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AGRICULTURE.
AGRICULTURE. TOPDRESSTNG FOR D GRASSES.—Would you favour TOPDRESSING FOR MIXE Id consider to be a ood top- me b)' stating what you iO:nd sulphate of ammonia and d!eSSlDr for new grass. a ood crop, but it is of inferior lutrte of soda rus uislied by the horses. After being quality, the hay belDg ch inferior to that which gt no cut. th !trassr "eto:'r:y of the stools dying out altoge- artificIal app ca 10 mixture composed of equal weights of ther.. [B1 UIIDg aDitrate of soda and superphosphate, the Perdu\'lan lkua, the form of grass or hay will be superior. pro uce a Ie. bl' d h d bl d Th ht will be oonsldera Y increased, perhaps ou e de t:lg rass will oontain relatively more nutriment than aD e uaf weight of produce from lands not so manured. Ôe ¿wto of eaoh aubstance to t acre should pron sufficient If the land is not in good condition, tWD cts. of superphos- bates in addition should be applied—that is, three cwts. in Pn. The superphosphate and gano may be apphe erl, rn March, and the nirate in April. If the wether is .mlld, .th showers at the time the manures are applied, theu ae- "!I will be more immediate and more decided.] tloDISEASE IN POULTRY.—My poultry ne been affeced for the last two seasons with what to me is a strange disease Tbe ,when about four months old, at £ rst get (eoble on tb .y legs knee-joints swell, lose their appetite for a week o/ cobs get white and shrink, bodies, unnaturally hot, lose condition, and hangs about hem for two months Could you, through your valuable journal, suggest a cure, if not a preventive, and oblige. [The disease IS apparently What is termed by some writers leg-weakness. See that there is lime rubbish or powdered oyster shells in the usual Walk oltbe poultry. Protect them from dampness, an feed on nourishing food. The predlsposmg cause of the disease is doubtless dampness, with insufficient food. Thoso that are apparently unwell, should be kept confined and fed n bOIed food given moderately hot. They may also receive daily atale wheaten bread soaked in strong ale. Allow a little l1eah and fat, also ourd and milk. But agam we repeat, lec'Jr8 a dry, olean, and cemfortable place for te poultry to resort to during the night. Hue you a heaithy breed of poultry ? if not, a ,isit to Balthayock House may prne a louroe of profit to you.] MANURE FOR MOS8LA.ND. What portable manure or mixture o( manures woal(1 y°« recommend along with farm- yard dung, to grow a °rop of turniP8 on a field reclaimed from mnJf' o JST TS'S ago? The tUrnipS to be eateQ off with heen V tbe field sown down in permanent pas- tM ure mixture formed of three cwts of superphosphate, Off wUhrTA m^i 'rhlrDlos^hS^ CWt9 °f 8VphoSphPate, Peruviaa gjno per ^re ahould suitf Uaa°' aQ^ °Q0 CWt'°f WORMS IN A. MARE.-My gig mare iCh is about lix years old hat n^v« thri^enwflufnce Ih eame 'i■ nto my possession about two years aco <4h never takes on flesh, Ver take8 on flesh' not even in summer wTen X is on }?^he Sras8- She eats greedily everythinfg put he fTorfl her t r^10 driakin? ia never latisfid, She oten U scors very Ung- h"ing a Yery offensive smell; passes worms from ?!.lilff an inch to an inch in length. I witer thewat l„n J„ 8*a"ng. I would feel much obliged if you could advise ?fLa3 t° her case. [To remove the woms, gle two nun™. of the spirit of turpen- *pi" 0f turpen- tine in a half pint of hnseed oil. Beforn 1'108 u medicine allow the mare bran mashes; the turfnh pnfe aud oil should be given in the morning: if not ;n th morning keep food from the are for four or fhe hours nr <iUS administering he medicine. Next day a small do™ » aloes should be given in the form of a ball It mav ho es shou^ be given In tbe (or' of a al. It œay. be "7 to repeat the dose of turpentine and oil. If so I sCmlt i hk" given at an iater- *al of eight or ten days To?u. be afterwards given but the best treatment isto kee„ ^n *er advano° th condiion of the me by attention to ro™ia*'f,«Mng. and exercise. In addition to allowance 8ay lhree feeds of 4 lbs each, give 4 lbs of the best H1pb^ H cakes. A bran mash may also be given everv ten d«u. ir. which a handful o salt is dissolved. A few turning or l° T h a handful also be giren daily. If the eondition of tha Do good> 8iTe •ulphate of iron in small doses.] CATTLE BE GIVEN K.? ?-I hue often been interested by your answers to correspondents. and trust that YOIl will I'.e me YOllr opinion upon the advantages or non-ad'.n- ..ntages of ateaœed food for cattle. Do you consider that e..nl, barley, and oa.meal, mixed with out hay and straw. J. Impr'ed and made more nutritious by being steaœed? I ue ninety beasts up by bein8 steamed ? mixture given dry (they have whjJt °lng We11 upon the *«»), but a neighbour teUa metha? ?1 ?8 i u7 ?aD eat 88 much improved by being steamed though h« hW°U be it, and not having had any experience ?<? »?fi»!L8)nn^e?er trlf? and unwilling to erect an apparatus without h«ir> sure hat I sheuld be ptid for extra outlay and trouble f wKf ance to the question put we wanot refer io exD-Hm^I" supporting the view that the meals of the cereals and legumes are rendered more suitable for feeding cattle from teing cooked. Reasoning, however (rom known facts as To the digestive organs of cattle, the meals when cooked should prove more nutritive than when eate uncooked. As vou are in a polition to undertake an experiment to test the rela- üve Taluel of oooked or uncooked meals, may we suggest to 10u the conducting of such an experiment. An equal, num- ber of cattle being kept on the same weight of meals the cattle selected for the experiment being of the same age, needing, and condition-one lot receiving meal oooked bv eteam o hot water, the other lot receiving toe meal raw. If the oattle *ell advanced in condition it would not, boiew^i Vu to change the feeding carried out at present, as changes almost invariably disturb the rate of progress making b' the fattening "i~.au As to lb. of turnips, the late Mr Andrew Howden Law- h«oH proved by carefu^ conducted experiments, that there VOMXT?NQ IN I C^ cooking turnips for Ceding cattle ] VOMITING IN A. Cow.-I hue aoow six veam aU' 'A. ad iUrnips' which for the past two weeks has vIX omit/Ui r #?