The Welshman

INSECT CIVILISATION. The newer natural science is to some extent bewilder- ing in more ways than one. We have heard so much lately of the question concerning the origin of man, that far more curious matters have been thrown into the shade, matters which might affect, not perhaps our view of revelation, but our general view of the uni- verse, still more seriously. The latest inquiries into the habits of the lower animals has elicited the evidence of a degree of complexity in the social institutions of some classes of animals which suggests that certain charac- teristic which we suppose to be purely human, might belong to tribes of animals for which we have never been accustomed to entertain much respect. Not long ago, in an article on the intellectual powers of birds, we referred to the curious evidence, which Mr Darwin has quoted at length in his work on the origin of man, as to the gay social meetings, the elaborately decorated rendezvous, and the graceful dances, of the Bower birds and now we have Sir John Lufebock, in the learned little book which he has just published on origin and metamorphoses of insects, suggesting that possibly some kinds of ants may have religious feeling towards a ceriain species of beetle, and that if that be not the case, they may at least be credited with having a much larger number of domesticated animals than human beings. We will quote the whole passage in which the notion is thrown out: Ants are very fond of the honey dew which is formed by the Aphides, and have been seen to tap the Aphides with their antennae, as if to induce them to emit some of the sweet secre. tion. There is a species of Aphis which lives on the roots of grass, and some ants collect those into their nests, keeping them in fact, just as we do cows. One species of red ant does work for itself, but makes slaves of a black kind, which then do everything for their masters. Ants also keep a variety of beetles and other insects in their nests. That they have some reason for this seems clear, because they readily attack any unwelcome intruder; but what that reason is, we do not yet know. If these insects are to be regarded as the domestic animals of the ant, then we must admit that the ants possess more domestic animals than we do. But it has not been shown that the beetles produce any secretion of use to the ants and yet there are some remarkable species, rarely, it ever, found, excepting in ant s nests, which are blind and apparently helpless, and which the ants tend with much care. M. Lespes, who regards these blind beetles as true domestic animals, has recorded some interesting observations on the relations between one of them (Ciaviger Duvalii) and the ants (Lasius niger) with which it lives. This apeeiea of Ciaviger ia never met with except in ants' nests, though, on the other hand, there are many commanities of Lasius which possess none of these beetles and M. Lespes found that when be placed daggers ia a nest of ants which had none of their own, the beetles were immediately killed and eaten, the ants themselves being, on the other hand, kindly received by other communities of the same species. He concludes from these observations that some communities of ants are more advanced in civilisa- tion than others the suggestion is no doubt ingenious, and the fact curiously resembles the experience of navigators who have endeavoured to introduce domestic animals among barbarous tribes but M. Lespes has not yet, so far as I am aware, published the details ot his observations, without which it is impossible to form a decided opinion. I have sometimes wondered whether the ants have any feeling of reverence for these beetles but the whole subject is as yet very obscure, and would well repay careful study." Perhaps we may assume that Sir John Lubbock is having a quiet joke at the ex- pense of the clergy, when he suggests that perhaps a special reverence may be felt by the ants for a blind species of beetle, otherwise useless to it and helpless which it nevertheless" tends with great care," in other words, we suppose, that the ants may look upon the blind beetles as domestic chaplains, or even perhaps as idols which have power to bring good or bad fortune on the family which tends them. But Mr Lespes, whom he quotes, is evidently serious in thinking that certain tribes of the black ant are as much more civilized that other tribes of the same insect ascertain races of men are than savages and Sir John Lubbock, too, is evidently serious when he remarks that the conduct of the barbarous ants in killing and eating the beetles which the mora civilised so carefully tend, curiously resembles the conduct of savages in killing and eating the cows or sheep which navigators introduce among them for the sake of the milk and wool, but in which savages can see nothing but an im- mediate supply of food. If one of the more polite ants themselves be introduced into the nests of the less civilised, its species is at once respected, and, it is received with such hospitality as rude races generally showed to wandering Europeans till taught by ex- perience to fear the unscrupulous way but if one of the beetles which the better educated ants have, say, domesticated, be thus introduced, instead of being treated with anything of the same respect, it is at once treated just as savages treat our imported cows or sheep or even horses,—as material for the butcher's shop,— without any appreciation of the more refined uses to which it may be put. Even this less subtle suggestion as to the varying degrees of civilization attained by various tribes of ants, opens up a rather startling field of speculation. If there be insects possassing a larger number of domestic animals than man has pressed into his service, and yet if this be not a mere matter of instinct, but of acquired art, to which even other tribes of the very same species of ant have not yet attained, then there may be progress, there may be discovery, there may be inventine genius and investiga- tion among the ants, just as there may be artistic genius, something in the nature of the creative power which saloon asalon delightful, amongst the birds whose enter- tainments Mr Gould has described for us. But if so, then there must be also ants of master minds, there must be what some deep-hearted mystic among the ants, some Carlylian ant of the race Lasius niger, might call heroes, and declare to-be worthy of hero-worship. The ant which first discovered that aphides might be kept and milked, if such an ant there were, must have been a patriarch worthy of historic fame. Even the red ant which first introduced slavery, though we might call him worse than a Jefferson Davis among ants, would have been a great hero to the Carlylian ant aforesaid, and would very likely have been hymned by him as having deserved the gratitude of the enslaved ant, black Quashee, himself, as well as the whole tribe of red ants who were exempted from toil and enabled to devote their learned leisure to more liberal pursuits, by the discovery. Nay, there might even be a Toussaiut L'Ouverture among the black ants, to liberate them from the service of the red, and in his turn to be seized and imprisoned by the white ants. Nay, seriously, if there be any real progreess among ants of any race, if there be tribes of Lasius niger which have domesticated mare kinds of insects than man has domesticated of other animals, and which have consciously improved on their ancestors in this respect, it would be impossible to deny that there must have been discoverers and reformers amongst them, and that it was not instinct, but intellect which made them so. Nor is this suggestion limited to any one region of the animal world. A French savant the other day declared that the swallows of Rouen had improved on the archi- tecture of the ordinary swillow, by making what may be called balconies for their young