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A WORD TO THE WISE. - - -…
A WORD TO THE WISE. The fickle nature of the climate of this country often gives rise to a variety of ailments and com- plaints, which assuming at first the form of only a slight indisposition, if neglected and unheeded may become the germ of serious diseases, which- will undermine the constitution, and finally result in a long and lingering illness, and perhaps ter- minate fatally. The variable temperature and' the changeable weather of the last month or 807 makes it incumbent on all of us to exercise wise, and prudent precautions to counteract the evil", effects which the weather may have had upon our health and comfort. Already we frequently hear such complaints as "No appetite," "These fre- quent headaches," "This languid feelmg," and' dozens of other expressions which all point to the • urgent need of a good Tonic. Now there are sev- eral tonic mixtures offered to the Public, but none which have been so uniformly successful as Gwilym Evans's Quinine Bitters, The Vegetable Tonic. This preparation is acknowledged to be The Best Remedy of The Age for Nervousness, Weakness, Chest Affections, Palpitation of the Heart, Indigestion, Liver Complaint, and Influen- za. The numerous cases of marvellous cures effected and the restoration to perfect health of those who had long suffered and had vainly tried other re- medies, can be accounted for by simply stating the effect which Gwilym Evans' Quinine Bitters has upon the System. 1st. It strikes at the source of the disease, and by removing the cause of disease, the evil effects soon vanish. 2nd. It strengthens that part of the system which is weakest, and therefore most liable to the attacks of colds and all diseases. 3rd, It purifies the blood, and thus gives new life and foKce to all parts of the body, for disease cannot exist where there is a free circulation of pure blood. 4th. It gives healthy action to the digestive or- gans, and to the liver, thus aiding to keep away Indigestion, and the host of different forms of disease which result from it. 5th. By removing impurities, strengthening the weak parts of the system, and purifying the blood th,a human frame is well fortified to withstand the attacks of disease. It is repelled, and its place taken by health and strength, through the effec- tive action of Gwilym Evans Quinine Bitters, The Vegetable Tonic. Sold everywhere in bottles 9d. and 4s. 6d. each, or will be sent carriage freo for these prices, direct from the Sole Proprietors: —Quinine Bitters Manufacturing Company, Limi- ted, Llanelly, South Wales. Beware of Imita- tions. See that you get the genuine Preparation with the name Gwilym Evans on Label, Stamp. and Bottle, without which none is genuine.
Advertising
DO YQG TIFQUIRE A NICE HAT (SILK, FELT, OR STRAW;, t Flannel or Linkx SHIRTS GLOVES, Ties, Collars, Socks, UNDERWEAR, CAPS, UMBRELLAS ETC., OF THE LATEST STYLES ? IF YOU DO. GO TO ANCHOR BOUSE, GUILDHALL SQUARE, CARMARTHEN. THE LEADING CLOTHIERS IN CARMARTHEN ARE UNDOUBTEDLY E. Morris & Co., I And it is a pleasure at present to look into their Windows and see the Pretty Styles in Small Boys' Suits, j The Patterns in Men's, Boys', and Youths' Suits are this Year superior to anything we have seen before. THE WINDOWS OF THE SHOP WITH THE BIG HAT IN LAMMAS STREET I Easily "Takes the Cake" this Year for Smart Stuff. [804 FIVE PRIZE MEDALS. OeYOUmKg" LARBS WANT It A corrective medicine ? t weaning time, or during the Spring and Summer mont h s, as all have tape- ■ I worm more or less, which weaken the system and cause Fever, Husk, Scour, and Debility in ■ I Autumn and Winter. H t It is a real cure and preven- tive of fevers, debility, scour and worms in lambs and calves. Used on the Royal Farms, known all over the world, and pronounced by Professor nack. man, "Worth its weight in gold." Of 'all Chemists, in bottles of 30 to 40 doses for Iambs, 5s each, or direct. £1 worth and cash orders carriage paid. THE BEST REMEDY FOR THIS PURPOSE IS I SANTOVIN or Herbal Tonic or Flockmasters Friend. I I SHEEP BOOK FREE. "HEALTH FOR SHEEP," 32 pages, illustrated, and with useful information, and world-wide testimony. For maggots and preventing fly use S.P. and S.'s Specific Lotion, Lotties, Is 6d and 3s 6d. Fly Powder, none better, II. per dredge canister. ???.f ???? u ?W???!???'<? ?y'????????????? |*p'-J& t- ?'A f* .?????rr???B&Ja????M.? L 11 ■ i» n I ■ A *m ri1» T rr ■ Tirrrri ■'■yim M !■■■ ——— T P I C??JTO?V.—Beware of imitations, and in connection with ?Pettifer" always I ? remember "STEPHEN." I W ?epr?M??c for SOUTH WALES-F. C FRIZELL, GRENFELL I M ROAD, HEREFORD. M BOOKBINDING! BOOKBINDING! THE *9 ij?u<tiit j!L?iY?1i* Tli?t? ?i?inig?y W elshlnan" Steam Printing. AND Bookbinding Works. ErllY DESCRIPTION OF BOOKBINDING EXECUTED WITE I NEATNESS AND DISPATCH. Boo I _T kr, all its Branches. BOOKBINDING—Fancy and Commercial. BOOKBINDING—Tu best Russia and other Leathers. BOOKBINDING—Bibles, Albums, Musk, &c., bound in any style, BOOKBINDING—Periodicals and Magazines bound in Publishers* Cases | i F-JE PRICES, APPLY TO The MANAGER, 123, Lammas Street, Carmarthen. THE CARMARTHEN BTLLPOBTING COMPAKY, 16, BEWOE STREET, CARMARTHEN. BILLPOSTING and ADVERTISING in all its BBranches. throughout the Counties of Carmarthen, Pembroke, and Cardigan. R. M. JAMES, Manager. EDUCATIONAL ANNOUNCEMENTS. m — — CARMARTHEN COUNTY SCHOOLS. THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. Head-Master—E. S. ALLEN, M.A. (Cantab). COUNTY GIRLS' SCHOOL. Head—Mistress—Miss B. A. IIOLME, M.A., L&te Open Scholar of Girton College, Cambridge. FEES: £1 8s. per Term (Three Terms in the year). Reductions for brothers or sisters. Boarders can be received at both Schools. The next Term began Wednesday, April 26th. OLD COLLEGE SCHOOL, CARMARTHEN (FOR BOYS AND GIRLS). PRINCIPUS ??