The Welshman

HARBEBTH BOARD OF GUARDIANS. The usual fortnightly meeting of this Board was held at the Workhouse on Saturday last. Present: Mr. R. H. Buckby, J.P., in the chair; Mr. J. Roberts and Mr. D. Davies (vice-chairmen) Messrs. Wm. Lewis, G. J. Collins, B. J. Howell, E. James, E. Thomas, H. Price, P. James, D. Hughes, Owen James, Jermin, W. Beddoe, J. Absalom, Wm. Richardp, J. Lawrence, Wm. Thomas. Mr. J. Roberts said he was much obliged to them for re-electing him as vice-chairman. He was sorry he was not present at the last Board meeting to thank them, but he thanked them to- day heartily. the Chairman ,then asked all the members to stand and said he was sorry to say it was his melancholy duty to ask them to pass a vote of sympathy with the Queen and Royal Family in the great loss they had sustained in King Ed- ward's death, which not only meant a loss to this nation, but to the world at large. In the papers they all saw what gr-eat respect had been shown to the King in all parts of the world. Sympathy even came from the slums of London, where every man, woman and child are wearing a bit of black. Why was that? Because when King Edward became King it was his intention to ameliorate the conditions of the people residing in the slums, and he was not satisfied with the evidence brought him, but went himself and saw the conditions. The Chairman was sure they would all extend to the good Queen-Mother their sympathy. Her letter to the ration no doubt touched their feelings .especially that part where she said that in her beloved husband s he had lost everything. He moved that their vote of deep sympathy be sent to the Queen-Mother and the Royal Family in the great less they and the coun- try generally had sustained in the loss of King Edward. Mr. J. Roberts said lie endorsed every word that had fallen from the lips of the Chairman. A great and go .d King had departed, and it was remarkable how from every part of the world there came signs of sorrow and mourning. King Edward was the very best King that ever sat on the Throne. Some people and some kings think there are glories in war, but King lylward saw glories in peace. They 'had lost a friend. They had seen his photo and pleasant countenance in the papers so often that the late King seemed to be one of themselves, but lie is gone now. and while sympathising with the Royal Family on his sad death they would offer their coogratulations to the new King, and hope that the nation would prosper under his reign. Some people had doubts about the future of England, but he (the speaker) had no doubt. The country will never decay. The great Disposer of all Destinies would never allow that. The vote was passed in silence. The Master's report was as follows :-May 1st, Dr. Morgan visited the house and attended to the sick; Mny 4th Nurse Beresford paid a visit and attended to the sick; May I, Dr. Morgan attended to the sick; May 7th Mr. Willey held Divine service in the House; May 8th, Miss Allen Cilrliiw, held Divine service, and Dr. Morgan paid a visit; May 12th, Miss Allen, Cilrliiw, brought pictures and flower pots, and Dr. Morgan paid a visit, May 13th, a family of mother and six, children were admitted into the house. They were brought by Mrs. Stuart Jones sind the Vicar from the parish of St. Issell's. Dr. .Nior- gan paid a vizit. May 14. the Misses Allen gave the children lessons in sewing, etc. The number of inmates in the House in the first week of the fortnight was 43 as compared with 50 in the corresponding week of last year and in the second week 43 as compared with 47. The number of vagrants relieved was 86. The out-relief administered during the fort- night was a. week £ 88 3s. 9d. to 459, against ESS 16s. Second week: £ 85 14s. to 451, as against jE85 19s. 6d. in the correspond- ing week of last year. The total number of paupers, indoor and outdoor during the 1st week was 530, and during the second week 479. Three applications had been received for child- I ren. MrB. Flook, late Matron, would like to have a littk girl. She would keen her and school her. Mr. Jobu Thomas, East Wi))iamston, asked for a little cirl as a companion for his wife. He j wanted no pay. Mr. Geo. Phillips, blacksmith, j Longstone, asked for a. boy 11 years of age, but he expected something towards his keep. He would look after the boy welL It was decided to refer these applications to the boarding-out committee. Relief cases were next considered. On account of the comparatively small attend- ance at the meeting, the matter of the amount of superannuation allowance to be granted to