ones to sit upon and breathe the air more freely before they are able to fly. and though it is possible that such cases may be ex- plained by the mere automatic action of Mr Darwin's principle that a useful variation, though in some sense accidental at first, will always tend to perpetuate itself, that is not a principle which it is quite easy to apply to so elaborate an institution as the domestication of a blind beetle, or an aphis in the capacity of milch cow, or to the artistic social amusements of the Bower birds, as quoted by Mr Darwin from Mr Gould. It seems to be now really contemplated as at least possible by our naturalists tLat among several of the least powerful species of animals, insects certainly included, there has been at one time at all events, real progress, progress in the nature of a utilised discovery either beneficial or delightful to the whole race. Now if this were to be ever established in relation to any one of the moro insignificant animals, what a new feeling of moral embarrassment it would add to life to to think that at any moment, by a careless tread, or an accident of the plough, we might be putting a term to the life of a great reformer in one of the regions of life too minute for any intelligent communication between our world and its,—that the prospects of a gre »t race of ants, for instance, had been suddenly blighted by the untimely slaughter not merely of a "village Hampden" or an "inglorious Milton" amongst ants, but, far worse, of an active and notable personage who was leading the way in new investigation, or the new organisation of discoveries already made? In that case it might even be possible that thn blind and helpless beetles are tended, neither from any feeling of super- stition, nor for the sake of any service that they render to the ants who tend them, but only as a recognition of the duty of compassion towards a perfectly helpless tribe,—that in fact, this tending of the beetles is of the nature of a home or orphanage for beetles, and that the ant who began the custom was a sort of Lord Shaftesbury among ants instead of, as Sir John Lubbock hints, a kind of Ignatius Loyola, instituting a grim cultus of superstition. If that were the case, imagine the sense of dismay with which we should reflect that by any step of which we were supremely unconscious we might have put a tragic end to a great and philanthropic career, — a career marked by the first recognition among insects of the principle that there should be some moral limit put upon the cruel "conflict for existence"! The ant which, without language, we suppose,—had anticipated Shakespeare's thought that- The poor beetle that we tread upon In corporal suffrance finds a pang as great As when a giant dies, —and had done more than Shakespeare, had made the thought the foundation of a domestic institution, for the humane (or rather formican) treatment of beetles, might yet be slain without the dimmest knowledge of it on our part, by some carelessly flung stone. And surely this would be a still more painful supposition than the Arabian superstition that, in flinging nutshells about, you might chance to wound an invisible genie in the eye. There would be something almost intolerable in the thought that the most unquestionable moral and intellectual advances were being made in a world not indeed absolutely in- visible to us, but still so inaccessible to us in general, that we could not by any possibility take account of what was going on in it in our ordinary procedure,— that we might be murdering a whole army of industrial captains whenever we pulled up a tree, and blighting tbe intellectual or social prospects of a progressive race whenever we rode over an ant-hill. Yet much that we hear now-a-days compels the conjecture that there may be a degree of conscious life and knowledge, not quite impossibly even of moral sympathy, in some of the most insignificant, as regards size, of all our fellow- creatures. Yet there is, unquestionably, something very paralysing to the imagination in the notion of all this possible world of wisdom in a mite or a water-drop, a world so much beyond our recognition as if it were infinitely above our apprehension. It is as if a clumsy Titan might rain all the civilization of our earth by a tap of his fist, or even break up the earth itself by a stumble. Did such an accident to our world seem really probable, we should soon learn to make light of studies of which our hold was so precarious and it is, therefore, nearly lpoesIble for us to attribute sincerely to any minute world, liable thus to be ruined by our blundenngs, the kind of conscious progress and growing ci.vi.?li.sati.on which are sometimes half-humorously ascribed to Its inhabitants by the observers of insect life. Struggle as we may, we cannot divide the idea of conscious progress, even in more social organisation, from a moral significance which could render it impos. sible to believe that any superior race could overthrow it by mere clumsiness. In other words, we cannot separate conscious wisdom, even in the administration of an empire of ants, from its source in the conscious wisdom which guides that greater universe, of which we are ourselves minute parts, and cannot therefore believe that anything so great as true intellectual or moral progress can be liable to constant destruction at the bands of creatures at once capable of sympathy with it, and yet quite ignorant of what they are destroying. It would be as easy to think that the solitary wasp, which, according to Sir John Lubbock, has the instinct" of stinging the prey destined to be the food of its young, directly they are hatched, in the centre of the nervous system, so as to render them helpless, and yet not to kill them,—(for if they were to die, they would be de- composed before the young wasp needed them for food),—acts on scientific surgical principles, as to attri- bute the conscious life of discovery and of economic administration to creatures so much the sport of atcidents as the ants. We known that human advance ia liable to no really arbitrary catastrophes of this kind, and we can hardly doubt that any similar progress even in a world beneath our own, would be equally safe from it. Even an atheist could hardly be found who would consent to believe that art, intellect, and nobility greater than ours are constantly succumbing to our idlest whims,-so deeply ingrained is the faith in a moral providence, even in those who reject the faith in God. And we hold that the deep incredulity with which even the most serious naturalists obviously treat their own very plausible conjectures as to the grander possibilities of the infinitely little' worlds into the affairs of which they inquire so acutely, is but the profund testimony of their hearts and consciences to the providence which gurantees a certain real durability to all the higher stages of intellectual and moral life. As far as we can see, but for this ineradi- cable faith, nothing would be more plausible than to credit the ant with a sort of Roman faculty for insect organisation and empire and if the effort to do so is a mere sign of humour which it is impossible to regard as serious, we take it that the explanation is, not that the facts commented on forbid the inference, but that our knowledge of the subordinate and dependent place which these creatures hold in our world is inconsistent with any durability in the moral and intellectual issues to which they would on that hypothesis have attained, and that we are compelled to believe in such durability by a faith deeper than any power of observation. It is an incivinble belief in Providence which makes even naturalists regard rather as a paradox of fancy, than as a scientific inference, the intellectual and moral quali- ties which certain phenomena would otherwise legiti. mately suggest as belonging to several insect tribes.— Spectator.

