a struggle ''?*'et)t?.i.?'?'??'1'olandnji?ht stand her chance with V ^eHetia  Hungary. But many things tend to show that Yen an and Hungarian questions may be settled with- outrution- As regards Venetia, it will not be sur- HitJif ?he unromantic process of bargains and sale should ?6ct '?usfer from the empire of AUdtna to te king- ,)tn Italy while the same policy which would influence -6???rancis Joseph in that matter would not be '"?i<p)??o °operate on his dealings with Hungary. In refer- etl ce a CUve rebellion, then, Poland would stand isolated c? "ton?' and such a struggle as she would have to en- ?nter c0,1nter ^.ould be far beyond her strength. A demand II)r Con kS and for real municipal government car- 0,1 ^Da''ves' conceded, would ?i?e time and op- t> ^^Uitvf''e consolidation of her internal resources p*')t h (t a ^'her. °^ani.sation of her social system (which in the 1'()] ,1of ?7???'snot without its demerits and defects) Utid"rn' uch *?'S'?? thus be done in the way of preparation for good TSOn hcn her name would reappear in its in- Oilt t 0^% On the map of Europe. But, whatever is to come th arr,?l as it stands, it is quite clear that a return t()a M?ic?'°? force and terrorism on the part of Russia must .? & rh i a Mst aLk.e- Military repression is not quiet; a state of a? !s r emblematic even ofa subdued much less of a not eleniatic Iven of a subdued much less of tra Uilli, population. If all that we hear be true, the ?'tion ?ssian Poland is such as to cause her to be  re n"i ?fted than has been the case since her subju- gatiol, for ?8?ernment and 'ndcpendence. If, at the ???"Ce the attainment of those rights is the object of a  ''r) i ? l?ll, 111- 11, ?"a ??onal desire, force and oppression may for a s'iflan^ 0Verbear it, but the time must come when it NVl" be n y0Ved that it cannot be trampled out.-7//<M?. -?eM?