Mr Samuel Flook and Mrs. Sarah Flook. late Master and Matron of the Workhouse, was deferred until the next Board meeting on the 30th May. The following overseers were appointed for those parishes in respect of which notice of ap- pointment had not been received Loveston, F. Merriman and Wm. Phillips; Llangan West, J. Driscoll and Stephen Evans; Newton, G. Pike and J. Merriman; Yerbeston, Will. Price and G. Hancock. The report of the House Committee was next considered. It read thus :—" The Committee went carefully through the tenders sent in for the various articles required at the Workhouse, and accepted tenders for all necessary articles, the total cost of the same being t23 Is. 5 £ d. They also gave directions that Mr. J. B. Thomas should prepare a specification and estimate of the cost of re-plastering the walls of the boys' dayroom, lay- ing down concrete in the children's yard, and re- laying with tiles the passage leading in from the back door to the kitchen, so that tenders may be invited for the work. The Master was directed to order the necessary materials for re-colouring the walls and whitening the ceilings of the dif- ferent wards, etc., and to superintend the carry- ing out of the work. The Committee recom- mended that suitable bins be purchased for stor- ing the flour and oatmeal in the house, as the old wooden ones are unsuitable for the purpose. Water Tank: The Committee consider that the old water tank should be disposed of, and a smal- ler one fixed in its place. The lead in the old tank would in all probability pay for the cost of a new galvanised one. The room of the children's attendant requires to be done up, and a little furniture obtained for it, and the Committee will attend to this matter, also to the papering of the Master's rooms and the room for children's nurse. The Master remarked that a very foul smell j comes into the tank from the drain, there being no intercepting trap. Mr. Roberts—Then the water could be con- taminated, which is a serious matter. The Chairman—The trap can be seen to when the new tank is fixed. Mr. Roberts proposed that the whole matter be left to the House Committee, and that their report be adopted. Mr. W. Lewis seconded, and it was carried. The Local Government Board wrote relative to the proposal of the Guardians for the appoint- ment of a public vaccinator for the Narberth dis- trict, and stated that on the assumption that the constitution of the district is as before the Board will be prepared to approve a contract with Mr. W. V. Morgan drawn in accordance with such proposal. j Elizabeth Beynon, of Llanddewi, wrote saying that about a month ago the Doctor asked her to attend to Ann Nicholas, who is ill. Mr. David Rees, the relieving officer. told her that the guardians were prepared to pay her 3s. 6d. a week for her trouble, but it was not sufficient. She ought to have 10s., but she wanted 7s. 6d., and the instruments she had used, re-placed. Mr. D. Rees-I offered her 5s. and she said that if she were not given 10s she would not take any- thing. The Guardians decided to leave the matter to Mr. Rees. Miss Allen, of Cilrhiw, aked the guardians to allow their subscription to the West Wales Sana- torium to be sent through her. The Chairman moved that when the time is up to send the ?10 10s. that it be sent in the usual way. J Mr. G. J. Collins seconded. This was carried. The Local Government. Board wrote with re- ference to the appointments of Mr. W. E. Bowen and Mrs. M. A. Bowen as Master and Matron of Narberth Union. They saw no objection to the appointments, and approved of the salaries. The Board also assented to the residence of the Mas- ter's son in the Workhouse, upon the understand- ing that rations are assigned to him from the Workhouse stores, and that the Master repays to the guardians the cost price of such rations. The I sanction of the Board must be obtained to the boy residing in the House after reaching the age of 14. It was agreed that the House Committee should consider the matter of the boy's rations. Mr. B. J. Howell-Are there any other girls in the House now that could go out ? The Master—There are four or five here be- 1 tween 9 and 13 years of age. Mr. Howell-I have been asked for two. My father-in-law wants one, and Mrs. Llewellyn, Prince's Gate, the other. The Chairman—If applications are made through Mr. Lewis, the Clerk, they will be con- sidered by the Boarding-out Committee. Mr. Collins-Will they be paid for keeping them ? The Chairman—No doubt they will. We are allowed to pay 5s. a week according to the Board- ing-out Act.