RACING NOTES. Everything concurred to make the Liverpool far more interesting than the average of handicaps, ard the closeness of the final struggle was an indirect compli- ment to the adjuster of the weights. To balance the chances of three animals so evenly that they are only separated from each other by a short head argues an attention to their past performances and an insight into their capabilities over particular distances which ought to be a passport to favour with the owners of racehorses generally, and there can be little doubt that future Liverpool fixtures will benefit by the running of Sterl- ing, Louise Victoria, and King Lud last Friday. As the first-mentioned of this trio was carrying 31b less than wheu be ran third to Montargis and Walnut in the Cambridgeshire, he would have started first favonrite for the race but for the reported interruption in his training, which was considered so serious a matter that he was almost driven out of the quotations. As a general rule so marked an onslaught isljustified by the event, but nothing could have been seriously amiss with Sterling, for, good horse as he has always proved himself to be, he would have been unable to carry such a heavy weight with successs, unless he had been pretty well up to the mark. It was no small achievement to concede Louise Victoria 71b more than Drummond was able to do when at his best especially as Sterling is notoriously better over a mile than over a longer course. King Lud, though he could not quite win, was by no means disgraced,as it was only the 6 lb better terms upon which Sterling met him that enabled the latter to retain his Cambridgeshire advantage; and the ease with which he defeated his stable companioniFeve, who was heavily backed at last, is proof convincing that the Cesarewitch running was correct. Custance never rode a better race, and it is not a little singular that in Sterling he should have defeated the representatives of Mr Cartwright and Lord Lonsdale, the two masters who have first called upon his services when he can ride the weight. Whinyard and Bertram ran very badly, but Redwortb, though he was far from fulfilling the predictions of those who were only uncertain as to the number of lengths by which he would win, performed sufficiently well to make him worth bearing in mind for one or other of the large handicaps at Shrewsbury. Reflection, on the contrary, did no better than in the Cambridgshire, and Lilian was unable to maintain the prominent place which she held during the early part of the race. Even more interesting than the Liverpool Cup was the contest between Prince Charlie and Oxonian on Wednesday, and as the former had to give the Woodyeates horse 14 lb. it seemed as if he would at last succumb. But, fortunately for its owner, who tends to withdraw him from the turf, he was equal to this arduous task, and his success was made the signal for a demonstration which is not often witnessed at Aintree, even when the winner of the Grand National is led back to the scales. Prince Charlie has won all ten races for which he has run as a four-year-old, and, having only known defeat in the Derby, the St Leger, and the Chesterfield Cup at Goodwood-all of them races beyond his scope-he will go down to posterity as the speediest horse that ever trod the turf. But for his infirmity, he would have been equally good over a long distance; and taking him altogether, he is the best of Blair Athol's numerous progeny. Oxonian, who is by no means a lucky horse, was unsuccessful in his attempt to give 36 lb. to Clara in Ll, Nuraery Cup; but as it appears that Mr Payne's filly was claiming an exemption to which she had no right, the Jockey Club must disqualify her and give the race to Oxonian. Almost as valuable a prize as the Liverpool Cup was the Great Lancashire Handicap, a newly established race which was won by Kingcraft after an unbroken series of eighteen defeats extending over three years. Since his victory at Epsom in Lord Falmouth's popular colours he has been unable, or in many instances unwilling, to get his head first past the post, and though he was second to Hawtbornden in the St Leger, his best performance was in the Liver- pool Cup last year, when he ran Vanderdecken to a head. The latter was meeting him on worse terms in the Great Lancashire Handicap the other day, so Kingcraft, being in the van for oace, had little difficulty in stalling off his challenge and that of Syrian, who proved to be the most dangerous of his opponents. The two-year- old events at Liverpool were not remarkable save for the persistent ill fortune which attended the favouiites; and of the minor handicaps-far more numerous than one might wish-no permanent record is required, though Surinam, who was last year almost the equal of Gang Forward and Kaiser, has so far fallen from his high estate as to be a competitor in races of this kind, two of which, thanks to a very favourable impost, he was able to win. Tangible, one of the speediest three-year-olds in training, secured the Flying Handicap, and found a new owner in Sir George Chetwynd, who, after paying some forfeits due from the nominator, ran him in the Sefton Biennial Stakes, and so got back a portion of the 1,200 guineas at the first time of asking. Wild Aggie had an easy task in the Lancashire Oaks, but she will never distinguish herself in good company, splendid as is her pedigree. Of the two steeplechases in the programme one termin- ated in a walk-over for Defence, who had the day before suffered defeat from Congress and Jealousy in the Sefton Handicap Steeplechase. Congress was one of the first horses backed for the last Grand National, but he performed very badly in that race, which was pre- sumably too far for him. There is so great a dearth of good jumpers" at present that any accession to their ranks is a subject for congratulation, and for this reason the performances of Diamond King and Reform in the two principal hurdle races deserve mention. The former beat a large field very easily, and may develop into as good an animal as Reform undoubtedly is. This latter has already proved himself the superior of Ryshworth over hurdles, and by carrying 13st 21b to victory at Liverpool he accomplished a really great task. He has his reputation yet to earn in the steeplechase line, but he will have an early opportunity of doing so, for one of the first items in the excellent programme which Mr Frail puts forth this week is the Autumn Steeplechase, in which Reform is handicapped at a very moderate weight against Rush worth, Congress, and other less formidable rivals.

I TURNPIKE DEBTS. It was understood last session that the Government entertained the project of abolishing en bloc the remain- ing turnpike trusts as a subordinate but not unim- portant part of the Ministerial programme for the reform of English local taxation. These trusts are still heavily burdened with debts, which will have to be liquidated immediately or contigently, before the free- dom of the roa,is can be secured to the public traffic. Thus, according to the Blue-book last issued by the Local Government Board, the total debts of all the English and Welsh turnpike trusts amounted at the end of 1871 to e2,81119,000, of which £ 2,497,000 was bonded debt, £ 28,000 was floating debt, X308,000 was unpaid interest-betraying a chronic insolvency of many of the trusts-and £ 6,000 due to various treasurers. As a set-off, however, there appear to have been cash balances in treasurer's hands amounting to something over £ 222,000. The average rate of interest which the turnpike bonds bear cannot be called excessive. It generally varies between 2 and 31 1 per cent. Indeed, one county, Flint, holds nearly £ 3(j,000 at If per cent. If the contemplated abolition is to be effected by grants from the Imperial revenue, or by the surrender of some of the assessed taxes, which will come to the same thing, the relief will be considerable to some counties, but inconsiderable to others. Equity would seem to demand that a proportionate easement of impost should be extended to all counties alike. For example neither Essex nor Middlesex have any trusts remaining on their roada. They would therefore have to look for some aid to their highway rates as an equivalent to grants to be apportioned in other countiea to buying up turnpike trusts. It is curious that the county which has absolutely the heaviest debt to wipe off should be Devonshire. In that part of the kingdom the present local taxation movement had its birth. There the bond debt was 1291,726 and the unpaid interest £66,000, which with some minor items carry the total up to £ 359,000. Yorkshire ranks next, the total debt being E335,000, of which 452,000 is for unpaid interest. Lancashire occupies the third place with a total debt of 1222,000. The debts of Derbyshire are in all:9111,000 Dorsetshire, £ 118,000; Gloucestershire, Y,123,000 Somerset, j6113,000, Staffordshire, £ 105,000; and lSus- sex, £ 110,000. These in absolute amount are the largest debts. East Anglia is lightly weighted with turnpike debts. Essex has no turnpike roads in Suffolk the debts amount to £ 13,039, in Norfolk to £ 13,557, and in Cambridgeshire to X13,733 in all £ 41,000 only. In other directions the unpaid interest forms an undue proportion of the total debt. Thus, of £ 95,000 against Kent, X25,000 is unpaid interest the S57,000 a-,ainst Northamptonshire includes £19,000 "unpaid interest j" and of the £106,000 noted above as the debt of the Staffordshire trusts, more than 122,000 is for unpaid interest. But one of the most flagrant cases of this sort is presented by the Wimborne trust in Dorsetshire, whose bond debts are C23,865, and the unpaid interest £ 30,230, or nearly L7,000 more than the original bor- rowing! The total number of separate trusts was 858 at the close of 1871.