- JOSEPH HARRY. P1 ERiINNCcIiPPAALLS b ( Rev j B. THOMAS. SPECIAL FEATURES OF THIS SCHOOL 1. New and Commodious Buildings in a Healthy Locality. 2. A Sound COMMERCIAL EDUCATION. 3. Thorough Preparation for the MATRICULATION of the Universities of London and Wales and Theological Colleges. 4. Direct Preparation for PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS (Pharmaceutical, Medical, Law, &c.). 5. Special Preparation for Candidates for POST OFFICE, CLERKSHIPS, BANKS, and PUPIL TEACHERS' Quali- fying Examinations. G. Very MODERATE TERMS. NO EXTRAS. Limited Numher of Boarders kept at Mr. Thomas's House. For Prospectus and List of Successes apply as above. [8683 Keeper, and K All biMs, Bbdp-06. & We-ffh 'a in Siook. j* ■ ? L<M-? and C?MCf? *'<??? ? ??t B Untùd < !<???? t s N W 11, L I &,top y Moemtuu, B CA ftMARTF IN. MEMORIAL CARDS.—A Large Assortment kept in lyjL stock. Stationery Department, WELSHMAN I Printing Works, Carmarthen. [6532A SCOUR.-The Most Wonderful Cure for Scour in Calves and all other Animals is REF-S' Scorn COM- POUND, It Never Fails. Is. Boxes from H. REES, Stuart Farm, Llangendeirne. [306 DRUNKENNESS PERMANENTLY CURED.—All cravings killed. Succeeds where other remedies fail. May he given without patient's knowledge. Never known to fail. This is genuine. 3/ o/ 10/- packets.— B. Cross, 62, St. David's Hill, Exeter. Agents wanted. [777 JAMES JONES, BILLPOSTER & ADVERTISING tj AGENT for KIDWELLY and Neighbouring Villages. All work duly executed. Address Station Road, Kidwelly. [ü872 IR, ERIEST COLLIER, U.S.A., ?M?77?'C7' 4,  4, QUAY STREET, CARMARTHEN. J. B. Arthur. WHOLESALE GROOVE, CORN, FLOUR, A?;D SEED MERCHANT, PRIORY STREET, & THE QUAY STORES, CARMARTHEN. BARLEY, ROUND AND FLAT CORN, FLOUR, INDIAN MEAL, BARLEY MEAL, MIDDLINGS, BRAN, &c., j'f LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICES. THOMAS' PHOSPHATE! THOMAS' PHOSPHATE A large consignment just arrived. PRICES VERY MODERATE. Sole Agent for the DUBLIN & WICKLOW celebrated MANURES. Coronet Plaits for the New Style of Hairdressing, 4/6, 6/ and 7/6 each. SPLENDID TAILS OF BEST HAIR FROM 3/6 UPWARDS. The Largest Selection in Soath Wales of Newest Patterns in Back, Fancy, and Side Combs. Parcels sent on approbation. All the New Shapes and Makes of Hair Frames Combiags made up and returned post free from 1/- per oz. J. HODGES, Hair Worker, TENBY [8898 NEW ZEALAND SHIPPING COMPANY. TENEMFFK, CAPE TOWN, TASMANIA, AUS. TENERIFF(Fv,, ia BOBART), & NEW ZEALAND. MONTHLY SERVICE. Excellent accommodation. J3(L Low Fares, Special terms to Families and Round the World Pleasure Tours. JUNE 15'h-'fONGARfRO (twin screw), 7.600 tons. JULY 13th-TURAKINA (twin-screw), 8,027 CODS. Apply to J. B. Westray and Co., 138, Leadenhall. itreet, London, E.C.; in Cardiff to C. Stewart, 35, tfonnt Stuart Square. [7939A
MARKETS.\
MARKETS. I CARMARTHEN, Saturday.—Quotations as follows:— I Cftsk hntter, 9d to lOd per lb. fresh butter, 9d to lOid pf-r lb. Dressed poultry Chickens, 58 Od to 6s Od per couple fowls, 4s Od to 5s 6d per couple ducks, 3s to 4s 6d each. Eggs, 16 for Is. Cheese, 21s per cwt. CORN I LIVERPOOL, Tuesday. Wheat, a rather better demand at about Friday's full prices. Maize firm with a moderate trade at about Friday's rates—new mixed, 4s 4d to 4s itd Galveston, 4s 4d to 4s 7d Nebraxka, 48 4d to 4s 5d Plate, new, 5s 6d Beans- Saidi, 30s to 30s 3d. Peas Canadian, 6s Id. Oats white, 2" 2d to 3s; yellow, 2s 7d to 2s 8d. Flour unchanged Weather fine, N.W. HULL, Tuesday. There was only a moderate demand, buyers waiting for harvest English wheat, Gd dearer at 30s 6d. White oats Is dearer at 19s; black oats, 18s. Beans Is up. at 30s. Maize unchanged at 22m 6d. No barley. Weather fine. I CATTLE. I ROATII (Cardiff), Tueday-A moderate supply of cattle, and a steady demand no change in prices. Sheep and lambs a good supply, and in fair request at about late rates. Calves a fair supply prices easy. Pigs a middling supply prices firm. Quotations Choice steers and heifers, 62s to 66s per cwt secondary lots, 56s to 60s per cwt cows and bulls, 48s to 52s per cwt sheep choice wethers, 9d to 9d per lb ewes, 8d to Sd per lb lambs, lOd to lid per lb calves, 8d to 9d per lb pigs—choice porkers, 118 to 118 3d per score; secondary lots, 10s 6d to 10s 9d per score; baconers, 9s 6d to 10s per score. SALFOED, Tuesday At market Cattle, 1,537 in slow demand. Sheep and lambs, 14,526 sheep in poor demand lambs better. Calves, 189 trade better. Quotations Cattle, 5d to 6|d sheep, 6id to 9d lambs, 9d to lOd calves, 5d to 6d per lb. I BUTTER. I CORK. Tuesday.-Firsts, 828; seconds, 80s: thirds, 77s. Superfine. 88s fine mild, 82s. Choicest boxes, 88s; choice, 81s. In market, 196. Fresh- A, 87s; B, 80s