MARKETS. I CABMABTHEN, Saturday.—Quotations as follows:- Cask butter,H2d to 12d per lb fresh butter, 12 Jd to 13d per lb. Dressed poultry: Fowls, 5s Od to 6s Od per couple; ducks, 3s Od to" 4s each. Eggs, 16 for Is. New Oheese, 26s Od per cwt. NEWCASTLE EMLYN, Friday.—Prices were as follows —Porkers, 8s 6d per score; weaners, 8 to 10 weeks old, 19s to 22s each sheep, 3d to 3d per lb.; yearlings, 4d to 4j-d per lb.; lambs. 5d per lb; calves, 4d to 4d per lb young fowls, 4t 6d to 5s 6d per couple old ditto, 3s Od to 3f 6d per couple young ducks, 5s Od to 6s Od per couple (7d per lb.) Eggs, 18 for a I", Fresh butter, in rolls, Is 3d per lb ditto, in tubs, Is per lb. CORN I LIVERPOOL, Tuesday.—Wheat quiet market at -id. under Friday—No. 1 Manitoba 7s. 1)1., N ). 2, 7s. 7 £ d., futures—May 6s. lljd., .J Illy, f.. Old. Maize quiet trade at about Friday's prices, ex- cept Plate at id. to Ad. slower; New Norther a 5s. 4d. to 5s. "2d., Galveston 5s. 71 d., to os. fin., Plate 5s. 6d. to 5s. 7d., futures—J uly 5s. 2{d. Beans, peas, and oats unchanged. Flour un- changed Weather fine. S.E. HULL, Tuesday.—Very little doing nt to tiay's mark et, s.nd home-grown wheat cher.-per, making no more than 31s. 6d. per qr. Oats J. to K's 6d. per qr. Beans 31s. to 31s. 6d. poi qr. CATTLE. I ROATH, Cardiff, Tuesday.—Live tock .cattit.) —Owing to the annual fair held on Whit-Mon- day, there was but a. very small market to-day. Very few cattle on offer business slow no buy- ers. Sheep—only a very few business very slow, with a tendency to drop in price. There were no calves on offer. Only a few lambs; prices of last week with some difficulty maintained. Pigs fairly plentiful and a good supply of Irish, which sold at a reduced price; making from lis. 9d. to 12s. 6d., according to size and quality; there was a fairly good supply of Welsh, with prices not so firm as last week, best Pembrokes making from 12s. 6d. to 12s. f)d., heavier weights but good useful cutters 12s. 3d. to 12s. 6d., baconers 10s. 9d. to 11s. (icl., sows 8s. 3d. to 8s. 6d BIRMINGHAM, Tuesday.—A holiday market, supplies being very short and demand quiet. Best Herefords 7ad., shorthorns i-,Id. to !d.. bulls and cows 5d. to 6 £ d., calves 7!d. to 9d., wether sheep 8^d. to 9 £ d., ewes and rams 6td. to itd., lambs lOd. per lb. Few pigs on offer and not much business passing; prices about un- changed. SALFORD. Tuesday.—At market 1,616 cattle, decrease 591 sheep and lambs. 11,482, decrease 2,985; calves, 57; dectease 119. Pi ices—Cattle 6id. to 8d. per lb. sheep C-Ild. to 9d., lambs. 9 £ d. to lid., calves 6d. to SI.d. Trade quiet; prices firm. BUTTER. I CORK, Tuesday.—Firsts, 92s., seconds 89s.. thirds 88s., choice 92s. Fresh—A, 94s.; B., 89s. Weather glorious, bright and varm.

On Friday Wardani; the murdered of Boutros Pasha ,the late Egyptian Premier, was sentenced to death. THE LATE KING'S FIRST VISIT TO WALES.—A Correspondent writing in one of the Cardiff i dailies says the occasion of the first visit was that of) a cruise round the west coast of Scotland, and is told in "Leaves from the Journal of Our Lives j in the Highlands," published by Queen Victoria in 1862. The Queen, accompanied by the Prince Consort, Albert the Good," the two eldest children (the late Empress of Germany and the late King), Charles, Prince of Leiningen, the Queen's brother; Duke and Duchess of Norfolk, Lord Grey, Secretary of State; Lady Jocelyn, General Wemyss, Sir James Clark, and Miss Hil- yard, left Osborne Pier on August lltli, 1847, ac- companied by a number of war vessels, and on Saturday, August 14th, arrived at New Milford, having the previous day visit-ed St. Mary's," the largest of the Scilly Isles. The following is the story as given by her Majesty in her diary under the date :— Saturday, August 14th. We started at 5 o'clock, and the yacht then began to roll and pitch dreadfully, and I felt again very unwell; but I came on board at 3 in the afternon. The sea then was like glass, and we were close to the Welsh coast. This harbour, Milford Haven, is magnificent, the largest we have. A fleet might lie here. We are anchored just off Milford, Pembroke in front, in the distance. The cliffs, which are reddish brown, are not very high. Albert and Charles went in the" Fairy to Pembroke, and I sketched. Numbers of boats came out, with Welsh women in their curious high-crowned men's hats, and Bertie was much c heered, for the people seemed greatly pleased to see the Prince of Wales." Albert returned at a quarter to 8. A very pretty dairymaid, in complete Welsh costume, was brought on board for me to see. We found Milford illuminated when we went on deck, and bonfires burning everywhere.