HOW TO RAISE THE YOUNG HORSE. I To raise a young horse successfully is to have him grow continuously, not crowding him either with an excess of fat or mettle. Oats fed largely will produce the latter, and will be too great a strain on the young system, which is tender and requires care in forming. Stimulating food should therefore be avoided. Corn disposes to fat, and the colt does not want to be un. necessarily burdened. He wants growth of limbs and frame generally, including muscle, bone, tendon, nerves, brain, &c., and this requires the nitrogenous and phos- phoric elements rather than the carbonaceous. Indian corn disposes to fat rather than muscle; in barley, both winter and summer varieties, the disproportion is still greater rye about the same as corn. These, therefore, should be very sparingly fed, and only when the hay or coarse fodder is of an inferior quality. Such hay, how- ever, should not be fed to a young, growing horse, which requires all the more care so as to favour the advantages of growing, making all out of the animal that can be made. A substitute for both hay and grain is good clover or clover and timothy mixed. Clover hay contains a large proportion of muscle-making material, only, how. ever, on the condition that it be cut and cured when in blossom. I know where colts in good condition, at the commencement of winter, have been fed on clover and timothy cured when green, and on that alone, dur- ing the entire winter and spring till put to grass, and they went to field in the finest possible condition, hav- ing grown uninterruptedly all the time. The reverse I have also known to be sadly the case-colts kept in a condition barely sustaining life, and in the spring they had to be lifted. This continued two winters in one case, with little grain during the summer; .the animal, when grown, was a puny specimen of a horse. There was spirit enough, but the horse, not being permitted to grow when it should have grown, was small. You can- not make a horse grow longer than up to the sixth or seventh year. If you have kept him reduced you cannot make up after this time, which is the natural age for a horse to get his growth. It will thus be seen that the treatment is to be a care- ful one and a discriminating one. Avoid the fat; avoid the stimulating food—that is, the grains—unless in small quantity, and then only when required from the poverty of the other feed. But this mishap and other mishaps should not be permitted. No one has a right to attempt to raise a horse unless he knows how, and has the disposition to do it; for only in this way are our best horses obtained. Out of a good colt you can make a comparatively poor horse. It is true blood will tell, but only in a degree, where it is accompanied with abuse or neglect. I am persuaded that a horse may be reduced from a quarter to nearly half his worth by bad usage in growth. Indeed, this may be set down as a fair average the value can be brought down much lower, as I have seen in undoubted instances. You cannot get more out of a colt than he possesses, but you can greatly reduce by non-development. To secure the best results, then, get first a good colt, by breeding from the proper stock, such as contains the qualities desired nothing should be done at random. Second, see that ail that the colt possesses gets a chance for development. You have matter just started from the germ. This you must make grow, and grow na- turally and healthfully. You must not strain any of the tender parts, either mechanically or by feeding. They must not be kept down by sufferiug, such as ex- posure to the cold rains of the fall and spring, and the severity of the winter weather, or abuse by bad handling, or in any other way. This, and more that might be mentioned, all tells upon the growth of the young animal, retarding it and preventing it. And, thirdly, there must not only be devolpment fully carried out, but the proper training given. This, to be effective, must be begun, not when the colt is a year, or two, or three old, then broken," but at birth. You must develop your colt into what you want him. His ways, then, which you have directed, will be part of his nature as it were, and he will not know any other. It is your business that he know no other that he will do what you want him to do. In order to accumplish this, you must never contradict yourself to your colt, which is sure to embarass him, and may develop vicious propensities. On the other hand, you must discourage all tendency to vioiouiness discourage the bad, encour. age the good, from birth up. It is a delicate thing to undertake the making of a horse, especially a high-mettled one. You are to encourage and restrain you must know beforehand what to encourage, what to restrain you must under- take it with confidence and with a steady hand aided by a steady purpose. Good material can then be worked to a high attainment. And it pays to work with good material, and only with that. Remember the life of a horse is a long one-of use 25 to 30 years, if proper treatment be given—and there is large investment in a horse, compared with other stock, so that when a horse is undertaken it will pay to got a good one. Think of a horse being vicious or awkward, or otherwise unsatis- factory, during his whole lifetime, and you are to be pestered with him all this time, every day. And such cases are not unfrequent. Get then a good thing in your colt (you can afford considerable expense and trouble), and secure the proper training, whether by yourseif or some one else, or purchase the horse already formed and trained. Purchase him young, and you will have a long, agreeable career with him. He will be your reliable friend. Ah, the pleasure of reliability in a good horse!

