The Principality

FRANCE. The most interesting part of the French n\ts relatgs to a French between M. Thiers and GehetH.1 Cavaignac. At the sitting of the Assembly on Wednesday the public tribunes were crowded, great curiosity being felt to see M. Thiers for the fh'st tittle iri the tribune of the new chamber. M. Thiers (amidst marks of great interest) ascended the tribune to present a report on the proposition of M. Proud- hon, to have one third of the revenue kept back from all the revenues of landowners, mortgage creditors, and other per- sons of property—one-half of which sum should be appro- priated to the farmer tenants, mortgage debtors, &c.; and the other half to the State, in order to enable it to give an impulse to credit. The Finance Committee, he said, was of opinion, that the proposition could not be entertained. As a financial measure it was quite unworthy of notice; yet, as the committee considered that propositions like the pre- sent would be attended with danger if left unrefuted, it had deputed him to lay its views at some length before the As- sembly. The object of the measure was said by the author to be two-fold—to give relief to the poorer classes of society, and to help the State in its efforts to raise public credit. On the first point, M. Proudhon said that there would be a reciprocity of advantage by the adoption of the proposition for both the tenants and the landlords: the former obtain- ing a certain sum each to spend in addition to the usual re- venue and the latter finding all the usual articles of daily use cheaper by the additional movement given to business. All this the committee had commissioned him to declare it could not in any way perceive, even after the explanations by the hon. proposer himself. The honourable representa- tive spoke in the strongest terms against the anti-social doctrines set forth by M. Proudhon, and observed that the Finance Committee had been unanimous in thinking that he ought to have shown more respect to the Assembly than to bring forward this measure, after his journal had been seized for similar doctrines. (The conclusion of the report dwelt strongly on the impropriety of these doctrines, and ended by recommending the Assembly to reject it.) (The honourable gentleman was listened to with the greatest possible attention throughout, and was very frequently ap- plauded.) M. Proudhon observed that the report just read was al- most an accusation. It would be necessary for him to have the document before him, in order to answer it properly. His proposition had been rather misrepresented than ex- plained, and as a great number of figures were set down in the report, which would require a close examination, he should propose to have a day appointed for a discussion of his proposition (hear, hear). He should name Saturday next for that purpose. This was agreed to. An altercation then ensued between M. Thiers and Gene- ral Cavaignac with respect to some observations the former made use of when speaking of the bill introduced by the Government on the Legacy Duty. Much angry feeling was exhibited amidst the impatience of the Assembly. The attack made by M. Thiers has operated injuriously for him. General Cavaignac, so far from having sufferedi from it, has attained to greater popularity, although nearly coincidental with that attack came a petition to the Assem- bly from M. Emile de Girardin, complaining in strong terms b of the treatment to which he had been subjected on the part of the chief of the State. In that petition M. de Girardin charges General Cavaignac with having allowed the late insurrection to become formidable while he could easily have crushed it; and this with a view to the Dictatorship and ultimately to the Presidency of the Republic. The Government seized on Thursday the journal La Pa- trie and others, which published the petition of M. Emile de Girardin to the Assembly. It was a question whether M. de Girardin should not be again thrown into prison, and several of the ministers are said to have urged that measure upon General Cavaignac, who refused, on the ground that the question was a personal one. The Count de Montalembert has given notice of his intention to bring the petition of M. de Girardin under the attention of the Assembly. Referring to the report of M. Thiers on the proposition of M. Proudhon to plunder the landed proprietors of France of one-third of their income, the Reforme says :— "Not content with having crushed M. Proudhon by a skilful ricochet, M. Thiers wished to strike the Government through one of its most honourable propositions. He condemned, by anticipa- tion and without discussion, that progressive tax which M. Goud- chaux wishes to apply on property acquired by inheritance. The manner of M. Thiers has not improved, although the Spirit of God, if we must believe his floetoral letters, has visited his heart; his polemics are of the bad Voltairean school, relieved by the imperti- nence of the parvenu; no general views, no serious or profound doctrines sarcasms instead of principles little disdains instead of proofs. M. Theirs dissects details instead of going to the bottom of things he reproaches his adversary with not having boldly ex- posed his fundamental theories, and he himself only makes phrases on these grave questions, which are, however, the controversy of the century. To suppress the arguments, true or false, of the measure to be discussed, to pull to pieces in detail instead of expos- ing by masses, and concluding scientifically, to escape from the problem and take amusement in sallies—to insult instead of dis- cussing with severe probity; such arc the proceedings of the great logician." The bill for the rcgularisation of the clubs and secret so- cieties occupied the afternoon of the National Assembly during the whole of the sitting of Thursday. The clause I uuder discussion was the 13th, the object of which is to sup- press secret societies; and the great difficulty was to define what wan meant by a secret society. It was remarked that, under the