THE QUESTION OF HEALTH. There is an old saying, A stitch in time savee nine," and if upon the first symptoms of any- thing being wrong with our health we were to resort to some simple but proper means of cor- recting the mischief, nine-tenths of the suffering that invades our h'omes would be avoided. The body is a machine full of intricate and delicate mechanism, and when one part is impeded it gradually throws the whole out of gear unless lt is quickly put right. A cold, a chill, a touch of indigestion or liver complaint, a pain in the loins, or the little indscretions to which in the hurry and turmoil of life we are all prone (such as eating too quickly, not taking sufficient rest, worrying too much over our troubles, etc., etc.), all tend to bring about a deadlock in some part of the human mechanism, or a. weakening and slow- ing down of the whole. A good bracing tonic. one that will re-vitalise and wind up all the machinery, will at such times work greater won- ders than a long course ef nauseous medicines. A dose of Gwilym Evans' Quinine Bitters taken when you feel the least bit out of sorts is just that stitch in time." The question of health is a matter which is sure to concern us at one time or another, especially when Influenza is so prevalent as it is just now, so it is well to know what to take to ward off an attack of this most weakening disease, this epidemic catarrh or cold of an ag- gravated kind, to combat it whilst under its baleful influence, and particularly after an attack, for then the system is so lowered as to be liable to the most dangerous of complaints. Gwilym Evans's Quinine Bitters'is acknowledged by all who have given it a fair trial to be the ,best sjgecific remedy for dealing with Influenza in all its various stages, being a Preparation skilfully prepared with Quinine, and accompanied with other blood purifying and enriching agents, suit- able for the liver, digestion, and all those ail- ments requiring tonic strengthening and nerve increasing properties. It is invaluable for those suffering with colds, pneumonia, or any serious illness, or prostration caused by sleeplessness, or worry of any kind, when the body has a general feeling of weakness and lassitude. Don't delay, but try it now. Send for a copy of the pamphlet of testimonials, which carefully read and consider well, then buy a bottle (sold in two sizes, 2s. 9d. and 4s. 6d.) at your nearest Chemist or Stores, but when purchasing see that the name "Gwilym Evans is on the label, stamp and bottle, for without which none are genuine. Sole Proprietors:—Quinine Bitters Manufac- turing Company, Limited, Llanelly, South Wales.

I AGRICULTURE. I NITRATE IMPORTS.—It is worthy of notice that the imports of nitrate of soda last month were 75 per cent. heavier than in the correspond- ing month last year. This seems to give promise of cheap nitrate, more particularly in view of the larger quantities of nitrate of lime and calcium cyanamide now imported into this country where they find a ready market. MANURIAL VALUE OF HAY.—What is the manurial value of one ton of hay at C5 per tll]. ? —An Old Subscriber. [In the Lawes :md Gil- bert table of manurial values as revised by Mr. Hall and Dr. Voelcker, the manurial value of one ton of clover hay is put at 21s. 9d., and meadow hay 16s. 4d. The manurial value is not affected in the slightest degree by the selling price of the hay.] HORSE GulNG INTO QUARRY.—I had a horse killed by going into a quarry. The quarry is partly fenced, and is let to a contractor. Who is responsible for my loss? What are the rules I for quarry protections?—Constand Reader. [The owner of the quarry is bound to have it suitably and safely fenced. We understand the quarry is situated on your farm, and if your horse met its t death owing to the want of a proper fence the owner would be liable to make good to you your loss.! TREES BURNED BY RAILWAY CO.—Would you please let me know through the medium of your paper if a railway company are liable in damages for burning a piece of ground which was planted with trees, as I have had one place burned this season which was planted five or six years ago ?—Fire. [Under the Railway Fires Act, 1905, the railway company are liable for the damage done to your plantation. To entitle you to claim, however, you are bound to give written notice within seven days after the fire. If you have not given that notice, you have lost your claim.] WEIGHT OF TWIN LAMBS.—Would any of your numerous readers say if a half-bred ewe, having twin lambs, weighing at birth, one 131b. and the other 121b., together 251b. is a record. This is the ewe's third crop by an Oxford ram.— Lammas. [Replying to this query, we are in- clined to think that the weight of the twin lambs will be some way about a record. The weight of a lamb at hirth is estimated to be as 1 to 10 or 12 of that of the dam. The lambs of large breeds generally run from 12 to 181b., and small breeds 7 to 101bs. and upwards. Males as a rule are slightly the heavier, whilst twin lambs, as would naturally be thought, do not, at all times, weigh less than a single one.] MANURING FOR BARLEY.