°f- ohe ^8 had even more difficulty in ?win » the Itraw, and withiQ the'last twodays >he could BWallow neither straw nor turnips. Havine examined tho cow's neck, I oould find nothing wrong by sight or feelin Wt? th a growing in the gullet or lome foreign bod, lodgell in it I cannot tell The veterinary lurgeon to"-9om 1 applied, writes to me as followl :-From your perfect description of your oow's ailment, I ,bi» I could almoaT"aafely disagnose her disease SWirthoint 1 seeing iheKr-Saflthough I may here stateth«f the termination of the disease is invariably unfavourablo in 811ch casel. You do not Bay how long this vomiting has existed. The ailment, in my opinion, consists in dilatation of the œsophagus, or in other words, a 8mall baK 0f P°uch has formed in the wee.horn and in Vh fpord-onof it that is situated inside th Zt Th. cause invariably arises from the muscular coat of gullet huing got strained from a piece of tnrnip baving stuck for some time, and from that atrain the muscular fibres «rp nnaKio »„ "lQat bag or pouch forms, with lodement of food Ina solid and consequent vomiting. There arp other causes or rather diseases that sometimes ocour tn tL r3 rath. er part of the throat that produoe analagous symptoms, but being rather numerous, it Is not worth while to describe them here. If the diseale is what I have been describing JOu will at once see the treatment to be first adopted. That would, I should IIY, consiat in remoing all solid food and lupplying her witb "PPy ^let that won't stick in the Dassaea- bbv « f.I turDlR< brokea down witb the Eand ^p lh»m tbin and J BloPpbo«ed gruel, mixed ^itn water to d0r"Tnkk Keep the cow by herself, so tat she t.not get at any of the rest of the cow's turnips. Gie t\ of anJ f°fter for t"° or th'ee days, as cewed fodder II ap..o stick but try a few 8reea kail blades and lucb h., If iVha?„d?ea n°l do any good, the pro bang" or II bOltin&:ope" Wl11 haT8 to bs ed aB the Ust resource, My veterm.ian thuL8 wrltmg has seen the case, and passe the dm? aIlg, ibf ut the oow stllI> as befor, has diffi- eulty 10 8wallo•D k' ? vomits a litte. He gives me no bopa of oure bu 6 hning ber killed I am anxious, s 'e is a fa'our1t ei ti't0 ha'e your opinion. In the.mutl- htude of council tre 18 wisdorn.-[Your 'etermarlan appears !o hve takes 8a?;e aud practical ,iew of your case, which is we fear unlikely to impr0Te much- By the carefnl use of he probaJf» by cautious manipulation of the gullet it should howenr, bl) tlossible to ascertain more accurately than vet .I!"1' t6 Possible to ascertain ° been ^0Tie» the exact nature and position nf tho injury, to deoide whether »be mucous or muscular coat of that V k 18 chi!i?eifloy at fault or whether there is a 8tructu!e, a dilatation, a piece of refractory root partially obVtrnJ in^th^ '^latatlon' a Piece «ome funchonal derabgement. ?TThh» e important practical qutlOn as to whether i te is curable ia, however, more easIly. determll1ed. If the difficulty ln 8Wall°wing and Occasslonal vomiting still continue 8f,! te/ tbf 00w ha8 been reitricted for a week or ten days as ordered to soft slop^pye food, an unfnourable deoision must be given and tbe animal speedily consigned to the u6 giren- and BS you describe are frequently ? fhokln8 relieved by the rough and forcible use of fhL Pr°hang. The mucous Oembrance 10 suob ciroum*t»/i to get torn, or in apt t0 get torn- °r in "more aggravated caaea^om"J. 'J5f th° muecular fibre« — ruptured, gi,ing rise to tonderness, heat and fevpr mUC1.r,. D ?waUo7iDK ^at the animal ii Iaffrraaiid d to eat; Tbe repair either of the mucous membrance Ilow /r.rZ ? bm When a11 «eriously injured is so alow, and the recurrence of choking so common, that it is teldom h to MhTp a cure. HAND FEEDING OF HILL STOCK.-I occupy a farm with a bill stock of about 600 sheep, mixed stock. Would it be &(hisable to begin to teed them on oats? If you consider 10, plal8 lay what quantity, and how it migbt affect the atock In lucceding years in the event of it tfot being pro- fltable to OntlOue it T g8'° the hill is we^ aheltered in nery directin 1 a total absence of heather, -[Commence the sheen with a nry 8naa^ allowance of oats, and until te ere» £ >- Il"m u freely, re- strict the quantity tk r eat the oata freely, re- 8tnct the quan.tIty. The °nger sheeP are liable to eat a greater quantity than VhtV stomachs can digest, and as a onsequence death from dicite^10n or rupture of the stomach 11 n°t ,n unfreqent «.ni One lb. of oats for each sheep ,n 1 1 oats ^or each sheep ttay be the maximum allo» t °i !hiS qU#ntity ^r each^Mpl °°mnien0e wUh On0" T* PREvElON" AND TW^OTMENJ 0F COLtC.-I wish to ask your opinion on The « ° Colio in horses- 1 have been unfortunate enough t«T l°8e two Kood mares from ■toppage of the bowels, wiRm first case occurred last summer a 0 co IC palls. The to the Btackyard and th W-e had been carting tares 'e mare-a greed. d h d bably over-eaten herself Th .y .ee er- a pro- called in, f we h d.' »nxlh! Yetermary saur'geon W18 called 10, a ter we a tned some coll'c d k H b II d bled, dJin ? *«° two openlDl a s, an e, ut dId not he 8eoond d wben be gue more bals, and she died. til1 next day, oocurred the other dy, the mare had « °PJ>ed out rather longer than usual—till half-past two o'rin aDd b t hour after being in th stable showed s»mm °8 °f c\fe b as she was rather subjeet to enlic pains wB m, walked ber about, and not fini,g she got better I .a.fu bott1e of Day's gaseous fluid (the only medicine I hld a -bottle house), and in an hour's time another ootle, but find;1 relief, the veterinary surgeon was called in, and Kavd ^110 balU, and bled, as in the former case. He dl not briL hU olYltering tube with him. The next day nothing had passed through r' and 8be was clystered with warm water, and her h t n fomented; he also gave her two more balls, but all ihV t0 mo,e 'he bowels, and she died the nex day. On opening her the stoppage seemed to have occurred 1D te Dassaan of the /°0d into the 8maller gut (about H yard in Wtw V„, i'™ eot"m Now I hue been reading jourvaluablnrf! °n collo» and I *eo a dose of 4 to 6 drachms of nlnn. 8 recommended to open the bowels, with ammonia or snin't of l"rPentine in it. I find fault with <he treatmentoft.hft* *ternary surgeon in that he should bate given a stronwn Cning nn^ instead of balls, as the latter takes 10 munh ?nDger t0 dissol'ed in the stomach and to act than th« dflT'' ■ Vfurther blame him Mi not re.ort to \he cly.ten in tim" Is tbi. your opinion ? and in other cases of the kind, if the first dose of aloes and ammonia or spirits of turpentine, &a., does not give relief, what should be the next treatment ? and for clystering, is the common tubs sufficient, or would Read's patent syringe j be better? I am afraid you will think me rather tedious, for which I must apologise, but colic is such a frequent com- plaint amongst our