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SEASONABLE NOTES. j

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SEASONABLE NOTES. j (From. "Mark Lane Express.") I DIARIES. On the table before us as we write there are two books—one full, and the other as yet un- written in. They are diaries, and while one contains records of the daily events on the e contains records of the daily events on the farm during the past year, the other is intend- ed for the same purpose in 1908. The filled book is about to be put away on a shelf by the side of a number of others belonging to past years, but this does not mean to say that it has served its purpose and will be needed no more. On the other hand, these old diaries are extremely useful for the purpose of refer- ence. and are frequently appealed to when i'ints of argment need settlement. We know, oi course, that many farmers keep no records OL their work, and yet jog along all right, but we recommend a diary all the same, because apart from any utility value it is interesting to be able to turn up the records of past seasons and see how they compare with the one that is present. We strongly recommend young far- riiers to keep diaries, 'as it is a useful means of education. While one is a learner or proba- tioner there is someone else to organise and take the responsibility, but when the young far- mer comes to have a place of his own, and has to think and act for himself, he will find no roerence books more useful than the diaries he kept (if he did keep them) during the years he occupied the position as a learner. The cost of a diary is trifling, the keeping of it is merely a matter of habit, and the facts that are re- corded in the books from day to day may prove to be interesting, useful, and perhaps even I valuable in the future. THE COST OF PLOUGHING. On one of the few fine days we have enjoyed of late we journeyed some miles through an I arable country, and noticed the various plough- ing operations as we passed along. Ploughing here, there, and everywhere; it would appear as if there was nothing else to do, but the general anxiety to be getting on with the work was evidence of the extent to which it has been delayed owing to Hie excess of moisture. In one field we noticed a couple of horses doing the work, nor did they appear at all distressed, but a little further on there were three drawing a plough of similar character, and they seemed to be working harder. Still further on, the ploughing teams consisted of four horses, and before the end of the day we discussed plough- ing with a farmer who has to employ five horses for the operation. This was all within the limits of one county, and showed the var- ious degrees of stiffness in regard to the soil; but, as the five-horse team man pointed out, how much more his arable crops cost him to the acre than in the case of the individual who clln plough comfortably with a pair of hordes. Just so; and it is well to allow for these dif- ferences when changing farms, and calculate accordingly, for the more horses that are re- quired for ploughing and other cultural opera- tions, the heavier, of course, is the labour bill. One may easily go wrong in overlooking these calculations and thinking that the stiff land farm can be worked with the same horseflesh as the one where the medium is more easily worked. DRAINS. On thing that every farmer ought to know is just exactly where the drains are on his land, supposing the latter is drained, and it is a part of his duty to see that the mouths of the above are kept open and clear, so that they can property perform the functions for which they are intended. In the first place, as to the loca- tion of the drains, there are scores of pla0 s in which no plan or record was ever kept when tlioy were put in, and unless there happens to be an old labourer about who helped to fit the pipes in. nobody knows -aiii 'lng -it all about them. A case of this kind came before our notice recently, when the soddened state of a field known to be drained made it de- sirable that the pipes should be examined, but in the first place, they had to be found, and this object was effected after a consider- able amount of guessing, and the spending of time in digging useless holes that might have been avoided had a proper plan of the drains been kept. Then as regards attention to drains, this wet autumn has found out the defaulters. The pipes are out of sight; too often they arc al;;o out of mind until a time of excessive rain comes, and the water is not carried away. By keeping the mouths of main drains clear one can always tell whether there is any obstruc- tion, but for the want of giving timely atten- tion to the above matters, many drains have ceased to be of any use, and the farmer suffers through the ills that are the direct result of land being sour and waterlogged. THE APPEARANCE OF WHEAT CROPS. The problem in the autumn was how to get the sowing done, and the calculations of many a farmer was upset by the perversity of the weather, but nevertheless, by hook or by crook, many managed to get this sowing done, and considering the conditions under which a good deal of seed weht in, the results are so far better than one might have expected. We have seen a good many pieces of wheat of late where the seed germinated well, and there is a good plant discernible now in the rows. The growth looks very green and tender, but this appearance would be quickly changed if we happened to get a sharp pinch of frost. On the whole, however, those farmers who took advantage of their opportunities, and were able to get their wheat in fairly early, have no reason to complain of springing corn as it stands in the rows, and given fair conditions between now and the spring, the outlook is promising. STARTING AFRESH. Different localities have different customs, a.id in that famous milk-producing district. which comprises parts of Staffordshire and Derbyshire, farmers find themselves without servants from Christmas to New Year's Day, for this is the one week in the year which the lads and lasses claim as their own. Years have passed since we first knew the above district and the conditions of farming have almost en- i itelv changed from cheescmaking to milk selling. Female labour in the homesteads is not half what it used to be, but true to the tra- ditions of their forbears, the farm lads shoulder their bundles and trudge off on Christmas morning. Perhaps they .are leaving and seek- ing service elsewhere, or they may be "stoppin' ageu," which means that they have agreed to another year's service, but in any case Christ- mas week is their own to do as they lika and spend in their own way. Nor does time hang heavily, for the holiday week is the season of "Gaby's Markets," as the hiring fairs are called, and though the actual hiring is small clients and gets a fair share of the hard-earned showman caters for the amusement of his clients and gets a fair share of he hard-earned money of the farm lads. On New Year's Day you see them going back to the old places or starting afresh at new ones, less merry than they were a week before, and lighter, of course. in pocket, but with a sense of satisfaction that they have had a good time, and after another year on the mill the holiday week will come round again.

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EUEAL LIFE.I -I

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- FAIRS AND MARKETS.

------------CARDIGANSHIRE…

GOLD NEAR NEWPORT, MON.

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