AGRICULTURE.
AGRICULTURE. BULLOCKS AS HARRIERS.—A dozen young bul- locks surrounded a hare in Garendon Park, Lei- cestershire, on the afternoon of the 16th, and scampered about, tossing it from one to another. A keeper who went to the rescue was butted by the beasts, who continued to toss the hare until it was dead. ABERYSTWITH STUDENTS' SUCCESSES.—At the annual examination for the national diploma in the science and practice of agriculture, held at the University of Leeds, Messrs. John Ivor Evans and Gwilym Williams, of the University College, Aberystwith, passed in Part I., and Mr. John Arthur Gallieye, of the same college, satisfied the examiners in Part II. of the same examination. W ON THE CAWDOR CUP.-At the recent exam- inations of the Scottish Branch of the Snrveyor Institution, amongst the successful candidates as professional associates was Mr. C. B. Robertson, eldest son of Mr. J. S. Robertson, factor (or as agent as we Southerns term it) for the Cawdot Estates, Nairn. Mr. Robertson has obtained the' highest number of marks, and gains the Scottish Committee prize of ten guineas. Mr. Robertson is at present assistant factor on the Faskally Es- tates, Perthshire. SHEEP TRESPASSING.—I would like to know, through your paper, if a sheep farmer letting his sheep on contract is not bound tq pay damages for the sheep trespassing on my land, and if I have a claim against the contractor? There were from 70 to 100 sheep nearly every day on my pasture and moor land for about a month. Whit would be a reasonable claim ?-Anxious One. [You have certainly a just claim for trespass and dam- age. If the sheep were under the charge of the owner's shepherd, your claim must be lodged against the owner. t5 would be a reasonable claim.] Is TIIE YEW POISONOUS?—Is it.a. fact that yew is poisonous for cattle. I have heard it disputed.- A. [Thp foliage of the yew is a deadly poison to catt'e. We have in our time seen numerous cases of poisoning of both horses and cattle from eating the foliage of the yew tree, both in the green- growing stage and also the cuttings and clippings —these latter, when half-dried are a great deal more active and dangerous. If our correspon- dent' cattle can eat the foliage of the yews wi perfect impunity, then all we can say is that either one or both (i.e., the yew trees or cattle) are phenomenal. ] DRESSING FOAL'S XAVEL.—I have a mare, and her time for foaling is just about up. Would you kindly let me know, through your valuable paper, if I should tie the navel cord before I cut it, or cut it first and then tie afterwards.—J. S. [We are sorry to say that too little care and attention is given to sanitation when either a mare foals or a cow calves. As a rule the boxes are very wet and dirty. After the animals have given birth to the young animals, the places should be well cleaned out, and good dry clean heels of straw given, and the navel cord of the young animals dressed with carbolised oil—say t oz. carbolic acid, Calvert's No. 5, mixed with 71 2 oz. of olive oil. The dressing may be applied both before cutting and tying the navel string.] MARK WITH SPRAINED ANKLE.—I have a mare that sprained a hind ankle, and we blistered it twice, but she seems to have stressed the other one saving it, and she can hardly walk. I put a blister on the stressed ankle, and there is a so ften- ing started at the top of the hoof, and it looks like coming or growing: off. Is there anything I should do ? She is in foal, and lies a. great deal. Should I put bell in slings, or must I just look on and have patience?—Novice. [Seeing that the mare is in foal, our recommendation to Novice is to out a good starch bandage round both ankles (fet- locks), and turn the mare out on to the grazing pasture. Sll- will nunse herself best on the grass, take what exercise she feels inclined to, and rest on a fresh place each time she lies down. For if she lies --i. i-eit deal, and is kept in a box on I straw, she will soon be troubled with skin sores. She must not on any account be put in slings I when so near foaling.] 1 PROTEST OF X ORKSHIRE AND LANCASHIRE F' MERS.—A large meeting of farmers held at La ncaster on Saturday week to consider ion-P (Compulsory Dinping Areas) Order of H)O,) ;o far it affects the scheduled area in Av orltn i Lt ancashire and the West Riding. Resolu- tions adopted asking the Board of Agricul- tllr-e to extend the time for compulsory dipping to the month of August, and to suspend the Dipping Order until the compulsory dipping month, in order that the sale of fat sheep and lamb", might be interfered with as little as possible. A sugges- tion was a lso adopted that a practical sheep far- mer should be appointed, at a sabry, in each par- ish to detect disease, in the neighbouring flocks, all cases to be reported by him .to the local in- spector. A further resolution affirmed that the period of ten days, during -which a veterinary surgeon's certificate holds good, was much too i-r, and should he extended to a month. Mr. Hammersley, of the Board of Agriculture was present, and undertook to forward the suggestions and resolutions to the proper quarter, though he held out little hope that they would be adopted FOOD FOR FATTENING COWS ON GRASS.