farm horses, often ending fat?ty, that we should be glad of some good remedy. I expect our plan of working the horses from 6 o'clock till 2 o'clock is wrong. Would a nose bai; do for them to have the time the men have breakfast at 8 o'clock be useful ? ['rhere is little doubt that your system of working your horses for eight hours continuously without feeding renders them very liable to colic, and indeed to all other disorders of the bowels. By such an unnatural system—by such protracted fasts-the digestive organs are weakened, the horse, when he return. home, eats too greedily, or perhaps for a time is so exhaus- tsd that he cannot eat at all. The stomach and bowels suffer with the rest of the body from the exhaustion, and are ill-able to perform the task then allotted to them, of rapidly dissolving and preparing pabulum to repair the tear and wear of eight long hours of abstinence and work. If the horses cannot conveniently be stabled and fed for an hour at the end of four or five hours work, as is generally done in Scotland and the north of England, your using a nose- bag, as proposed, will be a great boon. It will, however, be more usefully employed about ten than at eight o'clock, which is too soon after their leaving the stable. Instead of the corn and nose bags, I have known a baked cake of bean or pease flour advantageously given to horses in the fields in the middle of a long yolking. When, in spite of good management and care, colic unfortunately does occur, I know of no more generally serviceable remedy than three to four drachms of aloes given in a pint of tepid water, with two ounces of diluted solution of ammonia, turpentine, gin, I or any other prompt and convenient stimulant. What- ever medicine is given should invariably be in the fluid condition. Except in rare cases, and where there is great febrile excitement, bleeding is not requisite, and indeed is often injurious. Clysters are always most useful, and may be given every hour, until the bowels are relaxed, with Read's patent syringe with the common copper or tin barrel syringe, or with a piece of half inch lead piping about two or twelve inches long, on the end of which an ox blad- der is tied. No farm premises ought to be without some handy apparatus for giving clysters. When colic pains continue after clystering and medicines have been given, hand rubbing should be diligently applied to the belly, and no time lost in procuring boiling water for fomenting. When after twelve hours the bowels still continue inactive, a second dose of physic may be given, which may oonsist of three drachms of aloes and one of calomel administered in a pint of gruel. As has been already advised in these columns, ten or twelve minims of Fleming's tincture of aconite may be given for three or four consecutive hours, if the pains continue severe and the patient restless and un- relieved by the more simple remedies.
! TOPICS OF THE DAY. i TOPICS…
TOPICS OF THE DAY. TOPICS OF T HE DAY. THE DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. How many among the readers of this journal have read I' iancred, the wild novel in which Mr Disraeli poured out his thoughts about the Hebrew race, and the Asian mys- tery, and the relation between Semitic and Anglo-Saxon thought in words like sheet lightning, so vivid and so thin ? Those who have will remember a sketch of the Duke of Bellamont. the county prince, who owns half the province he resides in, and thinks that as owner he is only steward of some one higher than himself; who has the position of a subject and the ideas which men attribute to kings, and which kings never entertain who cares chiefly or only for his own soil, but on that soil can exercise an imperial muni- Scence, 7h° though proud of the "sunned magnificence ..f spends hi. surplus upon his people, spends With h fh h nH as a man in whom selfishness has been kkiillllied d bhy J limitless resources; who is wretched if he cannot pacify a county quarrel, ready to spend himself if only ?on. v^ncifdh«?tlh« Ure will compensate his neighbours for that oret k remembers want of respect for i?Eor ?tS?nat t ?grree a? t E1loss '?, ?????????????????? annuities whlTwouW  him with bells on his return, but never pardon them if a great local calamity were relieved through any agency but his own. The original of that sketch, Algernon, D° ke ?of Northumberland, died on the 12th in«t <.„H hi not at a moment when the first dispute of po iticfans isThe of  of property, be suffered to pass a?way wiith a mere word ? of regret. We must  -f SUppose, allow that he was of ancient birth. The funny EneHsh' reJh.U^,1.Ce Which asserts that a man is the child of his fat her, but not of his mother, that the son of a Stanley and an actress is a Stanley d pur 8ang, but the 8°a of a oountry baronet and a Perei only a ooun^ try baronet, would be again? us. A? ?  \??? ?ronet. estates, in position, and partly in blood the who through eight hundred years of English hhtor^ have been conspicuous everywhere excanf in tha p and the bagnio, who have thrice staked their heads and estates in defence of an unsuccessful cause, and five times nised and S&sSfeg^SSISj au inusion. Possessed .rKd&Ki:; sc= among men he possessed rather more than one^seventh of the county of Northumberland-168 000 acres?d a f?rt? besides his rental equal to that of many a first-class noble. Armed with these pri,ileges he ruled hia side of the countJ  called  but which seemed to those aro'1 m«J n. S li  .=. of  ..?,? half a column to examine.   t    sK'jssffjssssr' who doubt that the near future of the world is democracy, the division of power and therefore of property into an in- definite number of tolerably equal atoms, or who question that the more distant future is the reconsideration oTtf atoms by voluntary co-operation. Nobody of the thoughte ful Tsonrrt really looks to the making of ootton, or the S- mines, or the cultivation of wheat, or any great and per- manent work whatever, through the efforts of single and comparatively powerless individuals. Common sense ?