Jha„TllE EDUCATIONAL CONTROVERSY. j. ?"°?sy as to the New Education Minute, which vrit Sqt 'rst co ucted in a very unreasonable and prenicious t ?tiner js 11 fW settling into a grave and discriminating ???''Vp.?.y favourable to sound results. At first every one 6t..?cj ? ? opposed to the New Minute: there were ^ctoro "° e alf of the school, objectors on behalf of the niUfch ??Jectors on behalf of the training colleges, ° ^ecto rs t o gli these were rarer on behalf of the ?blie 01'8  though these were rarer on behalf of the deacrb At that period a witty Prelate is said to have t itte ea er controversy as Lowe contra Mundum," h "t it ha j ?t it ?? ? '?? Eow discovered that the system which now '8'8'8 ?P?bie of great improvements, and that the New te, t°^h as was natural, by no means perfect, is a T? sten ????? those improvements. HM? ^foDif^tn ar.'d,s th,ose improvements. ST.totio ?'"S' results seem to be commonly assented to, Ot Of 0"UlIe by all speakers or hy all writers, but still by "Ich a "urab" of various persons of various kinds as to Int,kePl'ubable that their present judgment will be the ^ate iurU nt of the whole public. pi'at r"Lllds it8elf to common sense that payment for edUcat;' o?n' "? payment for everything else, should, if ^fc^ible tested by results and be proportioned to ?"ts. e ?" go upon that principle in all other matters V#e ]ik,e t Pay "ttle if "e get little, and to pay much only shC,| VVe Ret rr,uch. The natural presumption is that we sh,, (I ,"0 ?'? case of education also. It cerlainly ? Not an ?'???K?ct thing to say that we will give C?o.??ble ?'"toaa?t-rateschool, less to a se? ond-rate, a £ a''n to U third-rate, and but very little to a ninth- rat 6' oa inspetion the real condition of each ?' '"spection the real condition of each ?C ? of eall lurlly be ascertained with some approximation to  ? !'l?clY expedIent to make the pa)- torre.tties? ,l,d it is rininlv expedient to make the pay- A '?n. e"?te proportioned to the excellence of that alitl eVer'" b d' ci? spp??'D'larca?e, payment by results can be but dis- aPproxi aIe' Elementary education is not a pre- C*?ely Lasurzbl, article; not a thing of yards or pound 80ei, te. eral ru'es ?ust be laid down for ascertaining "a?' ??? O't' t eFe rules will work imperfectly. In °t h eCases nf ?te ?spg ?'?"?'? produce an error of excess, and in oth? ? ?? ?ror 'f ."?ct; they will give some schools too ?Ueh'"?y?i)) ?'? °?? schools too little. When tested ?y(.x ?'? 'nsta- ??' ?cy may even seem absurd. But the ?e?' ??estioQ "°? ???ther such rules are so perfect that w Can find no error in them, but whether they are not ?at ? Snd nf ?"'°'' "? ??' ?" whether they are not t, 0 ettcr th an the coarse expedient which we are trying ll0Vl, of ')?y'n8 much ???? expedient which we are trying 8car.. atte!l¡' the ¡¡ame ? Sood schools and bad, and ?t' '?at all to apportion our payments to ? "?cam?.? what we are paying for. ndiy. u ? no ?d?oae ?f J'????I'y agreed that the present iiy 8tL' 0 re,t Pecuniary complexity. The grants ^'ade tn 6, 06a are nf 81^1.0^? kinds, and ea.h of these has ??owth? ?°? cond.t??ch must be observed, or the ar t ??be?"hnc?oming from the oface of the Privy Council. The Commissioners tell us that grants are made for at least fifteen objects to the schools of nine different denominations. A separate account h 's to be kept of what is due upon each account to each of these various schools, and of what tyas been received up JO each account by them respectively and, as every man of business will compre- hend, the figures are difficult in proportion as they are petty. The remedy proposed by the New Code is, that all sums of money shall be paid to the managers of schools in pro- portion to the education communicated. It is intended that the managers shall receive such pecuniary aid in a single sum, and be responsible to themselves only for it! expendi- ture. If they make the school good, they will receive much; and if they make the school bad, they will receive but little. It is proposed—and we think very wisely-to clear away all the petty perplexities and technicalities caused by the numerous and various existing grants, and to substitute in their stead a single mode of payment, to be al ways made to the same payee. Thirdly, it is quite universally agreed that the mode of teaching elementary teachers, of which we gave instances some weeks back, is entirely unsuited to its express pur- pose. The sort of education suited to such persons is a sound, homely, practical, and plain one. It has nothing to do with the first or fourth councils, or with the details of history, secular or ecclesiastical, in the reign of Elizabeth. If any competent set of persons were to apply their minds to the formation of a good system of mental training for the teachers of the labouring poor in the simplest matters, there would be no difficulty in framing it, and it would be very different from that which is in use now. It is a part of the intention of the New Minute to remedy the present curious disproportion between the preparatory training of elementary teachers and the employment of their lives and in this point at least scarcely a voice is raised in condemnation of it. Lastly, it is undeniably an advantage of the New Minute that its administration would be cheaper than that of the present system. It goes straight to its object, and squanders nothing by the way. At present much of the money ex- pended is wasted by the manner of distributing it. The complexity consequent upon the multiplicity and variety of the existing grants necessarily entails a costliness of ad- ministration, and this entirely useless expenditure will be economised whenever the new regulations are put in force, and a more simple system is substituted for the present. The opponents of the New Minute hare been anxious to describe its financial object as its main object, because they know that a pernicious economy in matters of education would be as unpopular as it is unwise. The English nation is quite able and is quite willing to pay whatever is neces- sary for educating its poor. But it is not disposed to pay what is not necessary. It is not disposed to throw away £800,000 in a capriciously expensive system, when under a better one a less sum would be probably more efficient On these great points the public verdict is clearly in favour of the Minute. On the other hand, on two important points most of those who have examined the subject seem to think it incomplete and defective. One of these is its in- complete provision for vested interests. Under the present system, certain rules are laid down, a certain tariff is pre- scribed for the payment of the certificated masters of various grades, and these can in no way be modified by the caprice of the managers. "The sum payable out of the Parlia- mentary grant to a certificated teacher must be one of the sums set opposite to the divisions in the following table" MASTERS. Conditions to to be fulfilled by the School Managers. Where the Master has a house or o ° suitable lodgings, rent free. «* 0 | C2 Minimum salary to be ° å | paid by the Managers ?g S ?oB Degrees. independently of the E.g ? <jO sum granted in Aug- EiJ^ "O .1"" (1): mentation by the 2-S b" ,i us Committee of Coua—=? S??? E >.S cil on Educlltion. 1'- o u 2 "'¿1: d.c;) eit on Education. ?"??? 15?°? Upper Degree: E s. d. f s. d. Y, s.d 1st Division 60 0 0 30 0 0 !30 0 0 2nd Division 55 0 0 27 10 027 10 0 3rd Division 50 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 Middle Degree: 1st Division 46 0 0 23 0 0 23 0 0 2nd Division. 43 0 0 21 10 0 21 10 0 3rd Division 40 0 0 20 0 0 20 0 0 Lower Degree 1st Division 36 0 0 18 0 018 0 0 2nd Division. 33 0 0 16 10 0 16 10 0 3rd Division 30 5 0 lo 0 0 15 0 0 v If Masters be not provided with a house or suitable lodgings, rent free, a further sum of Y,10 must be added to every sum in each of these columns. MISTRESSES. Conditions to be be filled by the School Managers. Where the Mistress has a house or suitable lodgings, rent-free g 8 o O Minimum Salary to be 'o 2 o a is paid by the Managers Q) > B U 0" from Voluntary Con- ? E ?? 8 Degrees. tributions & School- o ot'g penee,independent? C.t2-ac~> ? g of the sum granted ill 3 .2 t», Augmentation by LLit: i 3 rn c v Committee of Council on Education. — ^5 Upper Degree: £ s. d. £ s. d. Lad Ist Division 40 0 0 200 0 2000 2nd Division 36 0 0 18 0 0 1800 3rd Division 32 0 0 16 0 0 16 0 0 Middle Degree: 1st Division 30 0 0 150 0 1500 2nd Division 28 0 0 140 0 1400 3rd DiMsion 26 0 0 13 0 0 1300 Lower Degree: ht Division. 24 0 0 12 0 0 1200 2nd Division 22 0 0 11 0 0 1100 3rd Division 20 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 If the Mistress be not provided with a house, or suitable lodgings, rent free, a further sum of X6 must be added to every sum in each of these columns. A certificated master of the third division would naturally infer that as long as be kept his school efficient, and the friends of the school maintained their proscribed payments, j his salary would be secured to him. He would not doubt 1 that he should receive JE75 a year. Under the New illi n ute, however, such will not be the result. If the master teaches the school well, the managers will receive a large income, but tbev will not be bound to give any definite sum to the master. They may say, We shall not give you 175, for it is more than the market value of your sort of labour- we can get another man who is quite your equal for zC65, and, therefore, that is all we shall give you.' It is argued that there is no breach of faith in this,-first, because the present system of education is supported by grants payable annually and, secondly, on the ground that the arrangement by which a certain portion of the grant is appropriated to the augmentation of the teacher's salary, is an arrangement between the State and the managers, not between the State and the teachers,—and is for the benefit of the school, not for the benefit of the teachers. If the first of these arguments had not proceeded from the Royal Commissioners, we should not have been disposed to hear it with much respect. Is every one who has a contract with the English Government to be henceforth bound to examine its sources of income ? Would it be possible to say to a schoolmaster who has been induced to engage in his occupation by the apparent promise of a stated augmenta- tion from the Government to his salary from other sources,— You have made a mistake. You should have purchased the finance accounts of the English Government, and com- pared them with the most authoritative treatises upon taxa- tion. You should have mastered the primary distinction between charges upon the consolidated fund, and charges voted annually. You would then have found that the vote for education was a mere temporary vote, not to be relied on, and you would have abandoned your idea of becoming a schoolmaster.' The mere statement of such an arrange- ment in its practical form shows that it is untenable. The second argument may be in some sense true. The State may never have opened direct relations with the certi- floated teachers, but it does not touch the essential question. Does not such a clause as that we hare quoted tend to excite reasonable and well-grounded expectations in the minds of the masters, and in matter of fact has it not excited them ? It is unnecessary to observe that the schoolmasters are a class with whom we should observe not legal faith, but moral faith. They cannot be expected to understand every refinement which an ingenious London lawyer may import into the arrangement between him and the State. A school- master is, too, one of the most influential communicants be- tween the English State and the labouring classes. It is of the utmost necessity to convince those classes of the good faith of the Government under which they live, and it is a difficult matter, for the poor do not easily credit honesty in money matters. It is, therefore, very dangerous to permit a considerable body of respectable persons just in contact with the poor to have even the semblance of a moral accu- sation against the Government. The second point on which public opinion is oppe sed to or dubious upon the rules of the New Minute is their possible effect upon the well-being of the training colleges On this ,subject there is much truth in the remarks of the Royal Commissioners It may be asserted that though the money is well spent, and though the relation between the Government and the training colleges is satisfactory, the assistance Piven discourages private liberality, and that the withdrawal of a part of it would be compensated by an in- crease of private subscriptions. We do not agree with this opinion. It appears probable that considerable difficulty would be found in obtaining subscriptions enough for the support of these institutions. Private benevolence usually o?rr.not»! ^j1" to relieve the evils which directly excite sympathy and .attrct attention, than to prevent their occur- reee by ?ontnbutmg to the removal of their remote causes. np™!anfmi.r. reckon with confidence on the pity which pcrsns of comparatlve wealth will feel for gross and help- a?Sde?t 'w? ? ?"? produced by disease or accident, when ?? ae forced upon their attention by their els:?-? :r.^ r =- h"cr.b?,iS«: ? ??.'IP?vm???'?? arebuitt; but the educa- prov i of clergymen, ph)'sicians, and 8choolasters must be provIded from other sources. An institution which pro- duces good teac)ers may be?e n??t ?'? V Tairto educaUon.but it appeals to  relieves no im- mediate distress, and it accord?' b: ?? '?"?.?- with difficulty. The early Listo??r t"SSh1Cd and Battersea Naming Colleges proves this. Each of them languished till it cu]d r.ckonou perm?ent??? nor" from Government, and it was no wonder that it did ao It would be a grave oubject for regret if thU8 ?luable in- stitutioni were seriously straitened. They may have erred to some extent in the kind of education they have given to the masters whom they were training but, if so, they erred under the direction of the Comlnitte of Council, which by its regulations and its examinations and its Jaymcllts had a despotic authority over the whole system. Under improved regulations, these training schools would doubtless do good work as well as they now do rather questionable work. At any rate, let us be very careful how we destroy an elaborate and produc'ive machinery, the only one which we possess for its peculiar purpose. It will be for the Training Col- leges to explain their position by some competent advocate when Parliament meets. — E-'ouomist.

