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- FIELD AND FARM. I - -0

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FIELD AND FARM. I -0 SHEEP. J Sheep are always (remarks Prof. John Wrightson) a valuable property, and have often been spoken of as the sheet-anchor of light-land farming. It is to be feared that the bad season of 1903 did enormous damage to the breeding flocks of the country, although we seem to have been spared a wide-spread epidemic of rot. The constant wet weather of the autumn and winter seriously affected ewes, and the losses sustained by flock-masters during lambing are greater than appears on the surface. The breeder instinc- tively minimises his losses to tHe public. He feels, in a sense, discredited by parading his misfortunes and rarely allows their full extent. He has lost "a few ewes" and "too many lambs," but is not going to tell everyone, much less to put in the papers, all that he and his flock have suffered.. Nay, I have known farmers bitterly resent the spread of a report of ill-luck, on the ground that it was no business of theirs who spread it. There is no doubt that the breed of lambs is small, and that the losses have been heavy, and that sheep will be scarce, and prob- ably dear. The worst effect has been on ewes and lambs, but tegs suffered from wet lairs and wet jackets, and did little but keep themselves alive for many weeks. GRASS SEEDS. I Tae wet weather earlier in the year caused delay in drilling spring corn, and the sowing of grass seeds will be postponed. The markets are now flooded with samples of clovers and grasses, and sellers are anxious to secure cus- tomers. It will be some weeks before land is roody for the reception of grass seeds, as they are better sown after the corn is up. A cor- respondent asks whether beans or vetches injure land for clover? It is an important question, and it is not improbable that vetches unfit land for real clover. Having grown a large breadth of vetches for some years, I notice an increasing I difficulty in obtaining a staying plant of clover. On one field, which had last grown clover in Jubilee year, 1887, but had been repeatedly in trifolium and vetches, I experienced a comnleta failure of clover in 1901, after thirteen years' interval. I notice that the clover is dying cut of a field sown last year upon wheat after vetches, and the consequence is that I am seriously thinking of leaving red clover out of some mixtures for the present year's sowing. Red clover has usually been thought to produce sickness in land only for itself, but it is not im- possible that other leguminous plants, such as trifolium, vetches, beans, and peas, may produce I a similar effect. Beans are now sown over such a small and diminishing area that they may be left out of the reckoning, but the accredited Yorkshire rotation of roots, wheat, clover, .wheat, beans, wheat, seems to justify the prac- tice of taking beans and clover in succession. For a durable lair, which will last three or more years, the following may be recommended: — 'Red clover, 41b. alsike clover, 21b.; yellow clover, 41b. white Dutch, 21b. Timothy grass, 21b. Cocksfoot, 41b. Italian ryegrass, 1 peck; :perennial ryegrass, 2 peeks. For one year, if the ground is safe for red clover, 141b. of red and one bushel of Italian ryegrass wil give a good cut of hay and an aftermath. If there are doubts as to the fitness of the land for red clover, trefoil is a good substitute, and the fol- lowing mixture may be employed:—Alsike clover, 21b. trefoil, 101b. Italian ryegrass, 1 bushel; perennial ryegrass, £ bushel. When Italian ryegrass is sown alone, 4 bushels per I acre will not be found too much. Sainfoin is a good change for arable land which has been long under ordinary rotation, but ought not to be sown oftener than once in fifteen or twenty years. Four bushels per acre of rough or un- milled sainfoin, with 41b. of trefoil wheeled in I after drilling the sainfoin, is a good seeding. Sainfoin does best on light calcareous soils, and is much relied upon on high-lying chalk and the oolitic soils of the Cotswolds. SCARCITY OF SHEEP KEEP. I At no time of the year is a plentiful supply of sheep feed so necessary ("F." observes) as in the spring, when the lambs are getting strong and beginning to help in the way of consumption, and it often happens that flockmasters are troubled at this particular season more than any other to find food to tide over the weeks that intervene between the time the roots are ffitished I and the green crops, such as rye and vetches, are ready to begin. If this is the case in a normal season, it is much worse after such an exceedingly wet one as WTS have had. Last summer was by no means favourable for getting full crops of swedes and turnips, and a disastrously wet October alto- gether prevented the