- jects the idea of cheap shirtings produced in a hand-loom or cheap coal excavated by John Hurst's spade, or cheap wheat produoed by drainage pipes laid down without con nection over five-acre plots. They look to great societies, agglomerations of labour in which every individual shall reap the profit of his capital as well as the wages of his labour, shall have, as now, wherewithal to eat, drink, and clothe himself, and in addition the power of employing the surplus to raise himself in the scale of created beings. It is not a bad prospect for mankind at all, supposing one to believe that the Almighty made the world for those who live in it, and not for this or that section of them, cul- tivated or otherwise; but it is clear that every such society must work through 8 manager of someki? a single exe- cutive chief,-aided by a committee or not aided as the ?se may be,-who will be looked to by the wh?e body for temporary guidance. The biggest corporations we know of, e., nations, have always done so, and though the proves of the ages has developed some few new truths and a good meohai?Ical resources, it has never yet devised or sSu?eea..ted any scheme for making masses of men dispense with? Americans though they had, and our 02 will, ? correspondent, « A Yankee," who contrives to ar« ^1° Englishmen by simply saying out the ideas that are in him, still thinks they have, but Northerners have .??{? '"? for not Badin? Grant and Sherman at first, and have benentted all the same by the strand iustinct which, as Hawthorn said, made them in the crisis of their fate put a man like Lincoln, a peasant ruler the only man who could have ruled the situation up to the top. Granted the manager, in what does a man like the Duke of Northumberland fall short of that position ? We quite admit he was a happy accident, -though his father, by the way, replanted the Northumbrian slopes, which is exactly what a manager possessed of unusual brain and foresight would have employed the co-operative surplus upon,-and that his next successor will not be the least l?e him. We quite grant also that the utility of Algernon Percy, or Smftb?n or whatever his name was, had nothing on earth to do with the question of a peerage. He would have done all he d! without the right of gmng votes on the subjects he knew nothing on earth about,-and so will TnOQv.K r the joiner. Nor has it much to do with t? te?'! ?itl? To us it seems useful and convenient to label people set apart for particular functions, just as it is ?eiul ? con- venient to give officers shoulder straps but still th?b?s not the bottle; and Mr Coke improved agr culture -n Norfolk, nearly as weU,-not quite as we?eeau?. n? quite as isiÐly-as Lord Leicester. But a career like that of the deceased Duke has has a grea deal to do with the with the  laDded property, for when the evil accidents of a system are so hugely quoted in e,idence against it, fair men will m-L-- -h -f the g--d al'I'icl..nta hu>- Ðuppose tOe co-operative society to have managed the Percy estat 'a, what would its able manager hue done ? First, we take it, he would hue extended all the mining operation. on the property so 8S to get all the resources he could without inj uring human beings Ne^t be would have spent those resourses in improving harbollrs lftifrTt kCOn?eyanCe0f that coal to its market, and bringing back fh exchange. The. he Would have striven to raise the Personal statug of every man in the concern, and, granting si->1^ would have leen that the most permanent method of doing »™ u. gi„ «.h. ci.itizGd dwelling place, in which men and women, crowing lads and girls just nature were not all pigged together. After that he would improve education secular and divine, build churches, Bet up schools, pay teach en, and make faithfulness worth the while of clergy- men. Then he would, if benevolent, '«»«« on the ternbL dangers of that coast whence most of th?ront camp calculate that risk meant money, build lifeboats, or?n?e a rescue service, and find a reasonable amount of cash for th? maintenance of both. And finally, if a man very mmch in advance of his age, and backed by men filled with the eivilixed and civilizing spirit of the old Italian and modern irarisian citizen, he would set the example of a higher wider and more artistio life, rebuild the stateliest house in the neighbourhood as a centre of provincial action, fill it at great but momentary cost with imperishable works of genius, with a vast library and conservatories comprising evey climate, make its vast expenditure a reservoir from which all pleasant, and softening, and chivalrick influences might flow abroad, giving to society an ideal, and to inter- course grace and tone, and to the common life of all around him new colour, and harmony, and aspirations; would realize for the estate that latent thirst for organizad grand- eur, and scientific luxury, and costly beauty which are the only good things the Utopian future must without such combined expenditure deny to the cottage. Well, Algernon Percy, Duke of Northumberland, did all that, in" tJ good deal more, -did spend, as the obituaries say in their prosaic way, X308,000 on cottages, and £ 170 nna on drainage, and ?00.000 on churches, and *250000 nn Alnwick Castle, besides on unrecorded aum. °n lifeboat* 8°hools. and things tending to civilisation. Why are we' to Object to him? why not carry him to the credit side of 6al account one day to be rendered by the system to ?-? ??"?? o? day to be rendered by acid:stem to ??hhe?k???  was a happy Bri -hts t? Very hkely,-our experience is that John inded Hongbt anufacturers are ?7 happy accidents indeed. He obtained the P°7er to do a11 he did do by inheritan.e ? True?.? P?? to do all he did do by powers of o'od rue., and therefore he did not waste all the po 'tion frm whcl by struggling vainl, up towards the pOSI a ODe the good could be accomplished. In a democracy every man the best of himself in getting high enough on the hint!?1 v.e '.??'???e crowd. He really concentrated in himB«if»,othe crowd, which belonged to other men? ^lw n'1? °-f well'be>ng ?m ? 18 the water the worse for havin^be/a^c^S for a time in a reservoir, or has it only had time to settle ? The truth is we are all agreed that the reservoir is useful and only doubtful whether it shall be managed by a committee or by an individual. Well, on the whole, it maT be allowed that the chance of continued excellence in the individual and in the committee is in favour of the more numerous body, but then to obtain the increased chanoe we must first break the reservoir, then with In finite pains, and by the waste of the energy of two or three generations, reconstruct it, to manage it with more scientific control. Is thit worth while ? It certainly would not be if all great proprietors were Dukes of Nortliiimberlind and it is because tha career of such a man retards a great, or ai many cool thinkers believe an inevitable, change, that we have recorded it in columns usually devoted to strictly political facts.—Spectator.
EARL RUSSELL ON REFORM.