I THE AGITATION IN FRANCE. When France is satisfied," said Louis Napoleon, Eu- rope is tranquil;" allli certainly the converse of that pro- position is too true. The signs of another fever fit are fast accumulating in France, and with French discontent rises European alarm. The Empire has had, during its short career, to cope with almost every variety of class resistance, and has dealt with each in turn upon the whole success- fully. It beat down the Republicans by main force, quieted the Legitimists by devotion to the Church, and conciliated the working men by occupation. The rebellion of the priests has been suppiessed by stringent applications of the law, and the recent movements among the Orleanists have as yet only succeeded in destroying M. de Persigny's repu- tation. Nature, however, throughout this period has been kindly, and Louis Napoleon has never been called upon to face real and general popular distress. An inundation which harassed two departments is the greatest natural calamity which the Emperor has encountered, and that enabled him to declare that it concerned his honour that rivers, like revolutions, should keep within their banks." There are signs abroad, however, that the cycle of prosperity is drawing to a close, that he has at last to meet the heav- iest problem which can afflict a ruler—suffering among a people who look to the throne as the cause of all good and ill, yet who feel for that throne no sentiment of personal or traditional regard. There can no longer be any doubt that the deficiency in the harvest, however exaggerated by re- port, is none the less genuine. The profits of France must be spent in buying corn, and those profits are, by a variety of causes, greatly diminished. The American civil war has affected France even more than Great Britain. Not only is cotton as necessary to her as to us. but the United States were her best and most liberal customers. All that North- ern America knows of luxury was imported direct from France, and the wise spirit of thrift which has suddenly fallen upnn her people affects France just as Court mourn- ing affects English dealers in summer fashions. To inten- sify the political evil, the effect of this economy has fallen exclusively on the great centres of agitation, Paris and Lyons. The Parisian trade in articles de luxe is paralysed, while the Lyons silk-mills are closing, with glutted ware- houses and no orders for the future. The monetary distress also, though so eagerly denied, and perhaps so exaggerated by popular fame, still exists, and money is welling out of the Bank of France at nearly twice the rate of last year. The mere fear of such a crisis diminishes the internal con- sumption of everything but necessaries, checks or destroys speculation and throws out of employ the great classes who live by supplying the surplus wants of the well-to-do see, tion of society. The cities are exerting themselves to keep down the price of bread, but they can do no more, and everything besides bread is slowly rising in price. As has so frequently been pointed out, the dearness of provisions, when combined with want of work, has an effect on the French workman unknown to his English rival. The latter knows that there is one limit to all his distress he cannot perish of hunger while property endures. The ouvrier can, and the first symptom of pressure affects his imagination even more than his stomach. He becomes timid, suspicious, and finally ungovernable, and so, though French papers do not record facts disagreeable to the Empire, bread riots are becoming a sign of the times. All this while the taxation of France is heavy, searching, and peculiarly inflexible. Englishmen, penetrated with the notion that they are, of all men, those most heavily afflicted with the tax-gatherer, are apt to forget that France raises a still larger revenue out of property two-thirds less, and does not find it sufficient by an average of twelve millions a year. We do not enter- tain the popular notion of any financial collapse being pro- bable in France. The debt is held by the masses, and fear is an excellent guarantee for honesty. The enormous ex- penditure is, to a "reat extent, on items which any popular Government might reduce, and the French Government has a resource often forgotten in its reversionary right in the railways, which fall in in the next decade, and will lift much, if not most, of her new debts at once from tho peo- pie's shoulders. But. meanwhile, the taxation of France is crushingly severe for a bad season, and as the Emperor can neither reduce his army nor stop his publio works, rapid reductions may be put out of the calculation. All the symptoms observable or conjecturable, indicate a winter of extreme severity, both in the natural and political world, and France is in no temper for endurance. Empires founded on material interests do not tend to develop a spir t of resignation, except perhaps among men who love justice and freedom, and if suffering falls upon the masses they will most unquestionably attribute it to the Empire. Louis Napoleon ha" excited every sentiment in France, ex- cept loyalty to himself. Every class has its grievance against him. The thinkers, the men whose talk permeates society, hate him with the hatred which nothing but con- tinued fear has power to produce. The upper classes are of course deadly though passive foes. There is no reason to believe that he is regarded by the working men with a feeling which would survive distress. A well-known writer in Macmillan, who has studied France, declares that re- publican opinions are spreading with ominous rapidity through the towns. The peasantry, though still full of a vague Napoleonistn, will not act as they did in 1850, for their lea- ders the country clergy, now look on the Empire as a foe. There remains but one otaea apparently devoted to the throne, and certainly not actuated by any feeling approach- ing to hostility. The army seems secure, and wan an uiuij really devoted the Empire can doubtlees tide over any pres- sure not too enduring. Paris is completely fortified from within. The working city of Lyons, though in itself more formidable, is commanded from its suburb. Marseilles is improved," on the Parisian plan, and is greatly at the mercy of the fleet. The departments have been mapped out like countries under military occupation. The Emperor, as a military chief at war with France, would, it seems certain, if the army adhere to him, prove irresistible, and there is no present sign of military defection. But it must not be forgotten that we know little of the internal feeling of the army, and that so far as the past can be relied on to explain the present, the army is only an armed section of the people of France, responds to every strong gust of feeling, aud has a nervous dread of acting against the people from among whom it is recruited, and to whom it must return. Wo are told that the army means the peasants, and they, we admit, are Bonapartists; but the argument is of no great weight. Neither officers nor non-commissioned officers are peasants as a mass, and it is they, not the con- scripts, who constitute the army as a social and political power. They are net lost in the crowd, and they feel with terrible keenness the social horror which is apt in France to follow men who arrest the national will by mere violence. Cavaignac's army only fought against a party known to be hostile to property, and believed to be enemies alike of society and of morals. As yet, the dread of the army will keep the nation quiet, and Napoleon is no Louis Philippe to blunder into d isaster, and fail through want of energy. He has no reminiscences of the Terror to make a mob-rising seem the most formidat>le of human events. We do not look for commotion, but we do look for a pressure on the Government which shall com- pel the Emperor once more to interest the popular mind. lie may do this in some way not anticipated-by decrees in the sense of a Poor Law, by great efforts to meet the ter- rible agrarian debt of France, by a war upon the clergy, or by an enormous and temporary expenditure which shall tide the people over their hour of suffering—but it is far more probable that he will go to war. That is the irnprea- sion of French society, and the course most directly in ap- cord, not perhaps with his own instincts, but with his own theories of French character. That war, to be politically j useful, must be popular, and must have a large probability of success, and those combined requisites can only, We think, be found in war with Austria. Some appear to be- lieve that France is to be again excited against El ligland, but such a war offers too many possibilities, and would, besides, increase commercial distress too suddenly and severely. Failure would be equivalent to commercial an- nihilation. The last pamphlet talks of colonial conquests, asks for Madagascar, and advises the seizure of funis, and if France will be content with that expansion, if she, for instance, would assume the protectorate of inlexico, Europe would look on interested but tranquil. But France has never yet regarded colonial acquisitions with very keen interest. Napoleon sold the territory of Louisiana, now occupied by four great states, without his people being i very generally aware that the transactioflkwas accomplished. The war in Coohin China, which might open up brilliant prospects of Oriential dominion, is scarcely deemed worthy of a few occasional lines in the Paris papers. Madagascar is merely talked about as a menace to England, ad the colonies generally are regarded, as they are officially styled' as a "sub-department of administration" interesting only to old sea captains who want a term of shore service. The contest, if it comes, must, we fear, be in Europe, if not a European war. Spectator.