—In advis- ing about food for fattening cattle I would like to Know how you arrive at the proportion of a'bu- mmolds to carbohydrates as stated? Does the mucilage, sugar, etc.. represent the car bo. Hydrates? In mixing the cakes I tale one part to represent one hundr ?d\reig<it, thus—1 cwt. doc. cotton cake and o cwt. maize erm crtke, crushed and mixed up and served out to the cattle at the rate of 41b. per head per day at present. Thankin2: vou in advflnl'P fnr vnnv '■eply.—J. T. H. [In further reply to this query, we find, on referring to the matter, that we have either misunderstood the quantities^ or made some error in the calculation, for on re-working out the equations of the mixture in the quantities named by querist, tho albuminoid ration comes out about 1 in 4j. and not one in 7. as we stated in our issue of thp 26th ApriL We have on several occasions stated that to arrive at the proximate albuminoid ratio feeding stuffs, the percentage of oil must he multmlied by two point, three (2.3), then add the product to the percentage of the carbo- hydrates. and divide the total by the nercentage of albuminoids. It is generally considered that about 1 te 4-i is a fair, well-balanced, all-round feeder. Of course the starch, mucilage, and sngar renresent the carbohydrates.] PRICRS A CENTURY AND A HALF AGo.-The farm- ing stock a no implements of Mr. John Pearson, Blackentlnvaite. near Wigan, Cumberland, where the Pearson family have farmed for e iose on two centuries, were sold last week. It is 153 years s'nce a sale Lv auction was held at the same farm, as is shown by a document still in the possession of the familv. purporting to be A schedule of the good« and chattels of Mary and John Pearson." as sold bv Joseph Wallis. "cryer," who, bv the V, miilcl i-T)Pi, -enti.v not write, as he signed the return prepared by hie writer by his it mark." I The ancient sale list gives an insight into the price of farm stock in the time of George II. Cattle did not make one quarter their present prices. For instance, "an ox brought 16s. Gd., but "another ox" realised 7s. more than this. Heifers sold at from £2 1&. to £ 3 14s. .c<HYS, £3 3s. to £ 3 16s. whilst a mare made the highest price of the day— £ 7 5s. A cart could be had for 6s. 4d., a harrow for 3s., and a set of cart gear for 2s. (id. whilst shovels and forks only made 3d. each. Other mysterious items at that sale in 1752 were: Coup and stangs, 3s. 6d. yahms, Hd., clopse. Ijd., plough's team lid., a cultor and tugg, 2s. 3d., a ripple comb, tel., kurn 2!d., and a stan Is. 10d. The whole sale only realised R27 IGs. 3d. The equipment of an aver- age Cumberland farm a century and a half ago was apparently of a. moderate description. A farm was let at the same time for CI5 15s. for the year. LAND GRABBING EXTRAORDINARY.—Our corres- pondent Ex-C. T. F. some times refers to En- glish aristocrats as if they WGre the worst of land grabbers. It is pretty clear that another very different class in modern times could give them points in this business. There is no half-hearted- ness about the methods of the land grabbers of the Western States of America, according to Everybody's Magazine." How the magnates of the Pacific Slope satisfy their land hunger is shown up in relentless fashion. By the aid of false sur- veys, "dummy settlers, and so on, the Govern- ment is defrauded of millions of acres. Henry Miller, who went to America in 1850 as a poor German butcher boy, now owns and manages 22,7121- square miles. In Fresno County alone he he owns 921,600 acres. In Humboldt and Wash- ington Counties, Nevada, he has three and a half million acres, and seven million acres in Oregon. His total holding of 14,539,200 acres is a territory twice as large as the kingdom of Belgium, bigger than Switzerland or Denmark, and greater than all Greece. There are many such land kings who have absorbed the finest tracts of country in the Western States. Many of them have obtained the grants simply by faking the surveys. When a. land king wanted to grab a new Principality from the Government the surveyor invariably helped him in his predatory plan. In one case four "dummies" went before ft corrupt notary and took up forty great timber claims. A dum- my would go into the office as Smith, then go out and come in again as Jones, and repeat the opera- tion ten times. These dummies are ranch hands, stenographers, and even coloured janitors at the land king's San Francisco offices. By this method ranch after ranch was acquired, the Government all the time cherishing the delusion that the coun- try was being peopled by genuine settlers, who in- tended to reclaim the land and make their homes there. Now, by the machinations of the land kings, these millions of acres are in the hands of a few autocrats, who can extract their own terms for ranches from prospective settlers. WOOL BALLS IN TWO-YEAR-OLD WETHER.—I found a ball, which is one of four, identically the same in size, shape, and substance, found by me in the stomach or bag of a two-year-old wether (com- ing three years) a month ago. f cut one of the four balls into sections, and it was the same right through, all being woven in the same way. I have shown it to all the leading farmers in this part of the country, as well as to the butchers, who have put thousands upon thousands of sheep to the knife, and none of them ever saw such. Please give me your opinion and oblige.