EARL RUSSELL ON REFORM. Lird Russell has republished his work on the British Con- stitution which originally saw the light in 1323, and has prefixed to it an introduction, destined probably to excite great attention and to furnish not a little material for politi. tal retort. Lord Russell tells us that on preparing a new edition of his work for the public he was much struck with the difference between 1823 and 1865, and he sets himself to explain the great changes which these forty years have brought forth, or as he afterwards expresses himself, to show that the class of statesmen who saw the end of the great war, and the last of whom are about to disappear in the course of nature from the political stage, have not deserved ill of their country. No one has a better right to speak on this subject, and no one could have acquitted himself of the task in a more complete and satisfactory man- ner The introduction, which oocupies 100 pages, is partly historical, partly biographical, and, what will probably be found more interesting than either, it contains the opinions of Lord Russell on the leading topics of the day, domestic, foreign, and colonial. In the midst of the arduous duties of Foreign Minister, which no one has accused him of neglectillg, Lord Russell has found time to describe the principal political events of his life, to sketch the characters of the eminent men with or against whom he has acted, and to make copious extracts from speeches delivered by him- self and others on great and stirring occasions. There is a simplicity and straightforwardness about the whole proceed- ing which, coming from a veteran statesman, and one still occupying a position of first-rate influence among us, is exceedingly attractive, But it is not of the literary, histori- cal, or personal merits of this Essay that we have to speak here, but only of such of it as concerns and may, probably, in some degree influence the future destinies of the country. It can be a matter of indifferenoa to no one to hear what the man who sketched out the rough draught of the first Reform Bill and carried it through the House of Commons, who has been Secretary of State for the Home Department, Secretary for the Colonies, Prime Minister for six yeers and twice Socretary for Foreign Affairs, thinks of the state and prospects of the country, and this curiosity will doubtless be enhanced by the desire to know how far Lord Russell sympathizes with those sweeping and unqualified profes- sions of democratic sentiment with which his eldest son has just surprised the country. People naturally wish to know what are Lord Russell's present views on the subject of Reform. We will not go back. as he does, to a speech of his own in 1819, but rather epitomize the sentiments which guided him in the framing of the first Reform Bill, and which we understand him still to retain in all their original force and purity. He was not likely," he says," to deviate from the tract of the Constitution into the mazes of fancy or the wilderness of abstract rights. There were," he pro- ceeds, 'evidently two modes in which Reform might be approached. The one was to consider the right of voting as a personal privilege, possessed by every man of sound mind and years of discretion, as an inherent, inalienable right belonging to him as a member of a free country. Other political writers and eminent statesmen, while of opinion that the full and free representation of the people forms a necessary condition of free government, acknow- ledge no personal right of voting as inalienable and essen- tial. They consider that the purpose to be attained is good government, the freedom of the people within the State and their security from without,' and that the best mode of at- taining these ends is the problem to be solved. It seemed to me that these last reasoners were in the right. A re- presentation which should produce bad, hasty, passionate, unjust, and ignorant decisions could not conduce to that we fare of the people which is the supreme 1?" The following conditions Lord Russell laid down as necessary qualifications for the body of electors ;-1st, average intel ligence 2dly, security for stability of prop?ty "??'?"?s- dom, as amass, from corruption • 4thlv i with the general sense of the ccoomrr?uuDntio?n These Je ih« ideas on ea  ? ?  which the first Reform Bill was framed aS, 0n we  Lord Russell still to give ?is entire adhesion. Times.
MB. GLADSTONE OS RAILWAY REFORvr
MB. GLADSTONE OS RAILWAY REFORvr There  only two modes of carrying a great innoution m » constitutional country Oae V is Jto ? b--? ??—d?with great .c? a measure so !larP»« ,„ a?? ir were so dramatic that it touches the poula- is accepted by irresistible acclaim Th? e siim. !f V'11 '? accePted the 11 interests, and ■««» m Puwblic applause cows bthy e "int^ erestsH" s < xawjsss rr way, the nation having made up his mind to the cheap loaf months before the o'erniÐg ^se^ 'hadfaSirW reasoned T1"8pecunfaryTmidity The Sinn tn ? J p ;'P* less dangerous way, is to invite di.cia- Bion. to igs,ia 'd form committees, to let facts and theories and considerations and plans filter 81?wly down if i: be„r.Lr,.K' a ction arrives it fo« no obstacles to remove, that even be tried. That was the way in which the Poor Law reformers secured i ThatWMeff,ta" ^^8 the e^periment shmfldbe\rie^ h?n?e????? innovation. Mr Gl?one has S P-" Railway legation adopted the second and perhaps W}Stl alternatlTe- Mr Roebuck forced from him on T^P«H?» night, not perhaps altogether, unwillingly, a statement '# ndj ,6d, of u^ policy, but of his immed?te a.ccStioon?. ?H?e ? does » intend to suggest at onoe any vast scheme for the purchase of the railways throughout great Act wf stiff lT  of railways, or -? of any? railway. Still less does he propose to renew the Railway Act without discussion or concessions, secured to thepub?'? or guarantees that the more pressing evils of the mo?n shall in some way be softened. With a studio? ??? of words he announced that he intended to guano the SnnfihSH?j mind to issue, ia other words, a Royal Commi?on. should inquire into the working of the Railway system t? cost of conveyance of goods, the charge made for passengers the degree in which Railway companies, having obtained F, monopoly of the carrying trade of the Empire, satisfy the needs of the nation, to 14 bring all the facts and information bearing upon the subject into a state in which it may be tho- roaghly available for members of Parliament and likewise for th# public at large." The Commission is not to <Scu? the pohoy of any measure whatever, for if it decided against innovation the Government would be embarrassed anH if ?T" it the public would not have previously been con"c"?'"?t? ed. U is to be bar, not tribunal,—to collect the  not to decide in what direction the bulk of th? ?. ?' ?0t to tends. The report of this Commission wit? ?"? P?'°'y ready before the new Parliament h? ? ??'????. Md ?ilt then be laid before a body fr™esh !ft rom with its ?°- alituentst and with ti?e ief. to ?de ? any proposal however extensive. Mr Waloole triJ to induce Nlr Gladstone to ask the Hou?raSm?n"a? ???'° ?'' shape of an address prayin* the Cmwj to grant ? Comm"8" sion suggested, but the Chancellor of the ??' ??'°?