ITALY AND NAPOLEON. I It is now beyond all doubt that the Italian question has entered into a new and an extremely serious phase. For some months previous to the death of Count Cavour, and ever since the accession of Baron Ricaaoli to office, neeotia- tions have been constantly carried on between the Govern- ments of the Emperor Napoleon and King Victor Em- manuel. These negotiations h,d tor their object the ^e!l: 0" of Rome by the French troops within as short t Poss'ble. "? have a right to Rome as our Lit*?" '6 memorable words of Count Cavour in ?e nf ?'h" i- wf J speeches. "We shall enter Rome, but ?.! ? w co"sellt of {be Frenc h has been the it will be with the consent of the French." has been the Sa?U'? Me? h,'? ?' Baron I?casoii To determine the con- HifioiiH tho time, and manner of this entrance, and the nmviflifino by whic the Holy Father "bould be secured in ?i ? e ?? ? ?'? "y ???'' ?? ? ?curcd in ? xerci of hIS spiritual functions, were the points ivWh on™ j the attention of the French and Italian ?Cab?.ne?ts ?an? d on w?h.. ch it was hoped they would come to a clear and a &peedy understanding. The wished-for under- standin has been found impossible of attainment. The French Lmperor has simply intimated to l the Italian Go- vernment that he cannot withdraw his troops from Rome. He had hoped to lender the Pope amenable to reason. But his Holiness obstinately refuses now, as he has invariably since his rcstoration, to take one step in the direction of national unity or independence. France cannot do violence to the Papal will. Because the French flag now floats at Rome, we are told that the honour of France requires that no violence shall be done to the Papal mill by any other Power. The Italians must therefore do as they best can without thur capital. It is needless to inquire into the causes of the line of policy which the Imperial Government has determined to pursue. Clerical influences throughout all France; court and family influences brought directly to bear upon the Sovereign; the personal engagements which Napoleon III. is said to have contracted towards Pius IX.; are all, with more or less probability, assigned as the springs of the Imperial resolution. Whatever may be the causes of the determination on the part of the French Emperor now conveyed to the Italian Government, its effects are likely to prove very serious. Italy has at present three great difficulties to contend with— three great dangers to guard against. Of these three diffi- culties the first two have their origin in the foreign, and the third in the domestic, relations of the country. The Roman question, the Venetian question, and the reorgauisa tion of all the Italian provinces, from the Alps to the furthest point of Sicily, are three problems, each separately presenting no common difficulties, but in their combined magnitude enough to shake the nerves of the boldest states- man. But the Roman question, the Italians arc now told, must not be meddled with. The nou possmnus uttered, for rehgijus roasons, by the Pope, finds its echo in a second non pnssumu.i uttered, for political reasons, by the French Emperor. One would suppose that the political and ad- ministrative, the military and lIaval anti legal reorganisa- tion of so many newly acquired provinces, including the old Sardinian States, a population of twenty-two millions, would be in itself a sufficiently herculean task. But it is precisely here that the influence of the clerical opposition, having its seat and centre at Rome, is most strongly felt. During great part of the past year the Italian Government has been compelled to concentrate its energies on the sup- pression of the reactionary movements in the Neapolitan provinces. The secret intrigues and open hostility of most of the higher, and many of the lower clergy throughout Italy proceed from the same quarter. To wrest Rome from the government of the priests, to incorporate the Papal States with the rest of the Italian kingdom, to obtain and wield the moral influence which the possession of Rome as the Italian capital would give, are therefore objects not less desired from their direct bearing on the internal organisa- tion of the country than from their relation to the general question of Italian unity and independence. The question of the temporal sovereignty of Rome is for the Italians at once the most vital question of home and of foreign poli- tics, Its solution in a national sense must be ardently desired by men of all ranks and parties (with the exception of the Ultramontane intriguers, and the open or concealed partisans of Austria) on national grounds. But there are grounds falling more within the sphere of party politics on which it must be especially desired by the present Cabinet of King Victor Emmanuel. Baron Ricasoli is doubtless well aware that the announcement of the French occupation at Rome being indefinitely prolonged, and of the negotiations to brinn it to a close having completely failed, will be the signal in the Italian Parliament, which will shortly meet, of an attack from the bolder political spirits in the Chambers-of those whose enthusiasm refuses to take into account all the difficulties of a newly-esta- blished monarchy. Without affirming that the indefinite prolongation of the French occupation of Rome will restore to Mazziui and his adherents anything like the prestige which they once possessed, it is impossible to deny that it will have the effect of weakening to a serious extent, the moral influence of the Italian statesmen who desire to maintain a good understanding. between their own Go- vernment and that of France. The experience of the last year, and more especially the experience of the last two months, will likewise point to the conclusion that the pro- longed occupation of the French, caused by the inveterate obstinacy of the Pope, must lend ten-fold strength to the anti-Papal movement which, from a political, is every day more and more assuming a religious, character. When Count Ca-our affirmed, lespecting the difficulties of the Roman question, that they were of a moral character, and must therefore receive their solution from time, he stated what, no doubt, was strictly true. But so great a master of politics could scarcely have forgotten, though he did not choose to quote, the pregnant saying of Maehiavelli, that the statesman who trusts to time for the removal of a diffi- culty may perhaps find to his own cost that the time on which he relies will raise up other difficulties, different in kind and greater in degree tban those which it was expected to remove. Napoleon III,, who holds Rome as the avowed champion and protector of the Catholic faith, may perhaps find that the time found insufficient to reconcile the Papal Court to the Imperial policy will yet be quite long enough for the Italian people to become thoroughly and heartily alienated from the Papacy. The same physical force which keeps the Pope at Rome is operating as a force of moral repulsion in the mind of every devout Catholio throughout Italy. Already there are unmistakeable signs that the political chiefs of the Italian people, those most inclined to tem- perate and prudent courses, may feel themselves com- pelled, almost in self-preservation, to turn the tide of national feeling towards Venice, in order to avoid the risk of its dashing fiercely and furiously against the soldiers of their Imperial ally at Rome. There is an ominous coin- cidence in the appearance, at the very moment when the Italians are told to renounce the hope of obtaining Rome, of several letters from Kossuth, strongly urging the Italians to make an attack on Venico. Now, he tells them, is the favourable moment. Hungary may soon be up in arms Hungary will certainly rise in arms if she can only count on a simultaneous attack by Italy on the common foe. Very seductive but at the same time very dangerous counsels. Their acceptance by the Italians would at once close the door on all the attempts making by their best friends to secure by peaceful negotiation the ends which they would then hazard on the die of war. They should make very sure of the success of such a contest before reckoning on its favourable issue as the best means of afterwards settling the Jomall difficulty.— Morning Post.