—D. M. [Hair and wool balls are frequently formed in the stomach of the young calf and lamb, and may be caused by the animals licking and sucking one another, or by giving milk to the calf unstrained. In the lamb the loose wool around the udder is drawn in the mouth by the tongue, whence it passes on to the stomach, where by the churning motion of the muscular bands of the stomach it becomes matted and formed into balls, and as a rule when these balls are present in the young animal, they impair the appetite and cause a puff- ing up or swelling on the left side. In many cases these swellings are so frequent that the little ani- mal has to be slaughtered. Some cases so far re- cover, but the balls are always in the paunch or rumen, but do not interfere with the well-doing of the animals, and their presence is only discovered on slaughter. We have a large collection of these balls of various sizes taken from the big bag (rumen) of both cows and sheep, all of which are round like querist's specimen. Some are polished bright as if varnished, which is only an outer coating of the starchy matter of the food. As al- ready stated, the balls are made round by the churning motion of the stomach, by which means particles of wool are collected and matted to- gether and rolled into a ball. Clipping or pulling the wool off in front of the udder acts as a good preventive. NITROGEN-FIXING PLANTS.—Further reference to the important subject of soil inoculation in the United States has come to hand in the form of a lecture on the subject, delivered by Dr. G. T. Moore, at a meeting of the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society. The lecturer, who is Director of the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the De- partment of Agriculture, gave an interesting ac- count of the process by which he has developed satisfactory cultures of nitrogen-fixing organisms. He happily discovered that the method pursued in Germany of propagating the organisms in a de- coction of the plants from which they were de- rived, with sugar, peptone, and other substances commonly used in cultivating bacteria, being highly nitrogenous, produced an atrophy of their valuable functions. Succeeding generations, find- ing plenty of nitrogen in the cultivating decoc- tion, had no need of exercising their power of pro- ducing nodules on the roots of plants as their agencies for fixing nitrogen. As they reproduce their species in thirty to forty five minutes, it is easy to imagine that the great number of genera- tions obtained in a few days would steadily de- teriorate as nitrogen-fixers by the disuse of their function. To remedy this deterioration, Dr. Moore cultivated the organisms in a decoction of pure salts and silica jelly devoid of nitrogen. The success of this expedient was very striking, as the cultures produced were found to possess not only the original capabilities of their species, but even enhanced powers. This was proved to demonstra- tion by an experiment. Some thousands of plants j of soya beans inoculated with the organisms cul- tivatea in decoctions of those plants and peptone faded to show a single root-nodule, whereas those ,t fei? s dist-i a few yards distant, inoculated with organisms cultivated in a nitrogen-free medium, showed from ten to twenty-five nodules per plant. Tn .,th,a.'J' trials, moreover, the cultivated bacteria proved more efficient than wild organisms. NITUO-CULTURE.— Mr. w. Toogood, the well- known Royal seedsman, of Southampton, writes A great d^al of interest has been latterly aroused by circulars stating that it is possible to double crops by the use of artificially produced bacteria, and it may be as well to briefly explain the matter, and say just what is in it. Every farmer under- stands nowadays that leguminous crops, clovers, vetches and the like, possess the power of assimi- lating free nitrogen from the atmosphere. They do this by the help of bacteria, which form small nodules or tubercles on the roots of the plants. Curiously enough, each species of leguminous plant s-eenis to have its own special form of bac- teria, and unless this be present in the soil the plants cannot utilise atmospheric nitrogen, but must depend on the nitrogen actually present in the soil. These facts were known about 15 years ago. Ten years since German manufacturers were trying to sell artificial cultures of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to farmers, just as American promoters are striving to do to-day. Where soil is not known to be inoculated with the proper kind of bacteria. tor tne particular leguminous crop to be grown, it is an excellent plan to inoculate it but the surest and simplest way of doing^o is to obtain some thoroughly infected soil from a field where tuber- cles are found in abundance on clover roots. About lOOlbs. of such soil spread over the surface of the field will answer every purpose, but a lar- fYPI" quantity could be used where the expense was small. The two methods, artificially cultivated ndcreria and soil inocijlation, have been on trial fo- 15 years past, and