—I would like your opinion a bout a field of barley I am going to grow this year. The field was under turnips last year, and one third of them were eaten on the ground by sheep. The soil is black, but of a raw nature. I propose to dress it with 5 cwt. dissolved bones per acre. Would you approve of that ?—Hill Farmer. [The proposed dressing would be all the better if some potash were added to it, either in the form of kainit, sulphate of potash, or muriate of potash. Jt is, however, ratber-an expensive dressing, and vou would be cheaper with fermented bone meal and potash or I bone flour and potash.] A SECOND WHITE CROP.—Last year I ploughed and took a crop of corn off a very full field of lea, which had been out for many years. I am taking a second crop of corn off it again this year. There are some steep gravelly knolls in it, and other parts are wet and peaty, so tliat I do not think it worth while taking tur- nips off it next year. Therefore would it do to sow it with grass seed now, and; c' so how and when should I manure it?—M.G. [Certainly it would be well t-o. sow the grass and clover seeds now. As to manuring, the following mixture would be very suitable 11 ewt. sulphate of am- monia, 4 cwt. superphosphate, and H sulphate of potash. Our correspondent's remark about the land being hilly with gravelly knolls and "peaty" suggests that the land when laid down to grass would respond readily to a dressing of basic slag and kainit, as that mixture generally works like a charm on light or peaty soils.] ANTHRAX.—Can you inform me if anthrax germs can be communicated to cattle through turnips, or the earth attached to them, which have -been grown on ground where a number of years ago cattle which had died of anthrax were buried? Also if, when washing out the infected buildings the water and other liquid, no doubt impregnated with germs, got into an itdiollling stream, cattle drinking that water further lown the stream could get anthrax ?-Inquire. ['the germs, and their spores, of anthrax have a n.ost remarkable vitality. It is a well known fact that animals which have died of this disease and been buried are a standing menace to the h'mh of animals grazing on that land or t siting pro- duce grown on that land, as the spores of an- thrax are brought to the surface by -iieaas of worms. Hence it is that the carcases of animals which have died of anthrax are now burne 1. Jf the germs of anthrax or their spores get into any pool or running stream it would be very ranger- ous for any animals to drink of that water.] CROPS 'AD WEATHER.—Unless we have sharp night frosts—and we are already well on in the month, so that such fear diminishes daily- 1910 ought to be a good, even, perhaps, a great, fruit year. The growing pastures, unlike the fruit trees, do not gain by backwardness, and the promise for the pastoral interest is downright bad, whether we consider the poor bite for live stock out in the fields or the slow and none too kindly growth of the grass for hay. Rotation grasses look noticeably better than the perman- ent herbage, but even these are none too promis- ing. Sowing of ftjangolds is in progress, but the ground is rough, and it is thought that the need of genial showers may soon become serious. Wheat is little prejudiced by the backwardness of our springs, but June has to make the crop this year. Sowings of spring corn on strong land are probably under an average. The agricultural. outlook is certainly not such as to warrant that readiness to part with reserves of 1909 crops which farmers have been showing at the markets of the past fortnight. "POISON" IN RHUBARB.—A few weeks ago a London doctor attempted to create a scare by denouncing rhubarb as a poisonous plant, in- asmuch as it contained oxalic acid which, in a crystalline form; is insoluble, and tends to form concretion. This was not very pleasant reading for the thousands of people who freguently enjoy their" stewed rhubarb." After this the Lan- cet," which is usually a terribly alarmist medical paper, rounds upon this rival alarmist and tells him that if rhubarb must go because it contains oxalic acid, so must cocoa, tea, cbffee, chocolate, plums, figs, potatoes, cabbages, gooseberries, strawberries, and a whole crowd of other comes- tibles, all of which contain oxalic acid, and some of them in much larger quantity than does rhu- barb. After reading the Lancet article, which was well quoted round in the Daily Press, the users of rhubarb remembered that they had often eaten rhubarb before without being pois- oned by it, and the scare died down as quickly as it arose. Truly a little knowledge of chemistry is a dangerous thing. A NEW POULTRY BREED—BOURBOURGS —In France this new breed of fowls is now being largely bred. The Bourbourgs are considered by the French the best market fowl ever produced. They are splendid layers of very large brown eggs each egg weighing over 2 ozs. and they are non- sitters. In appearance the Bourbourgs are like the Columbian Wyandottes, except that they are larger in body, being equal in size to the Faver- olle; they have single combs, and the same style of plumage as the light Brahma, with scant shank and toe feathering. They are larger than the Plymouth Rocks, and have a long breast bone, without the prominent projection of many of the present-day fowls. They are an ideal market fowl, because they grow quickly, and the flesh is about equal to that of the turkey. In these days, whe,n we have incubators more or less perfect, broody hens are not required, but the public de- mand large brown eggs, and the Bourbourg is the only fowl which does not become broody, yet lays the coveted tinted eggs, and plenty of them. There is no standard of perfection yet—the French breeding them for utility purposes only- thus the breed lacks type, but with careful breed- ing they will be greatly improved. PRACTICAL SCIENCE.