ENGLISH AXGER AND FRENCH OKJF.CTS.—" England is wrong to feel so angry; and more so in accusing us of ambition. We have, it is true, in spite of her, recon- quered the Alps, the natural ratification of our south- eastern frontier and we must one day re-take, without war, but by amicable cession, Landau and Sarrcluois- fortresses reconstructed by France, destined by their very position to cover Lorraine and Champagne, and constantly exposed to the attack of an enemy. What does it matter, after all, if there be the mutual assent of the parties interested ? England, that cries out so much against others, is surpassed in ambition by none. She lukus uyuij-wliora, and always without troubling herself with rights, which she tramples under foot, as if she thought that everything naturally belonged to her. Thus she dreams of the supremacy of the sea, and she takes Gibraltar from Spain. She protects the Ionian Islands against their will. She caused Malta and Mau- ritius to be given up to her. She established herself at the Cape, in order to have a resting point on her way to India." —French Pamphlet. THE GREAT WESTKKN RAILWAY OF CANADA.—On Wednesday afternoon the half-yearly meeting of the shareholders in this company was held at the London Tavern. The report which was presented stated that the receipts on capital account during the last half-year were 120,341 for arrears of calls on shares, making the total receipt on the 31st of July, 1861, £ .5,213,097. The expenditure on capital account during the half-year was 14,080, making the total outlay to the above date of X4,980,129, and leaving a balance to the credit of capital of £ 232,968. The revenue account showed that the receipts amounted to zC209,31,6, and the working expenses, including taxes, insurance, and rent of Suspension- bridge, to £ 126,610, leaving a balance for the halt-year of £ 79,700; to which was added £ 15,79], the surplus from the preceding half-year, making together 195,491. Out of this was deducted £ 17,498 for interest on government loan, £ 32,994 for interest on the company's bonds, &c., £ 2-5,-518 for renewal of rails, sleepers, and bridges, and £ 1,108 on account of F lamborough accident, leaving a surplus of £ 18,373, which the directors re- commend to be carried to the credit of the current half- year. The name and trade mark of a good manufacturer is a guarantee of goodness in the article. Mappin Brothers' London Bridge, and Queers Cutlery Works, Sheffield, la; claim to this title of good Enghsh Manufacturers. MAPPIN BIIOTHEKS' TABLE CUTLERY.—Mappin Bro- thers London show rooms are at London Bridge. E- tablished in Sheffield A.D. 1810. <> ijrainary Medium Best Quality Quality. Quality. a d X s d Two dozen fii-size Table Knives, ivory handles 2 4 0 3 6 0 4 12 0 One-and-a-half dozen full- size Cheese do 0 1 14 0 2 11 0 One pair regular Meat Carvers. 0 ? 6 0 11 o 0 15 6 One pair extra size do. 0 8 6 0 12 0 0 16 6 One pair Poultry Carvers.. 0 7 6 0 11 o 0 15 6 One Steel for Sharpening ..030 040 060 Complete Serfice 4 14 6 6 18 6 9 16 6 None of the above can come loose in hot water. ADVER- TISEMENT.

WEEKLY CALENDAR. I THE MOON'S CHANGES. Full Moun, Nov. 17th, at 7m. nast 1 after. HIGH WATER AT THE FOLLOWING PLACES FOR THE ENSUING WESK. Carmar- Cardigan Tenby DAYS. then Bar, and and Aberyst- Llanelly. Bristol. Milford. with. H M. H. 1\1, H. M. H. M. Saturday, Nov. 9 10 41 11 31 10 16 12 1 Sunday .10 11 45 12 35 11 20 1 5 Monday > 11 1 1 1 51 12 36 2 21 Tuesday, 12 2 12 3 2 6 47 3 42 Wed nes 13 3 18 4 8 7 53 4 38 Thursday 14'4 3 4 53 8 38 5 23 Tliur.gda), 15' 4 .33 5 23 9 8 5 53 Friday, 15 4 33 5 23 9 8 5 53

'll.11,111,1111.? 11.111.111, 11.11?, I'?, FAIRS IN NOVEMBER. CAR>IARJUE^SHIHE. Abercynen, 22; Carnathen, 14; Cynwil Gaio, 10; Laugharne, 11; Lltindilo TTeht, 18; Jjlan(lih>, 12; Llandovery, 16; Llanelly, 11; Llan- fyiiyjd, 11 Llangendeirne, 1 Llansawel, 15 Llany- byther, 1, 21 Neweastle-Emlyn, 11, 22. CAKI^G-VXSHIRE.—Aberayron, 13 Aberystwith, 18; Cardigan, 10 New Quay, 12 Talgareg, noar Llanarth, 10; Talsarn, 7. l^iiiROKKsinuE.—Camrose, 12; Carew, 9 Eglwys- wrw, 25; Fishguard, 17; Llawhaden, 25; Pembroke, 30; lempleton, 12; Trevine, 22; Wiston, 8. Lki.coxshire.—Maes Oynffyrch, 25 Pontneddfechan, 14; 1 algarth, 2; Treeastle, 13. G^IGHGAXMURK. Aberdare, 13 Bridgend, 17 Caerlhii, 16 Cardiff, 30; Merthyr Tydfil, Waen, 30.

COUNTY COURTS. I CIRCUITS. SLIT. I-I-= Aberaeron '10 Court ITh. 3,atll.O No Court Llandovery. No Court Fri. 4,11.0 !No Court F?n? "??? St. 5 110 No Court SL?? °""?Co.rt M. 7, lO.ONoCourt   11.15 ?eato. W. 11 io.o  9,10.0 W. 1:3, lo.t) NarberthGn Fr" Fr- 15, II ISio    Sa. 14, ..10.0 ISa. 12,10.0 Sa. 16: 00  ?- ?  18, 10.1 n I- J'> 10.0 Tu.la, 10.0Tu.l9 100 Cardl&lln.I¡w. 18, 12.30 W. 2,12.30 W. 20, 12.3 NewoaBtle ..ITh 19, 10.0 No Court Th.21 10 o

