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STOCK NOTES.

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STOCK NOTES. [Written specially for the "Herald."] Another month has passed away-three-fourtiis of it a. continuation of the drought, during which graziers passed anxious days and weeks, many be- in" compelled to force their fat and store stock on falling market, but at last the welcome rain fell in copious quantities, accompanied by violent storms of tempest, seldom experienced in mid- summer; and to all present appearance, the bred:-up of the weather is likely to continue, at least for a time. The dried and parched soils have received a thorough soaking. Although this change will seriously interfere with late hay and early corn harvest operations, the beneficial results to stock owners will be great and far- reaching. Fat stock can be held back and marketed more in proportion to the demand, while the prospects of stockholders will greatly improve. Aftermaths will be heavy, and grass pastures will yet yield what Nature held in suspense during the previous dry months of May, June and July. Singular to say, I have observed that South .Wales has suffered less from the drought than the North and even in the latter district, the full of rain has been irregular. RESULT OF THE RAIN UPON STOCK VALUE. With greatly improved pastures a.nd the pro- bability of continued growth of grasses for back end grazing and the root crop (especially the late sown) in an improved condition, we may fairiy anticipate an improved demand for store stock, and also upon fat stock. It may be of 80m? interest to the readers of the "Herald" for the writer to pass an individual opinion upon the different classes of stock bred and purchased for winter grazing and feeding, their value, and the prospects of profit. In this month's notes I shall more particularly refer to sheep. THE SHEEP INDUSTRY OF NORTH WALES. Of late years, this industry has been the main- stay of North Wales farmsrs, as far as profits are concerned. Owing to the scarcity and cost of labour, a considerable percentage of arable land has bten converted into pasture for grazing, and more particularly for sheep.' THIS INDUSTRY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE CLASSES. (1) Those farmer., who breed their own sheep On lowland pastures, maintaining the number of their stock by an yearly selection of ewe lambs; and their uniformity by drafting out yearly the oldest and weakest. These stocks are mostly large sheep, pure or crossbreds, and are kept [ principally in gentlemen's parks, home farms, and gintleman farmers, and represent an average of 10 'or 15 per cent, of the whole. (2) The hill farmers, who breed and sell for feeding and grazing purposes, ewes and wethers, and a limited numbers of hill lambs. Nearly all the sheep in this section are pure-bred Welsh. This section represents some 40 per cent, of the Whole. (31 Those farmers who buy and feed the sheep and lambs named in the second section. This section must practically represent an equal num- ber with class 2, as far as buying and selling is ( concerned. Referring to these systems, the climatic condi- tiona of the district, the quality of soil, or whether the farm is best adapted for grazing or for root and corn feeding, and the individual taste and inclination of the farmer generally de- cide what class of stock to purchase; but in the .whole demand of agriculture, there is no subject .where farmers differ more than as to what das* of stock pays best. j SOME ESTIMATES. As the farmer must soon mature and decide his plan of operations for another year, I will endeavour briefly to anticipate the gross profits tinder each section. Referring to the first, or stationary breeding stock, it is at once clear that the gross profit as the value of the limbs, either fat or for store purposes. Assuming that this class of stock are of the large breed, a fair average of 27s 6d each (Will represent value as fat, while the stock iValue of well-bred lambs should be aibout equal, 5f keep is plentiful. Average value of the ewe ghouLd be 40s, and) JB200 would represent the jHitilay fotr 100 ewes, and the grazing require- ments would be five large against the grazing requirements of two small ewes, representing an average outlay of 17s. I shall pass over the wool value in both classes1, allocating its small value against deaths and incidental expenses. [Rut, without a doubt, there are less deaths in home bred stock than in stock purchased. THE FLYING STOCK. It is so named because it is thought and sold Q clean out yearly. The average period for the ewe to be located on the farm is ten months,— mo from September and October to August and September in the following year. Ewes