— The Oxfordshire County Council have been experimenting in the manuring of swedes, while the Berkshire County Council have organised an extensive scheme of manurial experiments on grass lands. We hope soon to see the Board of Agriculture acting as a sort of London clearing house for the experi- mental schemes of the agricultural committees of the county councils. Much overlapping might be saved and experiences correlated. Lucerne appears to grow in favour, and is now grown further north than used to be the case. The ex- cellent scientists associated with the West of Scotland College have been successful in showing that the application of a bacterial culture aids lucerne in obtaining and fixing nitrogen. The cost of the application is small and the improve- ment obtained very appreciab le. Witness what science is doing. Professor Carruthers, speaking of germinating standard in farm seeds, he says that in ten years the level for foxtail, a seed much in use, has been raised from 20 per cent. ¡ to 80 per cent.! The farmer can now buy fox- tail, guaranteed 80 per cent. of it to germinate, for little over what he used to have to pay for seed selected so unscientifically that an honest vendor dare not guarantee the healthy germina- tion of more than one-fifth of what was sown. SCARCITY OF PIGS.—Owing to the unprece- dented shortage of pigs all over the world, the consumption of bacon has been greatly reduced; in fact, the extreme price now demanded puts it almost beyond the reach of working people with only an ordinary income. In past years Britain has been fortunate in receiving large supplies of cured hams and bacon from the United States of America, but, owing to the rapidly increasing population in that country, it would appear that very soon the Yankees will require all the pork they can produce for their own requirements. Now, this is surely an opportunity for the British farmer to go in for the feeding and breeding of pigs. Young pigs, just weaned from the sow, selling at prices ranging from 25s. to 30s. each, and pork from 7s. 6d. to 8s. per stone of 141b., should make farmers think over the matter, and go strongly in for the breeding and feeding of pigs. Some say, "Oh! pork will soon become cheap again." Don't be afraid; it can be at less price and still show a good margin of profit, but it will never reach the low price it did some years ago, when American bacon flooded the markets. Let landlords encourage their tenants by assisting in providing suitable accommodation for pigs, so that they may be able to go into this line, which has been so sadly neglected in the past, and which to all appearances, will be a most remunerative branch of farming. THE CATSHILL VENTURE.—Small owner- ship has become so vital a matter for twentieth century England that it is of importance to look closely into the conditions of success at Catshill. The Worcester County Council in 1893 bought a large farm near the village of Catshill. The farmer had come to grief; the place was vacant; Men were out of work in consequence, and neigh- bouring farmers were apprehensive of the curse of weeus which will spread over the parish from neglected land. The county council, therefore, in putting small owners on this farm, started with warm local sympathy and active good will. Thus at the start did Catshill differ toto ccelo from the villages where the present Government has put occupants of lands compulsorily taken. The second step there was of a soirited indi- vidualism. The heavy deposit required by the Acts extant in 1893 being out of the question for men whose good will and good thews were their capital, together with some personal skill in field work. some private gentlemen came forward and found the deposit at trustees' security rate of interest. This is exactly what the new Bill that next Unionist Administration is expected to in- troduce would do for the entire countryside. There will be—there must be—no deposit re- quired by the State. The third point to note at Catshill is that the county council had full power to choose the right sort of men. Under the Act of 1908 the council, if composed of men who love 1 and understand country life, can still do some- thing to prevent the installation of the unfit, but the onus is against them. If a man applies, something must be adduced against his fitness or he will be installed. A new Act will require to copy Catshill to at least this extent, that some prima-facie evidence or likelihood of fitness will have to be produced by the applicant HERDS AND FLOCKS.