SOUTH WALES RAILWAY. Starting I s 2:1 23 I 23 I,*2,3* 1 & J I 23 1 & 2 I & u from class class class class Exp class. class Exp. p. m a.m. a. m. a. m. a.m. p.m Paddington.. 8.10 6.0 9.15 11.0 4.50 Swindon ar 10.351 9.0 11.5 1.15 6.40 Swindon de 10.47i 9.25 11.17 1.30 f 5 Glo'ster ..ar 12.15 11.5 12.40 3.20 8.10 ?i7 1 & 2 1,2,3 Glo'ster d, 2.15 6.45 11.10 12.50 3.30 8.C0 R. Ry. Hereford..de 9.50 1.10 Ross 10.20 1.40 Grange Ct. J. 10.50 2.10 Grange Ct. de 7.5 11.30 1.5 3:d 835 Newnham 2.40 7.17 11.401 4.0 840 Lydney 2.56 7.37 11.58 4.20 8.54 Woolaston 74512.0.. 4.28 Chepstow 3.14 7 55 12.17 1.35 4.40 9.9 Portskewet. 8.7 12.27 452 Magor 8.17 12.37 5.4 Llanwern 8 25 5.14 Newport ..ar 8.35 12.55 2.0 5.25 Newport ..de 3.48 8.40 1.0 2.10 5.35 9.34 Cardiff. 4.12 9.5 1.25 2.26 6.3 9.54 Bridgend. 4.52 10.0 2.22 2.55 7.3 10.27 Port Talbot..1 5.18 10.29 2.51 3.13 7.311050 Neath arl 5.30 10.44 3.4 3.21 7.46 11 0 Ditto de 5.32 10.47 3.8 3.25 7.50111.4 Swansea ..?62 1,2,3 11.23 3.35 3.55 8.2511-25 a.m. L2,3 I Ditto .de 5.37 8.0 11.0 i.i ? 3. 8.0 Landore 552 8.1011.18 4.0 3.48 8.18 Gower Rd 8.22 11.33 4.20 838 Loughor 8.27 11.39 4.25 8.43 Llanelly 17 8.3711.48 4.35 4.15 8.53 Pembrey 8.45 11.58 4.45 9.3 Kidwelly. 6.37 8.57 12.7 4.55 9.15 Ferryside.. 6.47 9.7 12.19 5.7 4.45 9.25 Carm, June.. 1 72 9 20i 12341 5o20, 4.58 9.40 St. Clears.. o: 7.21 9 36 12.50 5.38 Whittand. 952 1.6 5.53 Narberth Rd. 7.43 10 7 -.21 6.8 5.?5 Elaverfordwesti 8 1111032 1.46 6.35 5.55 Milford Road (for MilRfoorad.d ) 8:26?10 48 2.2 6.50 6.5 New Milford 8.36'HO 2.15 7.0 6.15

The 6.0 a.m. train from Paddington is 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class to S. W.R. only and Ireland. Starting tIris?t,2,3)t&3,i,2,3Ex[)j).2,3Mai)).2.3 from Exp. class clan class 1 & 2 clan 1 & 2?'Class  &  -1-1- -1- I a.m. a.m. a.m.! a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. |p. m. New MUford?.45 ? 8.15? }} ?13QI | } ^42? 1 6 f 4f3? New ?lilford .¿ 8,281 ? 1113' 4411 643 Haverfordwest8401 ?! 1}12? 7?1450 1 643 Clarb.Rd a 8.52i I1Q 8 -§25<5 Narberth Rd. 9.5 ?? 12 2 I 5 7'^ N ar.berth Rd. ci 95   Whitland 9.20] =! 12 15! •• St. Clears 9.35j 12 28? 5.40 7.52 Carm. Jum. 3,52 6.15 9.55, 12.50? 5.591 8 10 Ferryside 6.30 lO.lOj £ 15?6.14 823 Kidwelly. 640! 10.22 1 17? 6.241 833 Pembrey. 6.50 10.34: ? 1.30.. 8.45 Llanelly. 7-2 10.45 1.41 6.44 8.55 Loughor 7.10 10.5-5; ? 1.50 9.4 t Landore 4.48 7.35?11.20. S: 2.14 79?9.34! Swansea ..?! 4.55 7.45 11.30! J 2.24 7.24 9.39 Exp. Ditto.?4.45 7.2511.1310.50? 2.9 7.0 Landore 4.50 7.4011.23 11.0 ? 19,' 7 14, Neath .? 7.55 11-38!11.161 ? 2.37 7.29 Ditto.? 8.0 11.40 11.181 ? 2.40 7.31 Briton Ferry •• 8.8 11.26' 2 47i PortT?lbot. 8.21 11.51 11.34? 2' 81 7.42 Pyle 8.40 11.521 3 3.17?. Bridgend 5.23 9.0 12.1812.23 e 337 8.7 Pencoed 9.9 12.31 ? 3.47 Cardiff 6.0 9.5612.49 1.17! £ 1.36 1;.?9 Newport ..al'¡' 6.23110.2311.10 1.45j ? 5.8 I. Newport ? 6.28 10.30 1 20 1.50 1 0.14 9.13 Chepstow. 6.53 11.9 1.46 2.33 g; 5.07 9.47 Woolaston 11.21 2.431 ? 6.8  Lydaey 7.8 11.29 3.0 6.18?10.5 ?ewnham. 7-23 11.50 3.19? 6.4010.21 Grange Crt.ar?3112.2 2.15 3.31 § 6 501 H.R.&G. Ry-1 J 7 m Grange Ct. de 8.451 3 aOl 3.50, 845 GraneCt.dej8.451'. ,3.5013.50'1$?:'845. Hereford.. ar 9 45 ? 5.0 5.0 g 945 2- Glo'ster. arI7.óO!12,301 2.3713.451 S' 7.10!10.47 11&2¡." ?1&2 Glo'ster ..de S.O 12.40 2.45 .5\ ? 7.2012.40! Swindon ..ar 9.15 2.20? 4.5 5.45 M 8.55 2.10 1 & 2 S. 11,2,3 Swindon ..?e 9.30 2.30 4.15 6.0 9.5 2.20 2.,50 Reading .J10.28 3.45 7.5 § 110.1213,32: 5.50 Reading ?11.15 4.50 60 8.50, 11.0 4.35 7,10 paddington 11.15 4.50 60 8.50J- 11.0 4.35 7.10

SUNDAYS. DOWN TRAINS. SUNDAYS.| UP TRAINS. Stari(from 1*2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 Startg.from! 1,2,3.1,2,3 1,2,3 a m. a. rO. a. M a. m. Paddington 8.0 .NewMiHord 10.40.. Slough 8.55 ..d10 55 R..d:ng 9.40 H.West 11.5 Didcot 10.40 Narb. Road 11.37 Swindon.ar .11.60 Whitland.. 11.49 Ditto ..de 1.5 St. Clears.. 12.2 Glo'ster ar 2.45 Carm June. 12.24 Glo'ster..? 3.0 8.15 Ferryside.. 12.40 Grange Crt 3.20 8.38 Kidwelly 12.52 Newnham." 3.25 8.43 Pembrey 1-5 Lydney 3.48 9.5 LlaneDy 1.16 Voolaston 3.58 9.15 Loughor 1 25 Chepstow 4.15 9.321 Landore 1.45 Newport ar 50 10.2l| Swansea ar 1.50 p.m. Newport ? 5.5 l1.jl Ditto ? 2.10 ?.30 Cad1ff 5.29|l0.o2iLandore 2.188.35 Bridgend 6.28j 11.4o| :Neath ,,ar 2.30? 8.53 Port Talbot 933 6.56112.14? Ditto ..? 2.32] 8 55 Neath ..ar 9.43 7.12i 12.27 'Port Taibot 2*4il 9.8 Ditto ..? 9.45 7.l7|12.29|jBridgend 3.13 9.37 Landore 10.5 7.42 12.49 Card;ff 4.610.29 Swansea a?-10 101 7.4ï¡!12.54¡Ne.\vport ar 4.33? 10.56 Ditto ..de 7.52 ji Ditto ..?e 4.38?11.1 Landore i.-5ï! ?Chepstow.. 5.16 11.37 Loughor 8 14 Woolaston 5.36 11.47 Llanelly 8.24 Lydney. 5.44 11.54 Pembrey 8.33 Newnham.. 5.56 12.14 Kidwelly 8.44 Grange Crt. 6.4 \12.22 Perryside 8.54 I!Gio'ster arl 6.201228 Carm June. 9.9 !|Glo'ster dl 6.25 1.10 St. Clears.. 9.29 ?l Switidoia.arl f 8 0 2.55 Whitland.. 9.46 ? Ditto, .de 815 1 3.10 Narb. Rd. 10.0 Didcot 9.10 4.5° 1 9 45 4.3 H.West..? 10.34 (jReading .j 10.10 5.H MilfordRoad! 10.60 Si h 10.10 ? 5.1 0 New Milfordj 11.0 ?Paddingt.nn ? 10.50 6.0 »* The Mail Trains run the same on Sundays as week days, with this exception,—that on Sundays the 4.26 p m. Up-train, and the 2.15 a m. Down-train, carries 3rJ class passengers between Carmarthen and New Milford.