are cleared earlier and later than this. But it must be understood that these notes represent the general practice, and not isolated instances of periods, figures, and values. One hundred ewes of this class represent a value of JB85 and >6o make the best use of these ewes, it is impera- tive on good land that a pure-bred ram of the larger breeds should be mated with them. It 5s true that pure-bred Welsh lambs will get fat, and even very fat^; but their ripeness is an un- saleable commodity, because the consumer re- quires ripe, matured, lean flesh, with an over- layer of fat only; and this quality can only be secured by crossing with either a Shropshire, a Wiltshire, a Southdown, a Leicester, or any other large ram with feedin,g properties,—the three former for choice. This class of ewe, will, on good land, thrive herself, and fatten her itambs with scarcely any hand-feeding. The greatest drawback in this class of stock is in securing healthy and thriving ewes, £ he death- role in occasional seasons being iserious. I will now endeavour to place a. comparative statement of first cost and value of produce — LARGE EWES. VaJue. £ s. d. 100 large ewes at 40s 200 0 0 62 acres of land to graze alt 30s. 95 0 0 JB295 0 0 Produce sold and stock kept. P, s. d. 120 lambs at 25s 150 0 0 100 ewes, value 200 0 0 350 0 0 Deduct 293 0 0 Balance. JB57 0 0 SMALL EWES. VaJue. JB s. d. 100 ewes at 17s 85 0 0 25 xcres of land to graze at 30s. 37 10 0 L122 10 0 Produce sold and stock kept. £ s. d. 100 lambs at 22s uq 0 0 100 ewes left at 17s 85 0 0 195 0 0 Deduct 122 10 0 Balance 72 10 0 In this calculation. I have ;issTimed that an acre of average land will keep four Welsh ewes, and 25 acres a. 100 and if two large ewes will I require. as much keep as five small, it will, therefore, require 62 acres to keep 100. With the view of securing uniformity and fa.ir comparison, I have assumed that both classes of ewes will produce and rear, the Welsh ewes one lamb each, and the larrre ewes 120 iambs to the hundred. This productiveness with no barrens ns never reached bur what applies to ore class apolies to the other. I have also assumed that the carcases of the ewe or the store value, after the lamb is sold, can be maintained: n both classes. Summarising, the result is as follows In favour of the small ewe: Two months less keep JB125 less outlay; JB15 10s increased re- turns; better adaptability to all classes of pas- ture the production, of a more saleable carcase ] of lamb for North, Wales requirements. Against small ewe The great difficulty in se- curing sound and thriving ewes; the occasional heavy losses in winter and early spring through death, and, the fear of infection in scab and foot rot. In favour of the large home-bred ewe Small- er death percentage; more freedom from infec- 1 tious disease. Against the larger ewe: Requires good land only larger outlay; less profit; two months more keep; more unsaleable carcase when fat, requiring more hand food in a. severe winter. Before leaving the Welsh ewe. I would point out that from general observation in many counties, I find that invariably the best and I strongest are the cheapest; and although many practice keeping the ewes for two years service, purchasing the ewe annually direct from the hills is the safest. But where fresh and strong ewes can be purchased, a selection of the best of them can be profitably kept to produce early lambs, and when these ewes and lambs are forced by good keeping, the pair are often cleared off the land with profitable results at or before the end of July. L But the Welsh ewe, in particular, these last two years, has been subject to an insidious and relentless scourge in the form of influenza. To my knowledge, a percentage, in many instances, of fully 20 per cent. have uaed this year and last, xhe disease is most prevalent in wet and exposed lowland pastures. It commenced its ravages early in 1899. In many instances, whole flocks suffered. Some districts in particu- lar were generally infected with continuous deaths. Those that lived, revived in the warm months of July and August; but, unfortunately. those that were kept for another year's service experienced another wet spring, and the death- roll has been very severe. Cf all stock, the sheep, from practice and inditterence, is the least cared for when ailing. The sheep, when attacked, has all the symptoms of pneumonia, the nostrils are full of offensive running matter, which (if once clogged) ends speedily in death. The sheep, at times, lingers long in an indiffer- ent. inactive, listless posture, and it has been found that after death their lungs are so inflamed ,ar.d extended, that breathing is impossible. Many remedies have been tried, the best being the preventative, by purchasing no store ewes unless they hn.ve every appearance of being clear of the fell disease. 