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POLITICAL PARTIES ON THE EASTERN…

WEEKLY NOTES.

CONWAY: ITS CHARTER AND i…

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CONWAY: ITS CHARTER AND i CORPORATION. To-day, Saturday, March the 17th, 1877, the ancient town of Counay assumes tho privileges of a new char- ter granted under the reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria. This is the day, in fact, on which the gentlemen named to form the first reformed corporation are elected, aDd it is a matter of congratu- lation that the burgesses of the borough have shown their sound sense in confining, at last, the number of nominees to that which it was proposed to elect on the corporation. The members that have been selected are men who are all of them thoroughly acquainted with the district and its circumstances, and we cannot dou 'ot but that they will discharge their duties with impartiality, judgment, and ability. There is, as every one familiar with the district knows, enough and to spare of reform needed in Conway in its sanitary condition, in the state of its streets, in the regulation of its markets. In all of there matters the new corpora- tion wi!l find plenty of work to their hands. This is a fitting time at which one may glance over the past history of the old town, with especial reference to the privileges it has experienced in days gone by. Conway is a memorable town, more distinguished in history than one would imagine from its size and present importance. Its principal fame was due to its strate- gical position as a fortress, from which the Plantagenet kings could enforce the submission of the surrounding country, and keep those stubborn Welshmen under control its chief claim now on general attention is as a pictnreFque memorial of the mediceval time slow, dull Conway cannot keep pace with the bustling, hurry- ing footsteps of tbe nineteenth century. The face of the country cannot have changed very greatly since the Romans, many centuries ag", fortified a camp at Caerhuo, five miles higher up the river, and where since many relics of their occupition have been found, including a very perfect Romau shield presented by the lute Mr Hugh Griffith to Mr Gladstone. The gen- eral features of the country must remain pretty much the satne as when Prince Maelgwyn Gwynedd fortified Deganwy, early in the sixth century, succeeding to the warlike fume of Arthur, and numbering the old Talieein amon,! the baHs of his time. The strife between English and Welsh at this early time was carried on on the right bank of the river, for, indeed, chere was then no Conway town as we now see it. rima after time among those old chieftains was the castle of Deganwy stormed, carried, razed to the ground, built up afresh, and again demolished. How many times it rose like a phcenix from its ashes, oue can hardly tell. It was a thorn in the side of the Welsh Princes, for it formed the alvanced position of the English, who could reckon on the county of Chester as their own, but weie stopped as soon as they reached the Conway by the terri ']0 Snowdonian mountains, among the fastnesses of which they could expect nothing but starvation and defeat. When Henry Ill. icvaded Waleshe ventured as far as Deganwv,but no fartber,and even there his army seems to have suffered privations that must have made him feel incliued to hasten back to his native England. One of his courtiers, with him at the camp, writes We lay in our tents in watching, praying, fistiug, and freezing." We fast for want of provisions, the half- penny loaf being now advanced to fivepenee, and we freeae for want of winter garments, having but a thin linen shirt to keep us from the wind." The same cor. respondent informs his friend that the army was at length so reduced that they had but one hogshead of win. among the whole camp. A heu cost 8d a bushel of corn 20s; and a fed ox 3 or 4 marks. Sometimes they made a raid and drove in 100 head of cattle, t which they rejoiced, Henry, like John, giined mare contempt than hon mr from his campaign in Wales, and it was not t'll the headstrong Lleweiyn came down upon De. ganwy Castle aud demolished it, that the first Edward made up his royal mind to effect the subjugation of tilri Welsh. At first sight, one feels inclined to regret the fato of Llewelyn, but a second thought shows that the conquest of Wales by Edward, although effected out of malice and hatred by that king, wis a grand 8te in the way of advaucement for Wales. One mourns over the fate of Harold, but one cannot but be thankful at the success of IVillia. we bless tiJeoeffect8 of the Reformation in England, though we siMrn uod contemn the royal and bloated \)er8{}\e who was the means of its establishment. It was at Conway that the head of poor Llewelyn was brought to Edward, a princely triumph He gave the inhabitants a charter; it is written in meditcval Latin, aud Win. Sickun was iiiale the first mayor. Two bailiffs were to be elccted, all Jews were to be kept out of the town, and to the burgesses were granled s k and oalc, tol and team, and infangena thof," besides other privileges bearing equally outlandish names. Two or three times after this, in Edward Il.'s, Edward III.'s, an,1 Richard Il.'s reigns, the bailiff and burgesses were compelled to pay money for the confir- mation of this charter of Edward I., and once, indeed, in the third Edward's reign, a writ of "qlJo warranto" was issued against them to show why and how they held the town and lands under the corporation. In this they came off triumphant. When Elward had built Conway Castle, taking for his architect the planner of the castle of C-rcarvon, Heory de Elreton, he placod therein a garrison to overawe the surroundiug dis- affected Welshmen. From Williams' Antiquities of Aberconwy, we are enabled to gather an ideac of the comparative value and stragetical importance put at that day (fifteenth century) upon the Welsh castles, Then John de N "y was governor of Conway Castle,and he had under him as garrison fifteen men-at-arms, and 60 archers; the cost of maintenance of the fortress was 39ti 2d per day, or C714 Ios 101 per year. Now, Car- narvon was garrisoned by twenty men-at-arms and 80 archers, at a cost of over £900 a year Denbigh held thirty meo-at-arms and 120 archers; and Beamariil fifteen men-at-arms aud 140arohers. And so the oldfortre-s stood from year to year, we may imagine a town growing up around it, among the inhabitants of which we are cer- tain that English preponderated, for it had been the policy of successive kings to make Conway a kind of stronghold of English ideas and English power, so that the little citadel must have appeared for many centuries like an English oasis in the middle of the Welsh desert. Wb come in the reign of Henry the 7th upon a curious instance of jealousy between the antagonistic nations. Conway then was full of Englishmen, ani it appears that by some means or other some Welshmen had crept into certain offices in the town. The town porter was actually a Welshman Of course, the spirit of jealousy of the English could not brook this. ThllJloimmediately dispatched a petition to the king, imploring, among other things, that this obnoxious por- ter be instantly removed that no Welsh women be allowed to mix amongst them (ungallant racel), and complaining, moreover, that the beer was bad As they put it, it is no more meete for Welshmen to beare any office in Wales then it is for a frinchman to be sfifcer in Calis or a skotte in Bafwicke." In the same petition heavy penalties were asked against any poor Welshman who should create any "litirment" or noise on a faire daye." When Edward granted the first char- ter of incorporation, one of the conditions was that the c instable o( tho castle should be the mayor of the town, but this condition soon lapsed into disuse, and since 1570 only five or Rix constables have been appointed. These have never, however, interfered with the func- tion?? of the mayor proper, A curious question regard- ing the constitution of the corporation arose in the reigu of Elizabeth. Sir Richard Bulkeley, Knt., and M r Thomas Mostyn sought to be elected burgesses of the town, contrary to the common practice of the corporatiou at that time. Well, on Michaeliaas day, Sir Richard and Mr Mostyn put up, where- upon, says the chronicler, "three of the better sort of burges stoode lip and spake one after the other" against them. The aldermen and bailiffs thereupon broke up "that assemblage saying three of the better surte were against the election," but by some means or other, a poll being demanded, 35 hands were shown up for Sir Richard and Mr Mostyn, and only 22 aain8t, and so they went in. The eledion of an alderman was declared in 1830 to be illegal, no provision being mada for it in the old chirter. The liberties of the Corporation included the land IU the neighbourhood which was formerly in the possession 1 of the abliey they had also a large territory granted by the king, but this has been pretty well fritters I away in leases and other ways. The town ra milt sin, Morfa, one or two farms, and a mill, and II few pl us of ground in the town, are about all th it now remain of their old possessions. Toe mill at Uvllin is their property, and they had formerly two otker mills on the river, one just below the castle walls, called the salt water mill, and the other below Hendre. The stewards and millers of these mills were sworn to do their work under oath. The old towo is notable for many an old custom, and many an ancient structure of centuries gone by. The custom called stocsio," by which the lazy ones who might be found lying in bed after a certain hour in the morning were dragged forth by a hooting crowd, and thrust in the stocks, there to be gifted with mu 1, is one of the most characteristic of the rough horseplay and merriment of our fore- fathers, A mere delicate one, and a custom which one would rather see preserved than the former, is of a more sentimental kind, and consists in the young man firing upon the house of his beloved a sprig of rosemary, though to the door of the bride was attached a piece of the skeleton of a horse. Before the bridges were built the passage between England and Ireland was attended with no little difficulty, and sometimes danger. The roads from Shrewsbury and Chester used to con- verge at Conway, and then there used to come the pas- sage of the river." We in these days can hardly form an idea, of the discomfort that must have attended our ancestors in this passage. The accommodation must have been of the most meagre kind; the boat Jien were abusive, extortionate, and perhaps tipsy into the bar- pain, and the passage wu sometimes hazardous. At Christmas, 1806, a heavy swell running, the Irish mail and 13 passengers were drowned in crossing the ri ver. To recount the names of those illustrious in history who have made this passage would take up much space and time. The poet Spenser has crossed it, and re- turning has perhaps mourned the fate of the concluding hooks of The Faery Queen, sunk in the Irish seas —» fate for which posterity raises its eyes in thankfulness, inasmuch as the Faery Q\e9n is too long already. Milton's friend, "Lycidas," has crossed it, and to his sad iend we owe the noblest elegy in the language, The genius known as Dean Swift has passed this way, under the walls of the old castle, although he makes no note of his passage in the journal to Stella. The whole neighbourhood, in fact, is full of historic recollections, brave warriors have fought, learned men have studied, anlkingdoms have been lost and won around the walls of Conway. Long may its ancient prestige continue

LOCAL AND DISTRICT NEWS.

! 'ABERYSTWITH.

CARNARVON.1

DENBIGH.I

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