the general concensus of opinion is that the plan of using soil described above is much preferable to that of employing ar- tificial cultures or nitrogen-fixing bacteria. We have seen one leaflet el-timing that the mere in- oculat ion of the soil with the bacteria ensures ex- cellent crops of leguminous plants on every oil, which is. of course, nonsense. The utmost that inoculation can do is to make sure that the nitro- gen-gathering bacteria are present, so that the plants can ava i1 themselves of the atmospheric nitrogen as well as of that present in the soi 1. It | does not to the least degree do away with the ne- cessity for supplying lime, phosphoric acid, and potash, or for the proper preparation and tillage "f the soil. To farmers thinking of iising some form of inoculation, we should say '• Bv all means inoculate your land if you are in doubt as to whether it contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the kind required for the leguminous crop in view but do it by adding natural earth from the field where the croo has done well." This is not only the surest method, but it is generally much the cheaper one well. As already pointed out. it is only the leguminous plants which benefit from soil iueodation. It would be no good for instance, usinrr bacteria for cereal or root crops. To do so would be absolute waste of money. «
j ECONOMICAL CALF REARING.…
j ECONOMICAL CALF REARING. I The Board of Agriculture have published an article on Calf Rearing," written by Mr. W. T. j written by -N i r AV T. Lawrence, of the Cumberland County Council Farm, Penrith. Mr. Lawrence is one of the few practical men engaged in the teaching and demon- stration of agricultural science, and there are few teachers of agricultural science who know their book better than lie does. At the Cumberland County Council Farm he has had considerable ex- perience in the rearing and feeding of cattle, so that he is well able to write from practical ex- perience on calf-rearing. His article, as pub- lished by the Board of Agriculture, contains some useful points, which may well be attended to by those who rear cattle. Of course, the conditions under which calves are reared in Cumberland are by no means the same as prevail in other parts of the country. But all the same, a few of the points that he notes may be usefully referred to. He notes the importance of calves—the rising genera- tion of the bovine race-heing comfortably quar- tered in clean, well-aired, and well-lighted pre- mises. He finds moss litter is an excellent car- pet for the bovine "nursery," as it is such a g-ood absorbent and perfect deodorant, that no offensive odour is noticeable with it, and no drains are required. When removed from the calf pens it is still too dry to place on the manure heap, and forms an excellent substance to place round the heap to absorb the liquid draining from it, and when saturated it may be thrown on the top. When the calf is newly dropped it is removed to the "nursery." The hollow of the hand of the attendant is filled with carbolic oil (1 part Cal- vert's No. 4 carbolic acid to 19 of Galipoleoil), and this is applied freely to the calf's navel, to pre- vent the absorption of malign germs, which often produce festering, white scour, navel-ill, etc. It is especially important to take this precaution if the navel-string has broken off short. The old plan of forcing a raw egg over the throat of a newly dropped calf is very like sending coals to Newcastle,' for there is abundance of albumen in the first milk or biestings," of the newly- calved cow. For the first fortnight the calf should be fed with its mother's milk as drawn from the udder, and it should get three meals per day, for it is most unnatural for infant animals to go long without food during the day, and the daily allowance of milk given at two meals in- stead of three often causes acidity, wind, and in- digestion in the stomach, resulting in scour. At the end of the first fortnight half the new milk may be discontinued, and separated milk, fat- tened by a cream substitute, may be used in its place. Three cream substitutes are largely used for this purpose. These are (1) boiled linseed, (2) ground finseed, and (3) cod-liver oil. Latterly cod-liver oil has been very dear, and much of it that has been sold as genuine is so impure, and has such a vile smell, as to be utterly unfit for calf-feeding. Of the three cream substitutes above referred to, Mr. Lawrence prefers the scal- ded ground linseed. In the providing of this sub- stance it is desirable to purchase the unground linseed, in order to ensure that you get the whole of the oil. The linseed can then be ground by the ordinary millstones, and one-part of Indian meal may be added to seven of the linseed to pre- vent clogging of the mill. In using this substance for calf-feeding, the ground linseed should be scalded with boiling water, at the rate of one quart of that meal to one gallon of water. This makes a porridge of much nicer consistency than the boiled linseed, and is more quickly and easily prepared. Many rearers use linseed cake meal for making a calf porridge to add to skimmed or separated milk but although that makes a whole- some food, it does not enrich the milk with fat as