denomination of secret societies, the most useful institutions, such as literary, scientific, and charitable socie- ties, might be suppressed and M. Jules Favre proposed as on amendment, that the law should affect only those socie- ties which had a political object. This was opposed by the Minister of the Interior, on the ground fht it was better to s-ippvess all secret or unauthorised societies, as it was very evident that the Minister of the Interior, for the time being-, whatever might be his polities, would not be inclined to suppress those that were useful. The clause was accord- vurly passed: and the consequence is, that henceforth in France the Government will have an absolute and unlimited right to put down all societies of whatever kind and what- ever may be their object.' One of the clauses of the old law, which used to be most abused, was that which prevented more than twenty per- sons from holding a meeting without the authority of the Government. This provision has now been suppressed by M. Senard, on the ground that he does not choose to have • til. intentions of the law evaded by people meeting in par- tics of nineteen each, so that the new Jaw leaves to the minister for the time being the arbitrary power of prevent- iug the smallest number of people from assembling (what- ever their real object may be), on the pretext that their meeting was c:;ntrilry to law. The Constituthnnel remarks, that for rigour this clause of the bill goes far beyond any law of the Empire or. Restoration, to say nothing of the law of 1834, which allows meetings of twenty persons. Two of the members who rose to oppose this severe clause were M. Dufaure, formerly minister under Louis Philippe, and M. de Fallonx, a Legitimist. M. Dupin supported the clause. The Montagne, with the exception of M. Bac and M. Durien, took no part in the debate. The Committee of the National Assembly on foreign affairs has come to the determination of entrusting several of its members to draw tip, reports on the different questions of' foreign politics, which at present occupy the attention of Europe. M. Drouyn de l'Huys, the President of the Com- mittee, who was formerly charge d'affaires in Madrid, is to draw ii]) a report on Spanish affairs; M. d'Aragon, who is married to the sister of the Princess of Belgiogoso, is to draw up a report on the affairs of Italy; M. Xavier Dumeu, on the affairs of Russia; M. Edmond Lafayette on the Moldavo- Y*V;lachian question; M. Payer, the late chef dll cabinet under M. de Lamartine, on the German Confederation M. de Voissins, on the questions of the East; and M. de Heckeren (who killed the famous Russian poet Pouehkin in a duel), on the question of the relations of Prussia with Prussian Poland. The commission on the constitution has been occupied during three sittings in hearing the arguments of the dele- gates from the standing committees of the National Assem- bly for and against the question of the right of employment. Seven of the committees declared in favour of the right of; employment as wpecified in the preamble of the project of the Constitution, qi}d eight decided against it. The right to employment; was defended by MM. Cremieux and Victor LefranC, and opposed by MM. Thiers, Berryer, and Duver- gier tie Hauram% in the n^me of their respective.. c,om- mittees. The questions oil Avliich the delegates have still to speak in presence of the commission are-the mode of elect- ing the President of the Republic, the system of two Cham- bers, and the formation of a Council of State. It is believed that the delegates will have concluded their arguments in the course of the next week, and that the Report of the Commission may be presented to the National Assembly between the 10th and 15th of August. The Municipal Council of the city of Paris have concluded a loan of 10,000,000f. ( £ 400,000) with the Bank of Frapee at four per cent. It has been resolved, moreover, to re-im- pose the entrance-tax on butcher's meat, removed by the Provisional Government, and by the loss of which the city was. deprived of an annual revenue of 6,000,000L ( £ 240,000.) The Bank of France is continuing to diminish its dis- counts, those in Paris being five millions less in the week, and in the country eight millions. The currency goes on steadily advancing, being three millions more for Paris, and about the same increase for the branch banks. The Court of Assizes of Paris delivered its judgment on Wednesday in the cases of the individuals convicted of hay- ing destroyed all the stations of the Northern Railroad from St. Denis to Beaumont on the 24th of February last. Two were sntencd to hard labour for life, one to seven years' imprisonment, six to five years' imprisonment, &c. The 3loniteur announces the death of General Rigeau, at Vaucluse, of sporadic cholera. Our private letters surmise, from certain precautionary measures of the police, that the arrival of the disease in the French capital was deemed probable. > M. Ducoux, the new prefect of police, issued a proclama- tion on Tuesday, the 25th ultimo, in which he states that work was being resumed with considerable activity in the different branches of Parisian industry, He observes, that, On the 22nd ultimo, out of the 30,992 operatives who lived in the lodging-houses of the capital, 19,227 were engaged at work in their respective professions. The opera- tions of the pawnbrokers' offices likewise demonstrated that the situation is improving. On no former occasion were fewer attempts committed against persons and property. Between the 20th and 24th only five attempts against persons, and seven against pro- perty, were brought before to the authorities. The offences amenable to the correctional courts were more numerous, but the cases of robbery and swindling did not exc eed thirty- five. The number of ordinary prisoners was 3;Z01 on the 20th of July; and, on the 24th, it reached 3,282, which is a new proof of the activity displayed by the police; but, we should not be inclined to regard it as a proof of the diminu- tion of crime.