THE PREVAILING SORE THROATS AMONGST I HORSES. To adopt the dolorous language of the idle Vets., horses were "miserably healthy" during August and September. Professional skill and activity were only prevented becoming utterly rusted by a few accidents and lamenesses, by looking after the horses intended for hunting purposes, and which in considerable numbers at this season of the year are injured by sense- lessly attempting to get them too rapidly into condition. Raw, green, young horses, often bulky and fat from a summer's grass, have repeated doses of physic and regulation gallops they are suddenly transferred from green succulent herbage to hard food, and from the pure air and freedom of the open fields to the warmth and constraint of the stable. The changes are too great and sudden the animals thrive badly suffer from indigestion and frequently from skin eruptions, and disappoint their too sanguine owners. From such causes, from clumsy ill-fitting shoes, and perhaps from over reckless riding during cub-hunting, nineteen out of fifty horses in the stables of one of the crack packs are at present on the sick list. The colt wet weather of the past fortnight, and the low night temperature, concurring with the changing oi the coat, have suddenly produced a very general out- break of colds and sore throats. The animals have usually been brought in dull shivering, their ears and legs cold, their mouths hot, the mucous membrane of the nostrils injected. There is difficulty of swallowing even water and simple fluids. Hard food partially masticated is put out of the mouth, the patient being unwilling to incur the pain of forcing it over the tender, reddened, swollen fauces and throat.. Attempts at swollowing, or slight exertion, readily provoke hard, hoarse coughing. Some big, heavy waggon horses worked, or exposed to further cold, when they should have been resting and under careful treatment, in a couple of days have died choked. Others, neglected or mismanaged, take congestion of the lungs; whilst many old, hard-worked, worn-out horses, after struggl- ing against the disease for a week, show symptoms of blood poisoning, and shortly fail from farcy. Rationally attended to in time the prevailing colds and sore throats are not difficult of treatment. On the earliest appearance of dulness, shivering, want of appetite, or cough, the horse should be liberated from WUIK, uuu removed to an airy, comfortable stable or box. To restore tho impaired action of the skin he should have his body clothed with several rugs and his legs bandaged. A hot or vapour bath where procurable would greatly cut short the attack. To stimulate the tardy action of the bowels, half a doze of physic may occasionally be necessary, but soap and water clysters usually Buffice. The ether and saline matters given to allay the fever symptoms are also serviceable in keep- ing up the action of the kidneys. In bad colds and feverish attacks these natural purifying channels-the skin, bowels, and kidneys-are very apt to have their functions seriously impaired, thus greatly aggravating the disorder hence in all such cases the necessity of counteracting these clogging up tendencies. Steaming the head from a bucket or nose-bag of scalded bran affords relief to the dry, congested, irritable mucous surfaces, and hastens that natural discharge which testifies that the worst of the cold has past. A little chloroform or chloric ether diopped upon the hot bran is carried up with the vapour of the water, and increases the efficacy of the steaming. External stimulants antagonise internal irritationiand inflammation. Mustard should be rubbed freely into the throat, and down the sides of the neck, washed off after a quarter of an hour, and applied again two or three times daily, as required. The medicines given must vary with the symptoms. A convenient formula consists of an ounce each of ether, ammonia acetate solution, and two ounces of Epsom salt, repeated two or three times daily, in a pint of ale or cold gruel. If the bowels or kidneys are unduly acted on, the Epsom salt had better be withdrawn. Where cough is tiowWesome, half an ounce of bella- donna extract may be conjoined with the ether and ammonia. If blowing and accelerated pulse forebode congestion of the lungs, the sides must be promptly dressed with mustard, and salines and stimulants judiciously administered. Where the appetite continues indifferent, an ounce of gentian may be added to the draught. When swellings along the line of the the absorbents foretell the approach of farcy, iron and copper sulphates, carbolic acid, and such antiseptics and tonics will be required whilst the hard firm swell- ings should be dressed over with mercury iodine oint- ment. THE DANGERS OF CASTRATION.—What danger is principally to be dreaded when yearlings are castrated F About a fortnight ago a few of mine having been neglected, as calves, were cut when about a year old. Two of them have got slowly better, One seems from its sunken eye, grinding teetb, and utterly prostrate condition, to be in a helpless state. There does not seem to be much local swelling, but there is swelling and hardness about the belly. The beast never showed evidences of acute pain, or I might have suspected peritonitis. For a few days I fomented the parts, and latterly have been giving gruel and stimulants, but have now no hope of the beast. A few remarks would oblige.