usual forage crops from being planted except on very light or sandy soils, and even there the water-logged state of the ground has not favoured growth, and conse- quently a crop good enough to hurdle sheep on cannot be expected for some weeks to come. After a mild winter the wheat fields have been I sufficiently green to afford a run for sheep, and thus help to tide over a scarce period; but Chat hardy plant has been stunted, or, at least, checked, by an excess of moisture even where planted in good time, so that it wants no fur- ther hindrances to growth. Rye and tares are backward, and anything but robust in appear- ance but, of course, a fortnight of really genial spring-like weather will change the outlook for the better considerably. However, it is best to cheerfully face the in- evitable, and farmers who are fortunate enough to have a good supply of mangels on hand can get along very comfortably by penning on s'ub- bles or land intended for roots, and feeding with them and clever chaff. Where the mangels are already nearing the end, clover, cake, corn and water will have to form the staple food for the flocks but when the days are hot and sunny dry hay or chaff is not very palatable. Still, this may be obviated by damping the heap of chaff before use with water, and a little treacle or sugar added is by no means a bad investment. Already many flocks may be seen on grass, but this cannot make headway against ewes and lambs, and it is hardly wise to risk them on meadows which have been flooded, no matter how tempting the bite may look. WHITE PLUMAGED FOWLS. I The Trade and Navigation Returns show ("Stocks" writes in the "Agricultural Gazette ") that whereas 2,271,061,560 eggs were imported in 1802, the number had risen to 2,381,867,640 in 1903, giving an increase of 110,206,080 on the year, the average value of these eggs being 6s._ 8d. per long hundred, as against 6s. 7d. last year, land 6s. 5id. in 1901. It is not to be supposed 4 that this means decreased production at home, for as a result of the greater activity and interest shown in poultry-keeping it is evident that our home supplies ought to have been, and probably .were, greater than ever. Still the fact remains that English eggs have been dearer during the whole of the year, and even in the spring, when they are most plentiful, the prices did not reach the low level usually attained. There are two ways in which it is possible to secure increased production at home. 1. By improved methods of management. 2. By keeping breeds that are most prolific. It seems to have escaped the notice of writers upon poultry management that white plumaged birds have a high utilitarian value. They are hardly suitable for keeping in confined runs in towns, but on farms or grass runs they not only present a most attractive appearance, but from a utilitarian standpoint are decidedly valuable. To arrive at the correct value of a. fowl as an egg producer, one must calculate not only the number of eggs, but the time of year when they are produced, and if this be done there will be little difficulty in awarding a very high place to the white Wyandotte; in fact, we are doubtful if any variety surpasses this in its all-round excellence. The very high posi- tion attained by this breed in the annual laying competitions, and the large number of eggs recorded, not only to the pen of birds but to individuals, shows that if proper attention be given to selection in breeding, marvellous results is egg-production may be secured from this variety. We recently heard of a pen of eight pullets of this varietv which laid an average of 200 eggs in twelve months, the best pullet laying 214. The white Leghorn cannot be regarded as so excellent a winter layer as the white Wyan- dotte, but in the number of eggs produced per ■aimurn it will prove a good second, if it does not surpass the Wyandotte, though the commercial value of the eggs will be less, as more eggs will be laid in the summer, when the Wyandotte will be broody. The white Rock, so popular in America, seems to make little headway in this country, being completely eclipsed as a utility fowl by the superior popularity of the Wyandotte. The white Orpington, or Albion, again, is handi- capped by the great preference accorded to the buff, and is scarcely likely to emerge from its comparative obscurity unless attention could be forcibly drawn to its undeniable worth. The light Brahma has seen its best days, and is now but a caricature of its former self, but twenty years ago it might have been described as a useful utility fowl, and with less attention given to foot feathering and more to selection of the most prolific for breeding purposes, it would not be long before it might again hold its own as a producer of eggs in winter.

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