linseed does, for linseed cake would not have more than 12 per cent. of oil, whereas linseed contains 32 per cent. By the time the calves are a month old the sweet milk is discontinued altogether, and the after-feeding with milk is confined to skim- med or separated milk fattened with cream sub- stitute. During the first two or three weeks, when the calves are getting sweet milk, they are liable to be attacked with white scour "—a mal- ady which frequently proves fatal. Generally the first symptom is a hesitation to take their milk. Whenever this symptom is noted a dose of castor- oil should be given in place of the milk—the pro- per dose being a tablespoonful emulsified in two tablespoonfuls of warm water. This prompt treat- ment generally sets ordinary stomach or bowel derangements right, and it often checks the inroad of white scour as well. If, however, it should not restore the appetite and put matters right in the alimentary canal, the treatment should be fol- lowed with one-third of a bottle of "gaseous fluid." Ordinary scour in young calves is due to acidity, and this may be corrected by a dose of bicarbonate of soda, or by adding lime water to the milk. The subject of Economical Calf Rearing natur- ally leads up to the Economics of Calf Hearing. Mr. Lawrence sets forth some elaborate tables showing the amount and value of the food con- sumed in the rearing of calves on the plan ex- plained and approved of by him. In his estimates the cost of American linseed cake is taken at JE7 15s. per ton, and the cost of hay at 4td. per stone. He brings out the total cost of rearing calves on this plan up to one year old at jS6 Os. lid. per head. On this point he says— Bullock calves thus reared sell at a year old at the local spring sales of store cattle easily at £ 8 5s. each, thus paying the market price (less the cost of marketing) for home-grown produce eaten, 6d. a gallon for the new milk, and Id. a gallon for the separated milk consumed, leav- ing £2 4s. for the first value of the calf and a small margin for risk. The manure produced may be taken as a set-off against the value of attendance and litter. In the case of well-bred heifer calves intended for breeding, the value at a year old would be considerably above this store price. From the above quotation it will be seen that even when calves are reared on scientific and economi- cal lines, the profits of the business are not very extravagant. Besides, the price to be got for stirks fluctuates greatly, and in a cold, late, bar- ren spring the price might easily be nearer L6 5s. than R8 5s. A doubt may also be harboured as to whether the manure produced by the calves would make a fair set-off against the value of at- tendance and litter. When calves are reared in this economical but rather artificial way, when the cows have to be milked by hand, and ground lin- seed has to be made into porridge and fed by hand to tne calves, the cost of attendance comes to be. rather considerable, and labour has got to be very costly and difficult to procure nowadays. Many rearers would much prefer the plan of putting two calves to suckle one cow for four months, and fol- lowing that up by putting on another calf to stickle the cow for the remainder of the season. Besides, there is something more than a small margin for risk wanted. The breeder must have a large margin for risk, for undoubtedly the risks in the business are very heavy. The plague of abortion has to be reckoned with. The plague of white scour is often found to be a serious one, which does not always yield easily even to the most skilful treatment. Besides, the breeder often has to meet serious losses arising from ob- scure diseases which baffle the skill of the best veterinary authorities. In view of all these con- siderations, it is not surprising that many farmers still sigh for the re-importation of Canadian stores.
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£ 30 o99 N7iST^rly the whole of the eRtate, valued at X30,399, left by Miss Eliza H. Copland, Lincoln, is left to charities.-Miss Florence Nightingale celebrated her 85tb birthday on Saturday.—The Rev. W. W. Lewis, Zion, Carmarthen, has been conducting missionary services at Nantympel for a week, with singular success. Mr Thomas Ellis, Cynlas, father of the late Tom Ellis, M.P., left Cynlas for Bala on the 15th inst., where he intends to spend the remainder of his life, the town which honours his distinguished son with a statute. LOCAL VomxTBER NOTES—At Llandovery quite a good number of 1st V.B. Welsh recruits, full of promL have been sworn in. At Llandilo class firing  in progress. There have been a good number down S the Dynevor range, and some creditable scores have been put on. At Ammanford interest could be srreater than it is at present. About 25 of the n?? ?" up nightly for Morris tube practice, but there oughtT be a larger muster at the weekly paradeF? Th? P»,ed through lie Val„ of To S? veteran named Vaughan, of Woolwich. f   him most kindlv, whilst at Llandovery many people were ra„»t hospitable to.«ri? Vaughan, who served in the 1 jth Lancers, P^AHIFD £ HJ7ihl° He attained 104 years of age in March this year. G e
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-- -'J* LLANDILO PARISH COUNCIL.