—[Some irritation must have resulted at the time or shortly after castration. Possibly the opening in the purse was not sufficiently large, or it healed up before the deeper seated parts, leaving some clots, a little matter, or other such cause of irritation. In this way probably irritation, circumscribed irritation, and hectic fever are kept up. As you anticipate, the case has perhaps gone too far for remedy but should you again be unfortunate enough to have such a mishap, whether in a colt or calf, the best course is to cast the animal, foment and scrotum, gently open the freshly closed wound, remove any ligature, scales of iron left from the cutlery, or any other cause of irritation and by foment- ation repeated several times daily endeavour to establish a healthy action. Half an ounce each of sodium sulphite, potassium chlorate, and gentian, will often antagonise the tendency of supperation and abate hectic fever. Where this soothing treatment is of no avail, or where the end of the chord has become noisome or gangrenous, it is well to use an antiseptic injection, such as one part each of carbolic acid and sulphate of zinc to one hundrod parts of water. WEED IN A TWO-YEAR-OLD FILLY.-I have a filly two years old that was healthy and sound yesterday morning when taken out to the water, and before night one of her hind legs was swollen. I am afraid it is a weed. What can you advise me to do with it so as to dissolve the swelling; and is there any danger of it returning ? I am rather unfortunate in my horses. One that I bought about six months since has a lump risen a little above the fetlock joint. [Weed is not so common in young as in old horses. It is the disease of hard-worked horses tolerably liberally fed. Usually it is called forth by a day or two of rest, and hence is popularly known as Monday morning disease. Exposure to cold and wet will sometimes bring it on especially is the under-bred, round-limbed animals chiefly subject to it. The characteristic symptom is the sudden swell- ing of the glands and absorbent vessels usually within the groin. Hot fomentations afford great relief and shorten the course of the disease; a dose of aloes in solution should be at once given, and its operation expedited by soap and water clysters where the animal is feverish, aconite is also prescribed perfect quiet is better than driving the horse about, as is sometimes advised. After the fomentations have been continued for some hours, the parts should be rubbed dry and clothed with flannel and hay bandages to prevent their becoming chilled. A mash diet for a few days, and some ealinea or a diuretic, will remove the stiffness and swelling. It usually requires much care in feeding and management to prevent the attack recurring. The swelling above the fetlock in your other horse will probably be removed or reduced by dressing with some stimulant such as fly blister, or, if it is very hard, red ointment or mercury ointment. WHEAT AFTER OATS.—I intend to sow an oat stubble field with wheat, and I am top-dressing it with about twenty tons farm yard manure to the acre: Please say how this will do, how deep I should plough, and how much seed I should broadcast per Scotch acre. The ground is in fair order, not having been broken up for years till last year. Should I sow any artificial manure P L Wheat after oats is not usually profitable farming; but on your newly broken up land, well manured with twenty tons to the acre of good manure, there should be plant food sufficient properly to mature a full crop of wheat. On freshly got np land, especially if it happen, as is generally the case in your part of Ireland, to be of a peaty nature, one of the conditions to be guarded against is flagginess and softness of straw, with a con- sequent tendency of the crop early to get laid. To remedy this, the wheat should have a firm seed-bed the ploughing should just suffice to cover the manure; if the staple is naturally soft and loose the newly ploughed surface had better be firmed by a roller or pressor or, if dry enough, rolled down after sowing. On some light lands, in a dry autumn, a few turnips are carted on to the newly-sown wheat, and the ewes or store sheep allowed to stray over, and thus firm the land. The amount of seed must depend upon the natural or acquired condition and quality of the sub- ject, on the period of the season, the extent of waste from not being duly covered, or from the depredations of game. On good land, in fair condition, wheat drilled in October, or early in November, is sufficiently thick with two bushels, and in a fine climate even less does. Thin planting should be preferred in your case, as it will lessen the risk of the crop getting laid. Further, to stiffen the straw and diminish the tendency to its blighting, we should recommend you to apply at the time of sowing, or immediately after, about 5 cwt. of common salt, and repeat the dose early in spring. The agricultural salt suitable for such purposes, although greatly advanced in price, can still be purchased under a pound or ton. Tolerable land so recently broken up should not require any of the ammoniacal dressings so valuable in poorer subjects for ensuring a maximum return of wheat. There is likely to be a full growth of straw but if your soil is soft or peaty a heavier vield of better quality of wheat may be secured by top- dressing spring with two or three cwt. each of super- phosphate and kainit, which may be applied at the same time as the common salt].