SOUTH WALES, MIDLANDS, & NOIU'H EASTERN RAILWAYS. UP-TRAINS. WBEK DAYS. SUNDAYS. Ex. 1 2 3 E X. 1 1 1,2 12 3 ? 1,2 1,2. Starting !lass'i_s class. class..ciass.?Mait. S. W. RUL. a. in. a. m.lla. m. a. m. a. m. a. m.! a. m. p. TN NewMiMord 2 45} 8 15 2 26 11 0 110 40 426 Carm. June 3 52 6 15 9 '-1 5 59 12 50 12 24 5 59 Swansea 445 7 25 11 30 10 50 7 0 29 20 7 0 Cardiff .6 9 56 12 49 1 17 8 49 4 36| 46 849 Swaiisea 4435, 9 56 1 12 2 3497 3 1 415 -17 1047 7 l ()? 1620 10 47 C71o'ster. 7 50?2 30 2 371 3 45 10 47 71(? Q_47 MIDLANDS,a. m. p. m. p. m. p. m. 11 5 -I p. m.l p. m. p. m. Glo'ster d. do 01 15 4 32132; p. in. 7 ao 7 56115 BristoL. arTl 9 40 2 45, 5 35 [ 5 35jl2 20 ] 940 945?1220 I [ Glo'ster d. up 8 20 12 55; 3 20 4 44j 8 17!I 6 50 Glo'ster d. up  3201 4441 8 17!1 50 Worcester arr 930 25 4 431 5 40/ 9 lSji 820. Birmingham 1055 3 2.5 6 5 6 40 10 18 I 9 45 Derby 1 0 6 10 8 15 8 15 124?)244. Leeds 3 35 | ..[10501 | 33 335 N. EASTERN, ip. m pin a. in a m Hull 7 0 12 10 432 32 Hull ?4 11 20)1 3 34J 3 34. Newcastle. 745 j 61?61 ? THIRD CLASS ARRANGEMENTS.—UP. 3rd cl. Passengers will be booked Through by the 2.45 a.m Express Train to all Stationi North of Derby. 3rd cl. Passengers by the 6.15 a.m. Train will be booked 3rd class up to Derby and to Bristol. 3rd cl. Passengers by the 11.0 a.m. Train will be booked 3rd class to Bristol. 3rd cl. Passengers by the 10.20 a.m. Train will be booked 3rd class up to Birmingham. DOWN. WEEK DAYS- SUNDAYS. 'i. "123 1, 2 lY?,2 12 3 1, 2 7*2 TT Starting from class, class Iclass., lass. ciMs?classtclass.?tass -1-1- N. EASTERN p. m ,a. m.ip. m.?p. m. a. tU;¡; Newcastle..d. 7 8 ?ll 5 ill 5 5 15j 8 201 7 8 York 9381 ?210 ?l2 l 10 9 45 11 45; 9 38: Hull 821, 8?401040? 821) ? MIDLANDS, &C p. rn. a. m, 1^. m. nt m n7 Leeds 9 55 3 0 ?m. L 30 9 55 Derby 12 33 720720 3 30 12 33 Birmingham 2 45 1 -5 10 0 9 55 5 15 2 45 6 45 Worcester 3 41 8 43 11 25 11 20 6 32? i1 341 ? 8 15 G!o'ster ..arr 4 40 10 5 12 40 12 35 1 7 29| 4 40 V 351 in ia. rn.fa. m |p. m.lp. m. p. m.T aT m! 1 a ?'n-Ili 20? P30 445 6 .50 30 Glo'ster ..arr? j 10 45 12 4o| 3 10 6 25? 8 101?8 io? S W. RAIL. a. m7 a7m..p. m. p. m. p. m. p. mT?mt)'? Glo'ster ..dep 6 45,11 10? HO, 330, 630 8 20M 9 20 3 Swansea 11 23 3 35 4 15 825' ,11 25 2 6 7 47 Swansea .12 2 34 5 20 1 63185? 9 40? 19 9 New Milford 2 15 7 0 6 35| | no THIRD CLASS ARRANGEMENTS.—DOWN. 3rd cl. pass. booked thro' by 7.5 a.m. train from Binning. 3rd cl. pass. booked thro' by 9.0 a.m. train from Bristol. 3rd cl. pass. booked thro' by 1.25 p.m. train from Bristol. 3rd cl. pass, booked thro' by 7.20 a.m. train from Derby and 3rd cl. North of Birmingham. 3rd cl. pass.booked thro' by 5.15 a.m. train from New- 1 castle and all stations North of Derby.

——*— CARMARTREN AND CARDIGAN RAILWAY. -¡f2 312 312 31:2 3.| 1 2 3 1 2 3 j 1 c2 l 3j 1 c2l 3 STARTING FROM cl | cl | cL j cl eli cl a.m.ia.na. a.m. a.m. p m. p.m. p.m. p.m. Conwil • •• •• 11 4514 10 Bronw3,dd Arias 12 0'4 25 CarlUartben arrl 00 i. 1121014 3:)1," .0:- Carmarthen dep. 6 59 109 45 12 264 50 5 125 471 55 Carmar. Junc..afr. 8 89 13;9 48,12 29> 53?5 155 50.7 ?8 STARTING FROM ¡12  312 3)123,12 :? 2,1231123 i1 2 3T2~3T~2 3 123 I 2 3 1 21 2 3 1 2 3 SSTFAARRTTIINNG G FFRROOM M I c, d d c| j d p ?m P-11pra?p.ru ip.in Carmar.June. dep.1 6T2?1100 12 T- 5: 5 25 6 ?8 1594 Carmar. June, dep.; 9 28?10 3 12 58 5 8 5 286 8:8 18 9 45 Carmarthen arr. 9 28?10 312585  286 88 189 41 Carmarthen dep.110 10 10 10 130 .8 Bronwydd Arms .10 2010 20 1 40 Con«il 10 35 10 35 1 1 55?