SPAIN. MADRID, JULY 20.-The last official announcement respecting the Queen's health states that her Majesty con- tinued improving, and had given public audience to the Pope's Nuncio, who had presented his credentials. M. Jose Guell y Rente, the husband of the Infanta Josefa, had waited on the President of the Council at La Granja, and, after an interview with him, posted off for, Valladolid, which town his wife had already left for France. The; Infante Don Francisco de Paolo was said to have chosen Ouorto for his residence. Two thousand convicts at Valladolid revolted, murdered; their guards, and fled into the country, with the intention of joining the Moutemolinists.

t). ITALY. Accounts from the royal camp state, that the communica- tions between Mantua, Verona, and Legnago arc, completely interrupted. The Duke of Genoa, with 25,000 men, invests Verona on both sides of the Adige, in the positions near llivoli. The Duke of Savoy is on the side of the Due Cas- telli, to prevent the egress of the Austrians on that side. Charles Albert keeps Mantua in awe, which is now blockaded. A letter from the fort of Pictola, dated the 17th July, says;—« There is no longer any communication between the two fortresses of Verona and Mantua. Charles Albert often visits us, and sometimes as early as four o'clock in the morn- ing. Four spies, in the employ of Radetzky, have been captured and will be put to death. The Piedmontese are masters of the highest hill which, commands Verona." The positions occupied by the Piedmontese are Curtalone, Mon- tonara, San Silvestro, Levata, Cappaletta, Romanone, Caf- faldo, and Bagnolo. Three columns, each 11,000 strong, advanced against Mantua on the 18th, The Piedmontese Gazette of the 22nd announces an attack of the Austrians upon Stelvio. The cannon, of the Italians forced the former to quit the heights of the Rocca Bianca, which they had occupied, and, after twelve hours' hard fighting, they were ultimately repulsed, and obliged to. retire to Trafoi. The Vcntuhie Marzo, of the 22nd of July, states that a troop of Croats had left Mantua for Governolo, A Hunga- rian taken prisoner under the walls of Mantua, informed his captors that, of 8,000 soldiers immured in that city, 3,000 were prostrated by sickness. The King of Sardinia has raised several of the wounded soldiers to the rank of lieutenants, and assigned them liberal pensions. The.Chamber of Deputies of Turin have voted the mobili- zation of fifty battalions of the National Guard, for the defence of the coasts and frontiers of the new kingdom of Upper Italy. .„ INCORPORATION OF VENICE AVITII SARDINIA.—In the noble hall of the Palace of St. Mark, on the 4th ultimo, the incorporation of Venice with Piedmont was solemnly declared, and Manin, the elect of the people—their Presi- dent, though not their Doge—rose to address them, for the last time, as a Republic, amidst death-like silence:— "Friends ("said Manin), I address you as a simple deputy, and not as a m nuter. I will advocate the same opinions I professed r on the 22nd March, when I proclaimed the Republic in the Ar- senal and on the Place of St. Mark (marks of applause and dis- sent). Another eventful moment has arrived-the enemy is at our gates—they seek our disunion. One faction must give in. Therefore do I now appeal to my faction, that of the high-minded Republicans. I demand an immense sacrifice of yo.U. Think not whether you be Republicans or Royalists-Jet us uther be Italians (long and tremendous applauss). All that has been done, and is now doing, is only provisional (applause). The future is our own (loud applause). A definite decision will come from the Assembly at Rome." At these last words the applause of the Assembly knew no bounds. The deputies surrounded Manin, embraced him, shook him by the hand, and testified by every means in their power the admiration they felt for the uoble-aiinded man, who did not hesitate to sacrifice his opinions and his interests for tb c welfare of h-is country. The scene was too much for him he turned pale, staggered, and fell, and was carried senseless in triumph out of the hall, amidst deafening cheers. Minister CastelK then ascended the tribune, and exclaimed: Fellow citizens, from this moment Venice is saved!" The adhesion of Venice to Lombardy, in the annexation to Sardinia, was then solemnly declared.