- not -?.ned to be entrapped. He had made up his mind that to do anything great he must have the sup?ro? S nation, that to gain such support he must instruct the nation and that to move before the instruction had been affirded would be fatal to all his plans. He fell back therefore with a pride which we wish other Ministers would display ?1?, more frequently upon his responsibility, telling the ?emb for Cambridge University that the first act belonged to the Ministry, who, and not the House, are responsible for their advieVtothScrown' The public, accustomed to believe that a commission is a subterfuge ased to gain time, may be inclined to imagine that Mr (iladstone has abandoned the wider idea he is said to have entertained. If he had he would have done the weakest act of his whole political life, but there is no trace in his proposal of any such design People who jump to that conclusion either wish it, as the Times avowedly ?does or fail to perceive the extent of the field which any innovation therefore any inquiry, must of necessity cover. The Railway companies hue not yet completed their task, but they begin and.h ?'" T0I8hed immense results. Withiu tu 4 ?en S L e y r o L nh 1 prac?aUy???? ??p??)'! oft?"?r??'i practically obtai/ed a monoDOofth! internal carrying trade. They have killJd the coaches, superan- nuated the barges, ?u?ts?? nn? (h» steamers, and abo. lished the posting houses. T? coasting trade has 'isheid tsetlhf e ????r'thej?? ?? ? along which feeble tugs or still feebler horses slowl drag cumbrous barges with loads the value of whicyti will scarcely bear the expense of speed. In ont.nf tho »<> 7- Bcarcely bear the expense of speed. In?t.Xthe? ?' tncts stage coaches may still be found, and there are ^hole traveller L still "6^7 the delight of ^nkeepers the traveller is still reduced to posting. But for all practical nurooses aS L'land r P°?,tln^' But for al' practical purposes as to passengers 1 the rraaiillwwaayvs s hhatfVvA e complet^ ely won tbe day. If thev stonned gine the system suspended in toto England would be ruinod, (or the trade of to-day created by the diffusion of railways could not be carried on by the ancient means. Communi- would b'P'f1!?"1' half the population ofEn?a? woildb"1 t *°Sl"1'l prisoned, and no small section of the remainder would be compelled to strike their teT, anj close S°t ,1° l't cities as the price of their dailv hrpaH To take a single illustration of the effects rail ways have exercised upon our cciivviilliizzaattiioon n, tthUpeiir r suspension would be equivalent to that of the newspaper press. The journal& could not be carried over the F.-nniro of the pices now demanded, could not, we stronol^v ausKnpnr 'ho "11^10111^ alL The companies have the control of n Supply is to ci,ilization almost as valuable as air ltn th6 K Uman body, and it becomes to the a?r?di?:?ir ?? ? inquire into the spirit in which they are disposed tn « power> They are the national car- r?rsr?e? t to carry the nation or only a very ?irL ?'' to convey all goods or only goods which can bea?rh???? carriage? Nobody doubts, we pre- .u •ume th?t there is a point of demand for passenger fares at which the railways would become an unmitigated nuisance, would gXivve e Q. ° a few indi,iduals a monopoly of locomotion as completely as the Legislature could do/ Parliament ce" tainly will not deny it, for it legislated to meet that very contingency. Nor will any wise person doubt that if con- veyance could be made perfectly costless the activity, and consequently the prosperity, of the Empire would be inde- finitely increased. There must be a point between those two extremes, which is the one best for all parties, which secures at the least sacrifice of pecuniary pioducuveneas to the rail ways the largest possibility of traffic to the nation. The object of Mr Gladstone's inquiry is to ascertain whether the railways have by their rule of thumb happened to ascer- tain that point, whether, for example, it is a national good that while the Great Northern dividend last year was £ 7 10s per cent., it defeated a ,project which would have lowered the price of coal to five millions of people at least* 3s a ton. The nation suspects that it is not, that the Railways are car- rying small numbers of men and limited quantities of goods at high rates in preference to large numbers of men and un- limited quantities of goods at low rates, that they are sacn- ficing the public not to their own profits,-for they do not as an interest gain high proftfs,-but to the ease of directors, the comfort of contractors, and the timidity of a vast body of little shareholders. The companies, for example, carry third class passengers at 8s 4:1 per 100 miles. That is cheaper than any other conveyance, but the Belgians carry the same class at 3s per 100 miles, which is actually cheaper than walking bare foot, for a stronz man would take three days to walk the distance, losess 6d a day as wages for unskilled labour, and must pay for his keep besides. Tranipirt at that rate would equalize wages all over England, and enable surplus labour to flow to its proper market as water flows to ita level. In addition to these heavy charges the companies charge thir l class fare only at the most inconvenient hours If the inquiry simply ended in adding a third class division to every train, and regulating charge by speed as well as distance it would be worth all the trouble it will involve, bilt it- will effect much more than that. It will, wo believe, sbo\ ] ihat whole branches of trade are cut off by the oharges irlv, Ite(i to obtain great profit for little work; that entire districts grow less than they might if chalk and manure could be carried cheaply that whole populations are starved with cold, and great industries arrested by the fictitious price imposed upon coal; that the natural movement of popula- tion which is the very systole and diastole of modern civili zation, is arrested by tariffs which, while they injure the peop do not lsecure returns to the proprietors; that ia short 'he tendency of Riilway management as at present carried on is to stereotype the pace of the national pulse, and theref.,re the rate at which the national energy can be ap- plied Should these deficiences be shown to be imaginary, Parli Ilent may w;th a clear consclenoe leave the subject alone, content to know that Englishmen get all t'.i e g;)o I they can reasonably expect to obtain out of their suc- cessful enterprise should they, on the contrary, be fouirV, to exist, the policy to be adopted in seeking a remedy will remain as much an open question as before. The best suggestion as we believe, will be found to be the purchase and re-leasing of the railways by the State, j but half-a-score other courses are open to the Legislature and the nation. They may try a new maximum tariff, or establish an official control directed to certain points in the system only, or provide for competition, or reduce all the Boards under the control of one supreme department respon- sible to Parliament, and charged to compel the monopolies to provide for the needs of the nation which has created them. In any case the result of the inquiry must be great, ana the Commission will, we believe. eduoate the publio to desire a change, not necessarily Mr Glalstone's, but at least as sweeping as anything he would have ventured to propose. -Spectator.
