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POOR LAW REFORM.

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POOR LAW REFORM. (N o. 6.) THE vast army of the poor has been greatly increased in recent years by altered industrial conditions, and it is to be hoped that the Royal Commission re- cently appointed to inquire into the work- ing of tne Poor Laws will take cognisance oi those altered conditions, as they apply to the workers themselves, their trade union organisations, their friendly socie- ties, and the changes wrought by machinery, motive power, increased rates of remuneration, and the decay and cessa. tion of those personal relations which formerly existed between employers and employed. The skilled workman has successfully demanded higher rates of wages and one unanticipated result as been that as soon as the workman's skill falls below the re- munerative point he is discharged, his employer being fully aware that as the wodkmaii measures everything by the rate 1? employer cannot be guided by philanthropy. In former B7 S OR1' HIS MEN IN THE with personal reservations. Wao-es were paid on the average, and if Some°of the men were worth les!s than the average STERAT;^ERT,WERE WRTH davs th-r. Seldom made- In these NS~KC H3S BEEN FIXED AT SO much per hour, and the only possible de- fence of the employer is to get r?d of the incompetent and they are gft rid of just considerations ^of ^ny ti^d^ ?ei"S°naI seven pence -demands often unrW °r, e,&htpence an hour is soon as it ic t°ra8"reement, and as his wao-e« th u"1 w{letller he can earn char d°"bt is. s^t at rest by dis- 11 r, a taking on one who is MeSuTabIy Worth his wages! -too old f be,en said lateIy about being Tthl Y°r r °-k at forty- Whether forty there lmit We need not discuss, but tion o-" n* 6 n° ^ouht that recent legisla- f„r • compensation to workmen PTr>f,n/UneS ^as made employers very tin<r rvv1n°t en§"age men who are get- alert thanan(LWh° are ^se^e^y ]ess i_r; 1 the young, and less active. thp!L ^a§"es mean high pressure, and in wap-I a^f w^en men claim a uniform an, ..re^use to be paid according to rP hty, there is nothing for it but rllcolf0 ar?e t'le *ess capable, and they are discharged and gradually drift, through 11 nfrri^ their own, into the ranks of the ployed. When a man of this kind j comes before a Board of Guardians he seems in every way fit, and he is asked why he does not obtain employment. The man cannot answer. All he knows is that he is not wanted. The reason is that trade unions will not allfow him to accept less than the regular rate of wages. He z it Sah^,SS i.tbe Per'°d when he is worth Lrlt°Ulh -he may not th^k so, and discharged. We a^ not inp- iG trade union system of fix- whatev^+t, there can be no doubt men out'of SyStem tend* to throw old ao- r when they approach the be. lmit whatever that limit may HAL 'FFF TTHT DASSES of men who E-iven'RFM Y • !E^'SLATION WHICH has 5L compensation for injuries namely ST 0'defrive in hension R\ FRS AME' OR DULL of appre- has to na Umsy* 1116 employer who nas to pay compensation for' injuries is now careful to see that t^T mJune& 1S • AT THE persons he employs are neither mentally nor physi- Y efective, and are not suffering from TES ECTH °F P°WERI °R FMM 5NHerited de- lects. 1 HE man who is forgetful, for in- stance, or careless, is got rid of before he brings about disaster, and he drifts slowly but surely into the ranks of the needy, and sooner or later, if death does not intervene, has to apply for parish re- lief. In these days great industries re- quire skill, alertness, promptitude, deci- sion, punctuality, and sobriety. Take, for instance, employment on railways. A drunken pointsman, or guard, or engine- driver, or signalman, might easily bring I about appalling disaster. This means that men with any defects are got rid of and once they are cast out because of any physical, mental, or moral defect, future employment is almost impossible and they drift into the ranks of the, unemployed. In the old days almost all work was done by hand, but in these days a work- man may have to be entrusted with a machine worth thousands of pounds. The modern workman has far greater respon- sibilities than his predecessors had, but has fewer personal ties. Far too often he himself is almost part of the industrial machinery, and his humanity does not count with his employer any more than his employer's risks and difficulties count with him. All we want to show is that the workman of to-day has sacrificed certain personal relationships for an increased wage rate, and that one of the results is that Boards of Guardians all over the country have to deal with applicants for relief who seem to be quite able to maintain themselves, but who truly say that they cannot obtain work. The proportion of skilled craftsmen who sink into actual pauperism is, however very small indeed. Some of them pass upward into places of trust, others go into business on their own account, the bulk of the remainder either ma'ke provision for themselves or are provided for by their families. Every craft, however, like every family, has its incapables and wastrels who are known to be practically hopeless of self-maintenance. Their downward course is not traced, as a rule, but it is as definite as life itself. The standard of industrial efficiency has been greatly elevated during the past half cen- tury, while human nature has remained very much what it was. One result of this elevation of the standard of indus- trial efficiency is that the lower sort can- not find employment, and hence recent movements for sending them to the land, movements which are not likely to be sue. cessful for reasons we need not discuss in these articles- The real cures for the industrial evils we are dealing with must be provided by the people themselves. All we have to do with these evils at pre- sent is as far as they affect the adminis- tration of the Poor Laws. There can be no doubt that in great industrial centres the wear and tear of life are very severe and the tendency is for a large number of the feebler sort, mentallv, morally, and physically to drift into destitution, not because they are absolutely incapable of self-maintenance, but because they are unfit for the increasing- strain demanded by modern industry. The demands of In dustrial life are greater than the people's power of adaptation. This fact brings about all sorts of problems which the administrators of the Poor Laws fifty years ago were not called upon to face. In the old days there was always some sort of woi k unskilled labour—to which people could be put. In these days it may almost be said that there is no un- skilled labour. However simple a pro- cess may be it now has to be performed with such precision and rapidity that only the carefully trained are equal to it. There is a notion—a foolish and unwar- ranted notion—that the profitable cultiva. tion of land is work that almost any sort of city derelict can do. This foolish notion has a twin notion equally foolish, namely, that the city derelict can and will work on the land apart from the question of success. What those have to do who hope to grapple successfully with national problems of poverty is to realize that one of the things the people do who are work- ing on the land is to leave it on the first opportunity. One way to increase rural prosperity JS to still further reduce the -umber of those who work on the land. Another of the ways to increase rural prosperity is to re-establish industries in the country, to develop villages, and to get rid of isolated dwellings and primitive methods and conditions. (To be continued).

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THE RIGHT HON. D. LLOYD GEORGEI