John C. Heenan, the antagonist of Sayers in the memorable international prize fight, died on October 26 in a town on the Pacific Railway, by way of which he was proceeding to California for the benefit of his health, which has been impaired ever since his fight with King.

HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT AND PILLS. Glandular swellings about the throat, neuralgia, tic doloreux, rheu- matism, gout, lumbago, and other diseases affecting the glands, muscles, and nerves are permanently eradicated by this healing anti-febrile and soothing unguent. It is also a perfect remedy for all skin diseases, and superficial or deep- seated sores soon lose their angry and painful character under its cooling beneficient action. The Pills have never been administered either by hospital or private practitioner in dyspepsia or liver complaint without producing the desired result.

CARMARTHEN AND CARDIGAN RAILWAY. ( UP.-WEEK DAYS. A.113. &.(D. a.m. a.m. a. up.—WEEK DAYS. a.to. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. p.m. p rn.¡p.m.,p.m.p.m.I Cardigan (by coach) 7 0 1 15. Newcastle-Emlyn (do) 9 0 250. Llandyssil dep. 7io 10 40 425 8 30 Pencader 7 35 10 55 4 40 8 50 ('onwil „ 8 0 1120 5 5. 9 25 *Bronwydd Arms 8 15 11 30 j Carmarthen. arr.) 'S 215 5 1 |ll 40 1 5 301. | 1 9 4& Mail. DOWN.—WEEK DAYS, a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m. p.m p.m. Carmarthen. dep. 6 0 8 40 1 0 645 *Bronwydd Arms Conwil 6 20 9 10 125 7 5. Pencader arr. 6 45 10 0 150 7 30. Llandyssil 6 55 10 10 2 5 7 45. Llandyssil (by coach) 7 29 220 N ewcastleEmlyn (ditto) 8 30 345 Peneader cra(cdhi) tto) 10 20 530 adign- (to) arr 10 20 '-[)- Trains will stop at Llanpumpsaint and Bronwydd Arms by Signal only FROM CARMARTHEN FOR CARMARTHEN JUNCTION. a la.m. i p.m I 1P.M. .ra., a.m.a.m. a.m. a.M. 1 a.ID. a.m. p.M. p.m. p.M.)p.m|p.m. p.VTI.jp oo.lp.M. 6 106 50J8 10? 469'30112512 0 .? ?O4' 10?6 2?)6 '?07? || MANCHESTER AND MILFORD. UP.-WEEK DAYS. a.m. a.m. I p.m. p.m Aberystwith. dep. 8 0 145 pP.) m. Llanrhystyd Road. 8 14 1 54 650 Llamlar g 24 2 3 7 0 Trawscoed s 34 2 13 7 10 Strata-Florida 9 10 2 45 8 0 Tregaron.. 9 22 3 0 818 Pont-Llanio 9 32 3 8 830 Bettws f) 9 45 3 20 8 45 Lampeter 10 0 3 30 9 0 Llanybyther i0 15 3 50 9 20 Maesycrugiau u 10 26 4 3 9 34 Penoader Junction 10 38 4 17 9 48 Pencader. i 10 40 4 20 9 50 Pencader [CandC] .dep? 11 0 4 40 9 20 Carmarthen &rr | 1145 5 30 ?1020 DOWN. a.m. p.m. p.m. p.m. Carmarthen dep. 6 0 2 5 645 Pencader dep. 7 45 3 15 7 45 Pencader Junction 7 47 3 17 747 Maesycrugiau  8 13 3 31 8 6 Llanybyther „ 8 45 345 825 Lampeter 9 30 4 0 840 Bettws 19 45 4.81850 Pont-Llanio lo 5 426 9 7 Tregaron *0 15 4 36 8 15 Strata-Florida „ lo 30 450 932 Trawscoed 10 55 5 12 9 55 Hanitar 11 5 I 5 20 10 6 Lianilar .9. 1 ?l1l 1 20 5 31 10 17 Llanrhystyd Road. U 20 5 31 10 17 A?ry9tWt?.tttt?W.n ? „ 61QM2S PEMBROKE AND TENBY. DOWN.—WEEK DAYS. a.m. r a.m. 1 p.m. p.m.O p.m. Whitland dep. 6 5 9 55 12 20 6 10 7 0 Narberth.1 6 20 10 10 12 35 6 26 7 13 Kilgetty 6 37 10 27 12 50 6 40 f Saundersfootor Moreton 6 41 10 35 112 55 6 45 7 30 Teiiby., arr. 6 51 10 4,5 1 5 7 0 7 3g Tenby .dep. 6 56 10 50 1 10 7 43 Penally 6 59 10 53 1 13 7 40 Manorbier 7 8 11 2 1 22 7 52 Lamphey. 7 17 11 10 1 30 8 0 Pembroke 7 22 11 15 1 35 8 5 Pembroke Dock ..arr. 7 35 11 20 1 45 8 15 t Stop when required for passengers holding through tickets, on speakin to the Guard at Whitland. up.—WEEK DAYS. a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m. Pembroke Dock..dep. 7 40 9 45 4 30 6 0 Pembroke 7 48 9 53 4 38 6 8 Lamphey 7 52 9 57 4 42 6 12 Manorbier. 7 59 10 6 4 51 6 21 Penally 8 8 10 15 5 0 6 30 Tenby.arr. 8 12 10 20 5 4 6 35 Tenby.dep. 8 17 10 25 5 7 6 40 Sa'ndersfoot orMoreton 8 25 10 34 5 16 6 50 Kilgetty 8 28 I 10 37 6 53 Narberth. 845\1065 535714 Whitland .arr. 9 0 | 11 10 5 50 7 25 1 GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. UP TRAINS-WEEK DAYS. SUNDAYS. DOWN TRAINS-WEEK DAYS. SUNDAYS. [a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m. p.m.ip.m-a.m. a.m. p.m Ma'l a.m.ln.m. a.m. a.m. a.m.la.m. a.m. p.m p.m. a.m. a.m. a.m.iMa'l New Milford.. 2 45 8 10 6 2510 10 6 0 6 30 9 45 5 0 Paddington — —' 60 810 1015 10 30 4 50 16968 10 Haverfordwest 3 6 836 6 55 10 40 5 24 6 54 1010 5 24 Swindon — 9 6 1120 1225 2 16 6 &7 1 6611120 Narbertb Road — — 7 25 11 10 j — 7 20 1035 5 48 Cheltenham 6 ó5 101512 61 16 3 0 7 40 7 20?l 1512 5 Whitland — — 9 10 7 40 11 27 16 57 7 36 Gloucester 746 6 01161260142  826.176..3351250 Narbertb Road 7 26111 10 .1 6 577 3.1 1047 6 67 Gloucester 7 45 6 0 11 5 1250 1 42 3 40 O? 8 26 7 45,3 35 1260 St. Clears 921 7 6511 44 7 48 11 0 Portskewet 9 12 7 71229 4 69 9 10?4 67 Carmarthen J 4 36 0 943 8 2012 14 2 4i) 4 i 6 27 8 7 1122 0627 Newport — 9 4,5 7 35 1 2 2i3 3 5 301 9 40 9 43 5 302 13 Ferryaide 613 967 8341228 „ 2 52 4 40! 9 20 11358 15 CardiS — 1016 8 6 13" 2383 27 21 6 0 10 5 10156 0228 Kidwelly 6 24 10 8 8 46 12 39 3 2 5 O? 8 30 11468 25 Bridgend — 1118 8 57 210 3154 5 7 5 1043 1118?7 03 15 Pembrey 6 3610 18 8 68 1 62 3 3 5 3°1 8 43 11588 37 Port Talbot — 1146 9 5 310 34Ult 29 7 36 1149?7 283 40 Llanelly 4 36 6 46 10 28 910 1 6 3 245 457 18 64 12 88 487 1 Briton Ferry — 1166 936 320 746 il56,7 38 Swansea 4 55 7 10 10 46 9 35 1 30 3M 720?409 01230930720 Neath — 12 7 9 47 331 3554 42 7 66 1120 .124?46366 Neath., 5 21 7 41 11 14 10 10 2 6 4 21 7 51 — 9 27 1 4 7 51 Swansea .dep. 726121595534045446 830 1125921230i7õ54 5 Briton Ferry.. 