THE EilPEBOR'S SPEECH. I
THE EilPEBOR'S SPEECH. I The speech of the Emperor of the French deliverel at the opening of the Chambers has, we think, been received in this country with satisfaction. It is free from that sensational element which, though it adds to the dramatic intere, t of politics, affeots too suddenly and too powerfully the ordinary course of European affairs. It either indicates that His Majesty is either growing weary of expeditions to all parts of the world, or is becoming aware that Frenchmen, however nasiionately attached to glory, prefer to obtain it by action within the limits of their bab'tual outlook. The armies maintained in Mexico, China, Cambodia, and Rome, are all being withdrawn, and the garrison of Algeria, in spite of the abortive insurrection, has been visil) ly reduced. Pro. mises, moreover, are made of great and perhaps too rapid progress in the public works still necessary for the depart- ments, roads, railways, and canals, clear enough to show that the Emperor has no present intention of engaging in new conflicts. At the same time the speech betrays no in- tention of abandoning the only foreign effort made by the Emperor in which Englishmen have heartily sympathised, the liberation of Italy. On the contrary, its tone indicates that Napoleon has at length reconciled himslf to the idea of Italian unity, that he believes in the permanency of the kingdom as a great European State and that he has really decided to give up the occupation of Rome. Besides stating briefly and, considering the importance of the statement, somewhat bluntly, that the troops will soon be with- drawn," he utters this remarkable paragraph In the Soutb, the action of France had to be exercised more resolutely. I have desired to render possible the solu- tion of a difficult problem. The Convention of the 15th September, freed from interpretions dictated by passions, consecrates two great principles—the consolidation of the new kingdom of Italy and the independence of the Holy See. The provisional precarious situation which excited so many alarms, is about to disappear. It is no longer the scattered members of the Italian nation, seeking to attach themselves by feeble ties to a little State situate at the foot of the Alps: it is a great country, which, elevating itself above local prejudices and despising thoughtless invitations, transfers boldly to the heart of the Peninsula its capital, and places it in the midst of the Appennines as an impreg- nable citadel. By this patriotism, Italy definitely constitutes herself, and at the same time reconciles herself, with Catho- licity. She engages to respect the independence of the Holy See, to protect the frontiers of the Roman Ststes, and thus to allow us to withdraw our troops. The Pontiifcal terri- tory, efficaciously guaranteed, is placed under the protection of a treaty which solemnly binds the two Governments. The Convention is, therefore, not an arm of war, but a work of peace and conciliation." In other words, Italy and the Roman States are to settle their own difficulty for themselves, subject only to this pro- viso, that the Italian Government shail not actally invade Rome. Should the Papacy, pressed by internal revolution, and finding no help abroad, ask aid from the Government of Florence, then of course there will be, under the French precedent of occupation, no invasion whatever. All this is satisfactory so far as it goes, though it might have gone further with advantage in the direction of military reduction, but this is not the portion of the speech on which Englishmen will dwell with most pleasure. There is some- thing much more imnortant behind, tho dotorminAd frank- nees wltn wnioh the Emperor persists in the policy of free trade. Upon that subject he is as outspoken as he has occa- sionally been upon European politics. It is free trude, he says distinctly, which has raised the commerce of France from 104 millions sterling to 280 millions, and he intends therefore obfiously to persist in it, taking this year the immense step of abolishing the Navigation Laws which, drawn up originally by Colbert-whose notion of progress was to work France as if it were a private estate-have been tg Modified," and improved, and explained," by sueceassive enactments till they act like swaddling clothes on a child able to walk about. The Emperor not-only menaces them, but deliberately reasons against them, and institutions attacked in his public speeches are generally very near their end. The immediate action to be taken is not howe'er, of so much moment, as the fact that France and' her ruler are firm in their resolution to advance in the direction of free trade. I It is impossible to exaggerate the imnnrtanoeof that reso l ve, for it will loosen the fetters of commerce not ?"ce only but all over Europe. The cnent is very apt to distrust English commercial re- forms ?or tWO powerful but widely different reasons. It has happened that most of them have been suggested and us edan by Liberals, and have experienced great resistance f g the Conserva?o party, and continental statesmen thus been led to see a dangerous principle in reforms Wu- u AnrhshioU the people really indispose them towards r' I innovation. Why, they say, should English o 1loa sist ?chemes which economists think wise, unless trs r; 6 anaering things more valuable than money. afraid object cannot, however, be raised to the action of rha.t ;bJeo or of the French. Continental statesmen are the m:e/ he ,t least is no enemy to the" just influence aware tha when he begins to move along the of atorloe half these secret alarms begin to vanish at nhs Tre ??enta) peoples again are possessed with the °n nin <t? nat Fr)Z?°? is governed by an astute, selfish, but determined Lristocr cYt which is always ready to plunder the rest, oi world, which devises unscrupulous and suc- the rest ot? 8Chemes, but which cannot be imitated cessful c g men. It is not, therefore, till a demo- bes:nscieDtios men. It ? ? therefore, till a demo- Y, D. e|»n-.and Napoleon, however absolute, is democratic begins to move, that they are tempted to cratHl beginS to movc, that they are tempted to demoratl tn ? doctrine without a secret distrust of its exan;llneTty to countries differently organised from Great Aphabl Above all, Europe is accustomed to look to France Britain. ??j}?,.thfj?jtiative. English ideas do not and not  ? think because English instructors do not spread':d the thoughts of other races, but because they compre the hiatuses in those thoughts. They °'? ne'er U;ats, which in their pupils' minds have yet to be  Frenchman rarely makes that mistake, simply pro U. his o"° countrymen have just the same blanks to e K "e «lled up. and an idea once become French spreads *0?^ gj. ul Should the thinking class in France ever, erB ( re become converted to free trade,-and experience is sure to produce conversion, we may expect to see the i??ted class in Germany, in Spain, and even in Russia, c ¥tly aoknowledge that their prejudices are untenable, s ehaps defend restriction solely on the ground of the ^nC0 of the msses. Free trade throughout Europe :'ll then be near at hand, for no Government, once aware thlat its governing classes are convinced of the social advan- t e free trade, will long resist the temptation of an -n?rMsing reve'Q'e. The decision of the Emperor Napoleon mav therefore, and we believe will, in a few years, throw o e all the ports of Europe to a trade burdened only with the daties necessary to revenue, a reform of IncacuLIle importance both to Great Britain and the world, one which i would compensate this country for the American war, and Europe for the vast armaments which the energy and sue- cess of the French Emperor has compelled it to maintain.- Economist.