'Hand feeding during the winter months in severe weather is recom- mended also a change of pasture as often as possible. Some flock owners advocate a small dose of whisky to infected shoe-- as beneficial. Others suggests that an injection of turpentine to the nostrils is very effective. The latter treatment enables the sheep to clear the nostrils' end and passages. In either case. these inexpensive remedies are worth a trial. In conclusion upon this matter, it behoves the purchaser to be unusually cautious this year in purchasing his store ewes after two wet cold winters, which has left a large per- centage in a weak and doubtful state of health. I PROBABLE VALUE OF STORE EWES. The farmer and' crazier having experienced a fairly remunerative return with the ewes pur- chased last year, early fat lambs selling un- usually dear. and the average season value must also. on an average, be reckoned as satisfac- tory. Owing to the high value of mutton in the spring and general scarcity, very many ewes, in a forward condition, have already been marketed. Therefore, I am inclined to think that we shall see store ewes (especially the best) selling dear and sharp, and at an advance. I am of opinion that the sooner store ewes are purchased and freshened, the more likely they are to breed good, strong, healthy lambs, whenever mated. Even if the ewes are pur- chased early mating can be done at any date. I shall endeavour to express an opinion upon wether sheep in my next notes. STORE CATTLE. The demand is still also stationary, with very little improvement. But after the result of the rain, we can expect a little more inquiry, es- pecially for half-meated bullocks and heifers. But the price of this class of stock, depending upon fl>» hftftf. will V" The answer depends upon the solution at a most difficult problem. Will the foreign sup- ply of live cattle be more plentiful? Will the chilled and frozen supply continue to increase in heaps and bounds as it has done this last three or four months? Will the Argentine live cattle trade have the present restrictions re- moved? Will the delay of the returning trans- ports from South Africa" seriously interfere with the live stock imports from the States and! Canada for the next three months? If anyom can answer these queries satisfactory to me, I will endeavour to express a confident opinion but as this is impossible, I can only venture to express an opinion; and' that opinion is that I think present value of home-fed beef will con- tinue for a time; and it follows that the value of half-meaited and fresh store cattle will im- prove. Besides, the feeder has more confi- dence to purchase after the most remunerative winter and spring feeding he has experienced for manv years—a change of furtune much needed. The English grazier also will have more courage to purchase store bullock to graze his land! after the summer fat cattle are cleared. Ouitlavers will also be sought after; and on the whole, the store cattle trade is more cheerful. FAT STOCK. Fat cattle have kept their value and I re- port the best bullock and heifer beef 6id to 7d secondary quality, 6|d to 6:i<d; fresh young fat cows, 5id to 6d. The States supply has in- creased at all the ports; and the best is quoted this week at 6d to 6id, offal included; while the chilled! supply has again increased in value and' quantity. FAT CALVES. These are plentiful and lower. Plenty of good, useful calves are purchased from 6d to 7d; but the vea^ season will soon be over, when re- quirements will be less, and prices probably higher, owing to a shorter supply. higher, owing to a shorter supply. FAT PIGS. Fat pigs are very little inquired after, the best selling at 3§d to 3|d, live weights. •The value of porkeTS is nominal until the porket season of September begins. FAT SHEEP. The value of good wether sheep is well-main- tained. and likely to continue firm. I quote wethers from 8d to 8*d for best; and an ex- treme price for light weight, hoggs, 8^d smaJ ripe thick ewes, medium weights, average from: 7d to 7!d; Welsh, ewes, half-fat, sell low, and are quoted at 6jd to 7d. FAT LAMBS. The first three weeks after my last notes, lambs in great numbers were forced' upon the markets, and sold low. The general value for beat is 8d to 8^d; seconds, 7J,d to 8d; inferior and small lambs, selling very low; but this last week's prices have improved, and are likely to do so. Best class of strong lambs are already sought after for winter keep; and prices are firm. I think that the lamb market especially for best, has seen the lowest point.— J.J., L.

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