—The health of cattle and sheep is good but one hears of a bad increase of swine fever last week, 452 animals having to be slaughtered, or about twice an average num- ber on the basis of weekly returns for the last three years. The excellent sale of beef is a de- cided aid to farmers, and mutton is also appre- ciating, albeit it is still somewhat cheaper than usual. The protraction of winter into May has kept up the demand for pork, and all forms of pig flesh are selling at goodprices, well above the average of recent years. The increased price of pork is not expected to be lost, and there is a very marked improvement in farmers' interest in the pigsty. The small owner can always man- age a small piggery, and even on large farms the pig is no longer relegated to the position of a sub- sidiary animal to be fed on general leavings. At the Glasgow show there was one of the finest shows of black-faced sheep on record. It is gratifying to know that this hardy and excellent breed fully holds its own in the w hole country between the lCyde in the north-west and the Tweed in the south-east. The clipping of horses in the spring appears to obtain increased veterinary support. The mat- ter is a choice of evils, but the horse is a freely persDiring animal, and the drawbacks of not clipping seem greater than those of clipping, which may be obviated by care and the exclusion of dangers such as draught and exposure for some time after the helpful operation. Sir Gilbert Greenall's harness mares and geldings averaged £34- apiece. The price, though fair, was certainly not striking, and this distinguished breeder can- not be considered lucky, seeing how carefully and with what knowledge he selects his stud. The Oakfield shorthorns averaged P,29 18s. 9d. each. The Lincoln Fair sales included some decidedly good prices. One red shorthorn fetched 112gs. and another 82gns. The Lincolnshire Red Short- horn Association has decided to offer special prizes at the shows of the Bath and West," of Notts County, and of Leicestershire. HORSES WITH BROKEN WIND.—I should be pleased to have your advice as to the case of a farm horse suffering from broken wind, as we call it here. In fact, I have two cases in the stable, one of long standing, the other that of a younger horse in extra good condition, but troubled with a cough and heaving at the flanks. This horse has been fed of late on ground oats (hashed) with a little bran damped and mixed; j also oat straw, as hay seems to aggravate the trouble. This complaint lias been going on for some months, and I fear may become chronic.— Small Holding. [Replying to this query, we may state that broken wind in horses simulates asthma in the human subject, and although it can arise from a variety of causes, vet it may be said to exist in two forms-first, from spasms or rigid contraction of the muscles of the small bronchial tubes, induced by inhaling certain matters, such as the aroma of newly-made hay, causing hay fever (or hay asthma in man). This form is at times amenable to treatment by the inhalation of the fumes of camphor, oil of eucalyptus, turpen- tine, carbolic acid or the smoke of burnt straw, and the administration of small doses of camphor digitalis, and belladonna. The second form is of more importance, and is due to structural change in the lungs, some of the small air cells or tubas becoming ruptured and the air forcing its way through the substance and tissues of the lungs, giving them a blubbery appesirsmce, and called Emphysema. This latter form may be caused by a bad attack of bronchitis, influenza, or pneu- monia, but it is more frequently induced by bad food, hay in particular, which acts on the gastric- branches of the pneunionogastric nerve and through reflex action implicates the chest branches of the same nerve. Such cases are in- curable, and the great point is to get the animal to work comfortably, and for this purpose the- feeding must be regulated, nutritious food of not too bulky a nature has to be give., and plenty of fresh air. These cases do best when kept out of doors night and day, winter and summer. We have known horses 'ive fer years, work regularly, and do well when kept outside. This, in fact. ii, our fsivourite remedy-" Open-air treatment. ABORTION IN COWS.—We quote the fol- lowing passage from Professor Penberthy's sug- gestive article on Scientific Experiments on Animal Disesises :—As to the action to be taken to rid a herd of infection, in the first pfare it must be insisted on that this shall not be effected I by selling infected animals, so as to expose healthy herds to infection. The disease is so prevalent that any sign or suggestion of approaching al>or~ tion should be immediately followed by isolation, I or reparation, without stopping to consider if the abortion is contagious or sporadic. As an in- fected cow is probably not dangerous to her neigh- bours until the time of abortion, all possible at- tention must be paid to the first case, as by prompt action sill further trouble may possibly be averted. In every case the abortion, if dis- covered, should with its membranes, all dis- charged matter and any contaminated litter or fodder, be burned, with the aid of a little paraffin, otherwise safely buried. If the abortion is found in the field, quicklime may be applied to the con- taminated surface if in the cowshed the stall and any soiled article, etc., should be freely flushed with boiling water or some other reliable disin- fectant. The cow should be isolated, if possible, by being placed in a house apart from other pregnant animals, and be not attended to by persons working with the latter. Her tail, hind parts, indeed, all parts of the animal on. which discharge from the cagina may have been deposit- ed, should be disinfected with a 3 or 4 per cent. solution of carbolic acid. This treatment should be carried out daily so long as there is any dis- charge from the vagina. Tepid 2 per cent.