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AUSTRALIAN ITEMS.

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AUSTRALIAN ITEMS. Pictorial Blue Books. — Several of the blue books annually published by the New South Wales Government are made interesting by the introduc- tion of large photo engravings and coloured maps illustrating the descriptive matter. The most im- portant of these publications is the report of the Colonial Public Works Deparment for 1897, which contains fine views of a government pilot steamer Hew lock and weir on the River Darling; court- house and police buildings at Parramatta; land find survey offices at East Maitland and Dubbo; post and te'egraph offices at Mount Victoria; out- fall sewer at Arneliffe; and an aqueduct carrying a. sewer at White's Creek. Most of the new pub- lic buildings constructed by the department are characterised by considerable taste and originality I Of design, and aid largely in the ornamentation of the localities in which tliey are situated. The maps, which are beautifuliy executed, show the improvements being effected in connection with the coastal rivers of New South Wales. The en- trance to each of these is more or less impeded by t bars and shifting sand-banks, but active progress is being made with a carefully devised system of I giiiie banks, training walls, and breakwaters, which is believed will make them as readily nav- igable as are the Thames or the Mersey. Upwards of jB750,000 has nlreldy been expended on the var- ious works, but the outlay was necessary, consider- ing that the improvement of the rivers, by making them serviceable and convenient for purposes of I navigation, is a matter of vital importance in the development of the colony, forming, as they do, the natural highways of some of its richest and most fertile districts. I Divorce in Australia.—In New South Wales, the Supreme Court, in addition to granting de- crees for dissolution of marriage for judicial sep- aration, for nttllity of marriage, and for restitu- tion of conjugal rights also deals with questions of alimony, custody, maintenance, and educattion of children, damages against an adulterer, and settle- ments of property. A suit in forma pauperis can- j not be obtained without a judge's order, and to j obtain such it is.necessary to obtain the certificate j of the registrar and an affidavit of the party ap- plying as to means of living, and, where a suit is f by a wife, the means of her husband, and that he J or sue latter the payment of just debts) is not in pos^ssion of property worth JB25, except wearing apparel and household furniture. After a decree nisi has been granted, it can be made absolute at any time subsequent to the date fixed by the court for that purpose. Neither party can re-marry un- til after fourteen days from the date of the decrea nisi having been made absolute. The chief grounds for divorce under the old Act were adultery since marriage on the part of the wife, and adultery and cruelty on the part of the husband. In addition to the foregoing causes, petitions for divorce can now be granted on any one of too following grouds: Husband and wife.—Desertion for not I less than three year. habitual drunkenness for a similar period; being imprisoned under a sentence °f three years or upwards; attempt to murder or inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults on him within one year previously. Wife and hus- inflict grievous bodily harm, or repeated assaults on him within one year previously. Wife and hus- band.—Adultery, provided that. at the time of the institution of the suit the husband is domiciled in New Souli Wales desertion for not less than three years; liabitual drunkenness for same period; J being imprisoned for three years or upwards, or having within live years undergone various sen- \tences amounting in all to not less than three years attempt to murder or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm. or repeated as- saults within one year previously. To entitle either party to seek relief 'on any one of these grounds he or she must have been domici'ed in the colony at the time of instituting the suit for three years and upwards, and should not have resorted to the colony for the purpose of the suit. When a wife seeks for a divorce on the ground of three years' desertiop, if she was domiciled in New South Wales when the desertion commenced she is not deemed to have lost her domicile by reason of her husband having thereafter acquired a for- eign domicile. Administration of Justice in Australia.—Tn New South Wales the jurisdiction of magistrates is limited to offences involving a penalty of six months' imprisonment and under in all cases ex- cept those under the Distillation Acts and the Cus- toms Regulation Acts, when sentence of. twelve months can be imposed,'and two years for cases under the Chinese Restriction and Regulation Act, and the Children's Protection Act. After a person I is committed by a inagistrate or coroner, the de- positions of the case are forwarded to a clerk of the peace, thence to the crown prosecutor of the district for an opinion; the papers are then trans- mitted by the clerk of the peace to the attorney- general, who determines whether a bill shall be found. Provision has been made in the criminal law for whipping as an additional punishment, chiefly for offences classed as wanton and unpro- voked assaults and indecent exposure. The court adjudicating must. however, consist of two or more justices, one of whom must be a police or stipendiary magistrate. In the Sydney metropol- itan district the cases are decided Wx>re two sti- pendiary magistarates. Judges of the Supreme Court preside over the Ganiral Criminal and the fifteen circuit courts. The courts- of quarter ses- sions are presided over by chairmen, who are also judges of the district courts. These are seven chairmen, two of whom preside over the metro- politan, suburban, and Hunter districts, and one over each of the five remaining districts. Accused persons in each jurisdiction ara tried by a jury of twelve. The Central Criminal and circuit courts and courts of quarter s ssion-, have co-cr.'inate jurisdiction, excepting as regards capital charges, which cannot be dealt with by courts of quarter sessions. Under the Distillation Act a. fine of RlrjO may be imposed, and uder the Chinese Re- striction and Regulation Act a penalty of £ 600 niay be inflicted for sach Chinese entering by laiifi or carried in excess of the nnmber fixed bv the Act. by any vessel arriTing in New South Wales. I j Prisoners under sentence to penal, servitude or to hard labour on the roads and public works, or to imprisonment with hard labour, become eligible for discharge under the ordinary remission regu- lations, and in anticipation of-such discharge; in sentences of five to ten years similarly at aperiod of two years anterior to discharge; in sentences of ten years and upwards at a, period of two years and six months anterior to discharge. The break- water now under supervision at Trial Bay is be- ing supervised by officers of the Public Works Dev partment, and the prisoners engaged in work who are entirely under the control of the Comptroller- General o fPrisons, receive some little monetary remuneration, as wrell as being supplied with ra- tions and clothing which is not of the prison pat- tern. | —

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