7 49 10 20 2 16 4 28 ? 7 51 9 27 1 4. 7 61 Swansea dep. 7 261216 9 55 340 4 54 45 8 30 1125 9 20 1230 7 654 5 Bnton Ferry. 7 49.. 10 20 2 16 428. 9 321 15 Llanelly 8 7 1 3 10 41 428 4445 26 9 16 12 3 10 3.8 47 4 44 Port Talbot 7 5811 2710 30 2 25 4 3ö 8 3 9 40 1 25 8 3 Pembrey 8 17113l0ol 439 636 9 27 1012 8 59 4 36 .?8 8 30 10101 56 8 30 Kidwelly 8 271 24 11 3 460 9 40 10 ??, I 910 Bridgend .662887116211 5 2 55 6 6 ;830—1010166.830 Kidwelly 8 27 1 24 11 3 450 — 9 40 — Wl. 910. Cardiff 6 28 9 k7 12 30 12 10 4 0 6 0 9 6 H12256.9 7 FerrY8ide. 840138111667 6 56 9 55 ?033. 9 22. Newport 6 5510 0 1 0 1 26 4 27 6 2619 22 11453 30 9 30 Carmarthen June 8 57 I 63 U 35 532 520? 6 1310 10 1243 1046 9 42 6 20 Portskewet — 1028 1 67 467 6 60 1215 4 0 St. Clears 9 15 — H62 6.9 632 — .100. Cheltenham 8 151125 2 0 3 0 5 4 6 6 5 U0 St. Clears 9 15 11 62 549 6 32 Whiti-nd 9 30 12 106 4 5186 50 — 1013 5 48 Glouceeter.840nó7 226 4 6 626 776 1230 — 140530.125 Narberth Road 942 12 23 615 — —' .1024.. Swindon 10 6136 3 6? 56& 817 .220 — 4 35 7 15 1230 Haverfordweit 10 12 12 63 646 ii5 7 9 7 1 40 1050625 Paddington .1110 2 66 61 3 3660 ? a 6 64(,0 ) 6 9 ?5 ? 1a 9 17 l? 7 7 470 5  'l?23 '0 1 405 7 310 5?. 12330 6 ?RN.o,w erfordwent ?ddM?ton 12 ?3 60\ 6 4? 9 ??0 20 ?.?.? 36 ? 7 1?10?. 4 36 ?New miford 10 40 1 20 716 650? 60? 12 0 ?1206 60 LONDON AND NORTH WESTERN. ?p TRAINS. 123123123123123123123 a Swansea ,(Y•i■ ot^ ona-St.x ) i m a.m. ».m. p.m.p.m Swansea (Victoria-St.) 8 159 1612254 35 4 50!6 45 Mumbles Road  8 229 2212324 424 576 U Kdlay .8 279 27:2374 505 25 57 Dunvant 8 32 9 32 12414 67 5 66 2 G. /er Road 8 37 9 37 1247 6 5 5 126 6 Penclawdd .arr. g? ? ? 525525 Penolawdd dep.* ??_ *? Gorseinon(forLoughor) s 19 421232t.5*i76' 10 Pontardolais .8 499 511 0 1 526619 Pantyffynon 9 310 61 15 536635 Puffin 0 15 1010 & 6 45 Ltandebie. 9 20 10151 23 "S 545650 DLiuaffnrdyea bi.e Road 9 2fi 1020 » 56066? Derwydd 606 65 Llandilo arr. 9 3.5 1033 1 36 '6 0 7 6 6 Carmarthen dep. 6 30 9 50 1245 155 15 j Abergwilly 6 36 9 561251. ?.5 21 o y ) Nantgaredig.6 44. 10 61259? 22.5 21 =*. £ < Llanartbney. 6 50 I 6o„5 40 I Golden Grove.. 7 0 10181 163 ? 43 Liandilo Bridge 7 10 1 25 q li 5 64 d LUandilo .arr. 7 15 1030 1 3C4()?M ..S Uandito deP.7 189 40 1040 1 40 6 57 3 Talley Road 7 239 45 6111 13 GHanfkyd 7 27 9 5<j •• 61i71 Lhmgadook 7 31 9 55 105! 1 53 6221 23 Hanwrda (for Pumpt.) 7 35 10 0 11 0 1 58 6 281 2? Handovery 7 43 10 7 11 82 5 6 357 35 ^ynghordy 7 53 •• 6 47 "ynghordy Wells H ?Q ?.?. lio<;n ?47 BRu^ilth hRoad 8 S5 •«•• 1149 2 52 7 29 •• ?"49n "729. H?audn-ndodWwenn6.856"l283?4 752 Knighton 9 ? l254 5841 Craven Arms 1025. 1 234 18915 udlow 1131 1526 26951 Shrewsbury arr. 1125 2 405 35963 Shrewsbury dep. U33 2 56 5 50 ?8 S'ew.e 1243 •••• 4 25 7 !5 1152 Cheeter 45"" 4 227 15 2 20 .0 Stockport 2 0 •••• 5 508 13 1233 Manchester (Lon. Road) 2 15 6 2o| 3<> •• L 46 Hudderaneld .3 5 758 L 41 Halifax J 30 10 1 Bradford 5 5. 1035 T. Leeds. 3 65 3 45"" 2°35 •* Liverpool (l,ime t )2 45 6 15?**2 o315 Preston ?), 4i6 j 7 20? 25 1 14 CarUaie. 6 Gla?ow 9 30 *• 2 T0 Edinburgh 9 40 ° London (Euston Square) 9 1 4o0 i Q 915? 16io, 601 DOWN TRAINS. 1 2 31 2 3 1 2 31 2 3 1 2 3123 a. ra P. m. a. m. a. m. noon. London (Euston..sq.)dep 9 012 0 Edinburgh.dep. 930. Glasgow 9 10. Carlisle i2 47 845 O Preston 3 2811 50 12 10 Liverpool (Lime-st.) 7 1011 40 2 10 Leeds 9 20 1 25 Bradford 8 55 12 15 Halifax 9271243 Hudderstield. 10 2 158 Manchester (Lond.-rd.) 7 30 11 30 2 30 Stockport 7 42 11 43 2 55 Chester 8 55 1 10 3 16 Crewe 8 40 1 25 3 40 Shrewsbury arr. 958215 6 5 .1 ShMw.bury dep 7 0 10 30 2 20 6 32 J. Ludlowt3 li 1() 141-07 Craven Arms 8 511 21255 7 16 Knighton 8 36 !1 5031384-5 Llandrindod Wells. 9 2812 33 3 66 S 35 £ Builth Road 9 41 12 50 4 7 8 49 g Llanwrtyd Wells 10 10120429970002, Cynhordy 10 26 1 39 9 40?? Handovery 8 010 40160 4 545540 Hanwrda (for Pumpt.) 8 10 10 50 1 68 513410 Llangadock 8 15 10 55 2 3 5184 16 Glanrbyd ..o 8 2 5204 2250 Talley Road 8 25 U 6 6264  Llandilo arr. 8 30 11 11 2 18 5 15 g3i4 30 ö Llandilo ..dep. 8 4011 15 2 20 5 20 6 20 ? Haodilo Bridge 8 45 U 19 26 6 25 o Golden Grove.. 8 55 U 26 2 33 640 '6?? Llanarthney 9 1011 33 2 42 5 38 6 65 "'5 I Nantgaredig 9 1611 38 2 47 7 6 Abergwilly :922 It 48 2 53 7 30 o l Carmarthen 9 3011 5? 3 0 5 55730 d ?Carmarthen. 8 36 11 13 2 IS 6 26 6 36 Lland(.ilo ep. 8 6011 21 648 Derwydd Road 5 48 Llandebie 8 6611 26 2 30 5 42553 Duffryn 9 011 30 5 58 Pant?Synnon 9 611 35 2 36 5 52 6 M Pontardulais dep. 9 2011 46 260 6 2 620 Gorseinon (forLoughor) 9 11 65 3 0 6 Gower Road. 9 3712 0 3 6 6 13 Penclawdd dep. 9 20 55 Gower Road arr. 9 30 Gower Road pep- 37 3 6 6 13 645 Dunvang .9 4212 6 31.3. 0 650 9 ^12 10 318 6 20 6 55 Killay 9 54 12 15 3 23 6 24 7 0 Mumbles Road 9 54 12 15 323 6 24 1  Swansea 1° « 12 25 330) 6 30 7 10 _—————' I Printed and Published by the Proprietors,WILLIAM  MORGAN and HOWBLL DAVIES, at their OSce'. '? Lammas Street, in the ParMh of St. Peter, in the CoU&t^1 of the Borough of Carmarthen and published by tilso at the shop of David Williams, bookseller, in the p? of St. Mary, in the borough of Card* au. FMDA? NOT. ? 1871,