NAPLES AND SICILY. The King of Naples has protested against the election of the Duke of Genoa to the throne of Sicily. Letters from Naples announce the departure of the French fleet from Palermo, in accordance '(as it would appear) with despatches from Paris. An American fleet ia stationed off Catarina. # It was feared that that proceeding would complicate the relations of the King of Naples and the French Republic, inasmuch as the latter has acknowledged the independence of Sicily.

ROME. Accounts from Bologna state that four of the legations have risen against the authority of the Pope. Some wish to join Tuscany, and others to join the union of Upper Italy. In the mean time, a Provisional Government has been formed at Bologna, of which Count Bianchiui is President, and M\L IJaisati and Antinoni members. The cause of this movement, which menaces a complete separation of-tij-e leg-a&ians from the pontifical states, is the part which the Pope has taken in reference to the war of independence in .dT-. The Provisional Government at Bologna is charged with the conduct of the war so far as concerns the legations, quite independent ot any minority derived from Rome. Oh the 20th at Rome, the Mainiam ministry were still in office., but their position was considered precarious. On the l$thf in the Chamber of Deputies, was announced the protestation of the Pope against the occupa- tion of Ferrara. An animated debate took place, several members declaring that the time for protesting had gone by, and that action was necessary.

AUSTRIA. OPENING OF THE AUSTRIAN DIET BY ARCIIDTJKE JOSN.—- The Austrian Assembly was opened on the 22nd by Arch- duke John. At mid-day, a salvo of twenty-one guns an- nounced the solemn opening of the Austrian Constituent Assembly. The Archduke made the following speech Gentlemen Deputies,—Mi? Majesty, our gracious constitutional Emperor, having commissioned me to opea the Constituent As- sembly, I fulfil this pleasant duty, and greet you, gentlemen,' w{io have been called to complete the grand task of the regeneration of our fatherland. The confirmation of our freedom, both present and future, requires your open and independent co-operation for the firm establishment of the constitution. All nationalities of the Austrian monarchy are equally near to his Majesty s heart, and in their free fraternization, in the full equality of all, as wel as in our close connexion with Germany, all interests find their firm foundation. It was painful to his Majesty that the fulness of those blessings which the wise use of free institutions secures to nations, eould not be established at once. His Majesty feels for the grievances of his people. With reference to Hungary and its dependencies, we may expect, from the high sentiment of justice of its noble population, a satisfactory arrangement of the questions not yet settled. The war in Italy is not directed against the free- dom of the Italian people; its task is, whilst acknowledging na- tionality, to defend the honour, of the Austrian arms, and the highest interests of the State. Our well-meaning intentions to arrange peaceably this unhappy dispute have been without suc- cess, and it will be the task of our gallant army to obtain an ho- nourable peace. The amicable relations existing with all the great powers. have not been interrupted. The relations with Spalp ate re-established. In consequence of former financial operations, and the occurrence of extraordinary events, extiraoidiinary mea- sures will be required, and the executive will, as soon as possible, lay before you projects for meeting. all demands. The calling of the representatives of the people to consult about the common inter- ests, is the fullest guarantee of the intellectual and material de- velopment of Austria. His Majesty sends to you, gentlemen,. and to the whole nation, Ms imperial salute, and the assurance of his hearty, kind disposition towards you. The Constitutional Parliament is opened.

GERMANY. A letter from Frankfort, of the 25th, states that the day before, in the Parliament, M. de Schmerling declared that another armistice was to be concluded with Denmark, but that already measures were taken to urge on the war with vigour, if necessary. He added that a new energetic note had been addressed to the Sardinian Government, to demand the complete removal of the blockade of Trieste.

PRUSSIA. We have news from Berlin of the 25th, with journals OJ the 26th. M. Arago had an interview with the King, and presented his credentials. This is practically a recognition of the French Republic. 0 The central division of the National Assembly has declared for the abolition of punishment of death.

THE DANUBIAN PROVINCES. The Vienna Gazette states that the Russians entered Mol- davia only on the demand of Prince Stourdza, who feared for his personal safety. The measure had been taken so rapidly, that the Turkish Commissioner, Talad Effendi, had not been informed of it. Only 2,50ft men had entered Moldavia, with a battery of eight pieces of cannon. A letter from Galata, in the sanae journal, states that 4,000 Turks had arrived there they were to proceed to Wallachia.

HUNGARY. Letters from Pesth announce that the Hungarians have met with a severe defeat near Szegedin; the statements are ,conflicting, but it appears, after bombarding and taking St. Thomas, they encountered a body of 15,000 Iilyriana and Servians and were completely defeated.