VALE OF NEATH RAILWAY. UP TRAINS "WEEK DAYS. 1 SUNDAY. Starting From 1 2 3T2~ 3 1 2 3,1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 iclass Class Class iClass Class Class SOUTH WALES j A.M P.M. P. 31. P. Nt. A. M. Swansea dep ] 7 25 2 9j 7 0 8 30 7 0 Neath arr.j 7 55 2 37 i 7 29 8 53 7 29 VALE OF NEATH. Neath dep.) 8 30 2 52 745: 950 74 Aberdylais 8 35 2 57 7 50 9 55 7 50 Resolven 8 47 3 9 8 0 10 5 8 0 Glyn-Neath 8 57 3 191 8 8] 10 13 S S Hirwain arr.i 9 17 3 39 8 28 10 33 8 28 Hirwain d. for Aberdar 9 23 3 45 6 30 8 3510 40 8 35 Aberdare Arrival. 9 35 3 57 6 45 S 45 10 50 8 4.5 Hirwaind. forMerthr 9 20 3 42 8 31 10 36 8 38 Llwydcoed j 9 27 3 49 8 38:10 431 8 33 Abernant for Aberdarf! 9 37 3 59 8 48 10 531 1 8 41 Merthyr Arrival 9 50i 4 12! 9 Oil 5 9 0 „ i 1 3 3 1 2 31 2 3 1 2 3|1 2 21 2 3 Startmg From class Class ClaSli Clas> :Classl.C: ? -¡- -1-1- VALE OF NEATH. A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A..NL. P. M Merthyr dep. 8 55 1 5o 6 0 8 15] 5 50 Aberiuant for Aberdare 9 7 2 2 6 12 8 271 6 2 Llwydcoed j 9 12 2 7 6 17 ] 8 32j 6 7 Hirwain. arr. 9 18 2 13 6 23 8 101 8 38 6 13 Aberdare Departure 9 0 1 55 6 5 8 23? 8 20? 5 55 HirwainArrival 9 ]3 2 8 6 18 i 8 3o| 6 8 Hirwain dep.l 9 21, 2 15 6 25 8 40i 6 15 Glyn-Neath 1 9 41 2 34 6 44 8 59, 634 Resolven | 9 51 2 43 6 53 9 8] G 48 Aberdylais 10 5 2 55 7 5 9 20 6 56 Neath arr. 10 10 3 0 7 10 9 25 j 7 8 SOUTH WALES. I Neath dep.l 10 47 3 8 750 ? 945 717 Swansea arr. 11 23 3 3.5 8 25 10 10? 7 4/

LLANELLY, LLAlHLO, LLANDüVEHY, AO CWMAMMAN RAILWAY. UP TRAINS. I,'2'3! I:2,3 1 2,3F UP TRAINS. Class Clan I Cla8d j co -StarlÙîg from A.M. ¡-¡-I Uanelly(S.W.R.St)9 0 12 0 [ 5 10 > Dock 9 512 4615 -= Bynea l?9 15 ?12 12525 .4 Llangennech 9 20 :12 18 5 30 I js Pontardulais 9 30 1 12 25540 > Pantytfynon 9 45 112 35 ? 5 55 Z :G'departUt'I':2õi -1 õ 30 I: I Cross Inn" 9 40 1 5 50 Cross Inn arrival 9 Mi 6 0 W *GarMnt.. 10 10 6 O ■ Gamant.. 10 10 ¡ I 6 ;¿u i ie-= -;5õju¡ö 60 0 Derwydd Road 9 5? 112 456 5 P Fairfach 10 5 12 55 6 15 2 Llandilo 10 10 1 0 620 r* Glanrhyd 10 20 1 10630 Z Llangadock 110 25 1 15 6 42 S Lampeter Road |10 30 120 650 0 Handovery 110 40 1 30 7 0 10 40 1 3 0 7 0 1>2>3 1,2,3 1,2,3 DOWN TR&INS. ci. Cta? » 1-1- i O 'S<a)'<t? from A.M. P.M. P.M. § Llandovery 8 45 11 40 ] 4 50 >. LLalamnpdeotveer ry R?;a* 8 55 11 50 5 0 '< Uangadoek .?9 0 11 55 1 5 5 hJ Glanrhyd 9 5 12 0 510 V Llnd}lo 9 15 12 10 ?l520 £ Fairfach 9 20 12 15 j 5 25 Z Fairfach 9 30 12 25335 rA Derwydd Ro 9 30 U 2? 3 3o cc Llandebie 935 12 30 5 40 > Panty?ynoa 9 45 12 40 1 5 5o$3 Garnant..departure 9 20 ?- r > 1 30 Q Cross Inn" 9 40 o I j 5 50 Cross Inn arrival 9 50 ? ) 6 0 O Garnant.. ?10 10 £ L? 6 20 O _1_- Pontardulais J10 0 12 50 j 6 5  Llangennech 10 7 1 0 6 12 2 Bynea 10 15 1 10 6 20 S Dock .10 24 1 20 I 6 25 o Llanelly (S. W. R.St)110 :10 1 25 6 30 Garnant Passengers wlil be set down or taken up at Gellyceidrim or Cross Keys, if required. The Trains will stop at Llangennech, Derwydd Road, and Glanihyd by Signal only Passengers wishing o alight must give notice to the Guard at the next Station of their intention.

TAFF VALE RAILWAY. UP TRAINS. WEEK DAYS. SUNDAYS. -rt¡,¡g /r? i???l, 2. 3 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 1, 1, 2,3 a.m. p.m. -1- Cardiff Dock5 CarJUf. 9 30 310 6 30 9.°14"0 Uandan .<939 3 19 640 9 9 4 9 Pentyrch 947 327 648 917417 Ta8"sWeU 952 332 653 922422 Treforest .10 3 343 7 5 9 33 4 33 Newbridge 10 8 3 48 7 11 9 38 4 38 Aberdare Junction 10 19 3 59 7 23 9 49 4 49 Quaker's Yard Junction 10 32 412 7 36 10 25 2 for N. A. & H. Railway. Troedyrhiew 10 43 4 23 7 48 10 13 5 13 Merthyr 10 50 ) 4 30 7 55 10 20 5 20  Aberdare Junction 10 20 4- 0 7 25 9 50 4 50 hiou ntain Ash 410 7 35 10 0 5 0 Treaman 10 38 418 7 43 10 S 5 8 Ab, dare 10 42 4 22 7 47 10 12 55 128 DOWli TRAINS. WEEK DAYS. SUNDAYS. Starting /? 11 2, 3 ???l. -2, 3 ??  ? a.m. p.m'j p.m. a. m. p.m Merthyr 8 15 2 0 6 40 I 9 10 4 10 Troedyrhiew 8 23 2 8 6 49 9 17 4 18 Quaker's Yard Junction 8 34 219 7 1 9 27 ? 4 29 for N. A. & H. Railway.! Aberdare Junction .• 8 47 2 32 7 15 9 38 4 42 Newbridge i 8 57 2 42 7 26 1 9 48 4 52 Treforest ?9 2 247 7 31 9 53 4 57 Taff's Well I 9 13 258 742 10 3 5 8 Pentyrch 9 18 3 3 7 47 10 8 5 13 Llandaff I 9 26 3 11 7 56 j 10 16 5 21 Cardiff 9 35 320 8 5 10 25 5 30 Cardiff Docks •• •• Aberdare 8 20 2 5 6 41 9 11 4 1 Treaman .1 1 24 2 9 64J 9154 1 Moun tain 8 32 217 6 53 92342; Aberdare Junction 8 42 2 27 7 6 9 33 4 3