J* LLANDILO PARISH COUNCIL. A special meeting of the above Council was held' at the Cwmifor Schoolroom on Monday night, the 15th inst., with a view to considering the proposal of Mr Mervyn Peel to close the road passing Dder- wenfach, and adjoining the main road by Liwyn- rhyn. The members present were Messrs. Evans. Pwllcothiau; Morgans, Coedmawr John Thomas J. Davies, Llwynyrhebog W. Harries T. Jones; Perkins; it. Shipley Lewis; John Thomas; and the clerk, W. Thomas. Mr. John Thomas was appointed chairman. Mr. Bishop (on behalf of Mr. Mervyn Peel) ex- plained the purpose of the meeting/and stated that the road only accommodated gipsies, and was of very little use to the public, and that Mr. Peel was inclined to take it up. JIr. J. Davies stated that he did not consider the road of much use. Mr. Wm. Harries said that he had lately been over the road and thought it was half a mile long and measured about three-quarters of an acre He .moved that it be left as it was. Mr. John Davies asked what expense had been gone to in respect of the road, and also the cul- vert in it? Mr B A Lewis, stated that the culvert cost £10. Mr. John Davies seconded Mr. Harries' motion. The Chairman said it must have been of some benefit to Air. Peel before he would send to ask the parish to close the road. Mr Bishop said that Mr. Peel did not require it it they resolved to let it at a yearly rent. Mr. T. Jones moved that the road be left as it was. Seven voted for this proposal and four for Air Peel's. Mr. Bishop proposed that they place three gates on it. This was seconded by Mr. Evans, Craigymoclu. and nine voted in favour. Mr. Wm. Harries' motion was upheld by nine members not to close the road at all. At this stage the Chairman proposed that his casting vote be left to the Parish Council. Mr. Bishop proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman and to the members present, and hoped' they would not be any the worse friends, although they had made a great mistake.
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The sum of E4 10s. and an overcoat have been stolen from Bryn Morfa, near Llandilo, the resi- dence of Mr John Thomas, butter merchant' Tramps are suspected. THE BIG WELSH "REVOLT. "-The Wel"h National Campaign Committee have elected Mr Haydn Jones chairman. Mr Lloyd George has been given the ornamental title of president, but Haydn will direct the movement. We thought it would come to this. The whole thing is a North Walian business. Of the four executive officers of the Campaign Committee, Messrs Lloyd George, Haydn Jones, and the secretary (Mr E. R. Davies) are North Walians, the only South Walian being Mr S. N Jones, Abertillery, the treasurer. It is said that within the next.few days the Merionethshire Emergency Committee will be able to announce the opening of a number of the new emergency schools, of which about a dozen are intended to be established in various parts of the. county where there are no Council Schools. Some difficulty has been experienced in securing suitable buildings in some districts, but Mr Haydn Jories is confident that when the Central Committee next meets, early in June, the Merionethshire arrangements will be practically complete. PEMBROKESHIRE EDUCATION COMMITTEE. CIIUHCH SCHOOL WITH BAPTIST TEACHER.—A meeting of the Education Committee of the Pembrokeshire County Council was held on Friday at Haverfordwest. Mr S. B. Sketch was re-elected chairman, and Mr G. P. Brewer was ejected vice-chairman. A vote of sympathy with the wife and family of the late Mr Carrow, of Johnston, was passed. A letter was read from the Board of Education enclosing a copy of a letter from, the correspondent of the Puncheston National School, complaining that the necessary supplies of school materials were delayed.—The Director of Education said the requisition from Puncheston was twice returned because it was not signed by the County Council manager, but the supplies were sent away on April 4th. It seemed to him that some schools let their stocks run as low as possible so as to have a grievance when the inspector came round.—Mr C. W. R. Stokes (Tenby), speaking for the non-provided school, said he found anything in reason they required was at once supplied. — A communication was read from the Board of Education in reference to the appointment of a head- teacher at St. Florence National School. The Board pointed out that the managers of a voluntary school had power to appoint head-teachers, and should not be com- pelled by the local authority to appoint a particular person as head-teacher merely because up to a certain time no other person had applied for the post. In this case the single applicant was not a member of the Church of England, and by the terms of the trust deed it was essential that the head-teacher should be a member of the Church of England.—The Chairman in explanation, said that as they had only one applicant, and she was willing to become a member of the Church of England, they thought they were doing right. Mr- Palmer Morgan asked was the head-teacher a Dis- seater.-The Chairman If I remember rightly, she is a Baptist deacon's daughter (laugbter). -It was decided to- retain her services temporarily until a qualified successor could be obtained. The Director of Education reported that when that authority took over the schools the average attendance was 10,272, a per- centage of 76'6. In January it had risen to 78-0 in March to 82*5, and April to 83'6, with an average attendance of 10,976.—The Chairman said it was satis- factory to find an increase of 700 children in the schools, and an increased revenue of £ 1,400 (hear, hear). —The Chairman said they would soon have to face the question of building. The managers of non-provided schools, as well as others, must understand that the, schools must be put in a proper state of repair, other- wise they would be bound to refuse to maintain them. There was one school which was in a very bad state- insanitary, ill-lighted, and in every way unsatisfactory, and it was utterly impossible to prosecute for non- attendance while the school was in such a state. There, were children thirteen and fourteen years of age in the Infants' School hardly fit for Standard I. Asked to. what school he referred, the Chairman said it was Hubberston. Mr Daniel Davies referred to the Lamphey Non-provided School as being in a bad state, and the Chairman said the Board of Education would not sanction its continuance for very long.
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