* solu- tion of carbolic acid. or of 1 part of corrosive sublimate in 3.000 parts of water, should be in- jected into the vagina twice daily for three or four weeks. This procedure entails considera hler trouble and expense, and it will often be found difficult to carry it out in its entirety. Three months after abortion, if the foregoing measures- have been adopted, the cow may be put to the bull, and, as far as possible, preserved from the risks of re-infection. If no cow is sent to the bull until these conditions are fulfilled, the chance of his becoming contaminated will be slight, but a,, an extra precaution it may be advisable to dis- infect the sheath and under parts before and after service. In view of what has been before said as to cows which have aborted being less susceptible to the malady, it would appear pro- bable that efforts to exterminate the disease on a farm are more likely to be effectual and econ- omical, if such cows are retained rather than sold and new ones brought in to fill their places. If this plan be generally adopted, not only are af- fected herds likely to be rid of the disease in a shorter time. but the risks of infecting other clean herds will be materially reduced. Cows, which after treatment, sis suggested, return to the bull time after time, are probably incapable of con- ception. and it will usually be most economical to fatten them for slaughter. HOW IT ST HIKES A GERMAN.—Some in- teresting impressions or travel in England have recently been given by Herr Zelter. a prominent East Prussian hindowner and agriculturist, in an address to the Stettin Agricultural Association Herr Zelter lists lately been in England, and spent most of his time in the shires looking about him with a farmer's eye for the causes of the chronic depression of English agriculture. He came away with the conviction that our bad farming is at fault, and that this in turn is due to the peculiarities of our land system. Herr Zel- ter began his observations from the window of a railway carriage from Harwich to London. He saw nothing in Essex but open fields. lonely farms and sheep. There were no cattle, and neither po- tato nor beet fields-tlio signs of intensive culture to which he had been used in Germsiny. He demanded to be shown the best England could do in agriculture, and was sent off to Lincoln- shire. the richest of agricultural counties. He complains first of the lack of agricultural ind i- viduality in Loncolnshire. The method of culti- vation is everywhere the same. One farm is ex- actly like inother-,tliN-ays the same wheat and barley fields bounded by hedges, clover, pasture for sheep, turnips, the only vegetable of the kind grown. He next turns his attention to the land; system. The soil is in the hands of a very few rich landowners, none of whom farm themselves, as. indeed, is inevitable from the size of the es- tates. The actual cultivator is the tenant-far- mer, who. with a relatively low rent to pay, leads a fairly easy existence. Usually the landlord is glad to get a tenant at all for his land. Agricul- ture is held in no very high esteem. The land- lord, therefore, does not put the screw on the ten- ant. Even he is behind with his rent. An un- interrupted fall in agricultural rents is to be noted. Bad times do not spur the tenant to make the most he can out of his holding. They merely cause reduction of rent. No wonder, therefore, if there is no progress in agriculture. The same rotation of crops has been followed for forty years—wheat, barley, clover, turnips. Arti- ficial manure is seldom used and sparingly, and yet this magnificent soil yields rich crops. It i>? a country expressely made for intensive culture, but stagnant because of the peculiar conditions which obtain. I do not believe, says Herr Zel- ter, that low prices for grain have brought about the decay of agriculture. I believe the principal cause is to be sought in the peculiar system of land tenure. Love of the soil does not exist. The Englishman is no farmer-cattle-breeder, perhaps, but no agriculturist. He deserts the land when his lot there becomes difficult, and goes where little work and more easily earned profits attract him. A comparison of British with German agriculture which leaves out of sight the high prices secured for German produce by means of the tariff, omits an important factor, but Herr Zelter's impressions are valuable as being typi- cal of the opinion of things British current among intelligent Germans who have no official or other reason for keeping their thoughts to themselves. ——— :———

Captain VOl) Pustau, the German naval expert J states that Austria intends to build sixteers Dreadnoughts.

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