- i I CAR^^ WISEMAN'S ROMAN…
I CAR^^ WISEMAN'S ROMAN CATHOLICISM- The late ?aramat Wiseman is reported to have professed before the last administration of extreme unction that he had never snter?tai.ned a single doubt on any point in any article of the Catholic creed in his life, and any one who reads his books and compared them with those even of Roman Catholics of the Oxford school, can well believe this surprising, this almost amazing assertion. To many an Eogliøb Protestant it ■vould seem almost equivalent to say- ing that he had never adequately believed any article of the Catholic creed in his life, for we are so accustomed to the kind of belief which realizes most intimately all that can be urged on the other side,—we are so accustomed to pass through doubt to faith, to live in view of divine truths which seem too great for history and for man, till they sink into the mind we know not how, and are grasped with a tenacity almost in direct proportion to the previous impos- sibility of apprehending them,—that to us never to have had a doubt is almost like never having had an insight into the startling disproportion between the mental little- ness, and poverty, and insiguificant hurry, of human life, and the Eternal Will from whose acts we derive our only solution of the enigma. But without reference to the ex- planation, unmeaning to us, which the Roman theology always presses on us,—namely, that in that communion alone is there the grace adequate to the annihilation of all doubt from the tenderest infancy to the last thought of mature age.-we can well believe that what Cardinal Wise- man said of himself was true without thinking him the bet- ter.-PTobably not even in the highest sense the happier,— for the total absence of that shadow. The truth is, we believe, that the Roman Catholic system exerts on those who are fully exposed to its power from their earliest infancy an influence not unlike that of a des- potic Court on the courtiers who attend it. It familiarizes them by its masses with the act of handling, as they are taught, the 'Divitie Alajesty, just as the earthly Court fa miliarizes its courtiers with the physical presence of human majesty; and it familiarizes them with the sense of the great power which has established and spread abroad so widely the system of minute observances which it exacts, without giving any proportionate discrimination of the nature of that power. The presence of an absolute Au- thority once physically realized deadens all the play of men's nind in connection with it, "nd the baldness which marks the extinction of the delicate exploring instincts of the spiritual intellect, alnost alwiy s resul's from 1 the successful domination of a faith which takes toll rather from the- symbolic actions of man, than from his thoughts. The Rman Catholic birth and educa- tion, the R)man Catholic who his never usd or wished to use the right of finding his God because his minutest actions had always involved an assertion of absolute LI- miliarity with God's actions and laws, has too often a sort of staring, half-vacant religious manner and expression, as of one whoso mind has been blunted by seeing without under- stin ling, by taking part in a routine of mystery of whillh all the bloom has been worn off through external familiarity with .-he detail, and inability to reach the core. There was something of this about the late Cardinal's strong face and writings. They give one the idea of a nature bronzed by constant exposure to a glaring creed Thre i no radul- tion, no delicate discrimination about his thought. The in- fallible Church swallows up his own personal faith, obli- terates his own personal relations. He writrs, as almost all native-born Roman Catholicii write, of faith, as if it had nothing to do with trust, but were a knowledge of certain processes perpetually going on in the supernatural world,- as if it did not imply any special relation between the spirit of man and God, but were a new sense conveying physical knowledge of a series of divine operittiotii similar, though in a different plane, to the succession of the seasons, and simply requiring the regulation of human actions acording t) that knowledge. Hear how he describes in a recent and very characteristic sermon the horror of unworthy com- munion." It reads less like the anguish of Christian re- morse than the physical repulsion of the Brahmin for con- taminating substancesFor supposing, my frien is, that when Nicodemus and Joseph took down that sacred Body from the Cross, they had not, as their feeling naturally impelled them, laid it in a new and clean monument, in which no one had been placed, but had been compelled by the Jews to cast into the common grave of malefactors, do not the feelings of a Christian recoil with horror from the contemplation of that virginal flesn, born of Mary, and exempted from the law of seeing corruption, flung into the charnel-house, amidst the impure remains and loathsome carcases of the vilest of men and while OTIC can contem- plate it gashed and torn, and pierced and bruised even while alive, does not one shrink with disgust from ima- gining the possibility of such contamination ? And yet, what would this have been, compared with the frightful descent of the living Christ, with His soul no less than His divinity united to His body, through that mouth which, in the words of the prophets, is truly an open sepulchre, into the abode of a corruption, and an uncleann^ss far beyond what I have described, a living, a stirring, a conscious mass of sin? Oh! the saints have been permitted to see our Lord struggling with horror against passing the lips of a sacrilegious receiver, and drawing back from stepping over the threshold of such an impure abode But there He must needs enter in, and for a while remain amidst its disgusting inmates. The Son of God must stay awhile, becauss you will have it s-), with the enemies whom He died to over- come the Holy One must be the companion, because you have doomed Him to it, of the uncleanest spirits the living God must be shut up, because such is yoar impious plea- sure, with the children of Satan. And this horrible crime is committed by you, under the form and semblance of a solemn religious act-the holiest rite of your service and duty to Him And you retire after this, and are cheerful and mirthful, and walk with men, yea, with virtuous men, as though naught had befallen you And you think you shall be happy and proper, and have length of days, and a peaceful end, and perhaps a place one day in heaven And this is the really characteristic expression of Cardinal Wiseman's religious nature, reflecting a strong but glazed sense of divine mysteries, a disposition to humble the human conscience by fixing its glance on symbols far beyond its grasp, to exhaust its discriminating power as soon as possible by dringing a strong light and impressive pictorial effect to dazzle it into submission. This of course is always the Roman Catholic, often the Protestant line of orthodox thought; but with Cardinal Wiseman an I the true Ro- manists, as distinguished from the converts from Protestan- tism, there is a sincere incapacity of delicate spiritual discrimination which rises, as with the horny, unsensitive hand of phvsical labour, from the habit of using the reli- gious nature habitually in symbolic and ceremonial actions rather than in contemplative and spiritual worship. Dr Newman has described with wonderful power the essential di?ence between the Roman and the Protectant concep- tion of worship The idea of worshiP 10 the Catholic Church,' Willis replied, 'is different from the idea of itm your Church, for in truth the religions are ddJerent. ?n. t deceive yourself my dear Bateman,' be said, tenderly it is not that ours is your religion carried a little fanner me. too far, as you would say. No, they differ in kind, not in degree; ours is one religion, yours another.. I declare, to me,' he said, and he clasped his hands on his knees, and looked forward as if soliloquizing,' to me nothing is so consoling, so piercing, so thrilling, so overcoming as the mass, said as it is among as. I could attend masses for ever and not be tired. It is not a mere form of words, it is a great action, the greatest action that can be on earth. It is not the invocution merely, but, if I dare use the word, the evocation of the Eternal. He becomes present on the alter in flesh and blood before whom angels bow and devils tremble. This is that awful event which is the end and is the interpretation of every part of the solemnity. Words are necessary, but as means, not as ends; they are not mere addresses to the throne of grace, they are instruments of what is far higher,—of consecration, of sacrifice. They hurry on as if impatient to fulfil their mission. Quickly they go, the whole is quick; for they are all parts of one integral action. Quickly they go, for they are awful words of sacrifice, they are a work too great to delay upon as when it was said in the beginning, What thou doest, do quickly.' Quickly they pass for the Lord Jesus goes with them as He passed along the lake in the days of his flesh, quickly calling first one and then another. Quickly they pass because as the lightning which shineth from one part of the heaven into the other, so is the coming of the Son of man. Quickly they pass; for they are the words of the Lord descending in the cloud, and proclaiming the name of the Lord as He passes by, The Lord, the Lord God, mer- ciful and gracious, long-suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth.' And as Moses on the raouutaiii, so we, too, make haste and bow our heads to the earth and worship.' So we all around, each in his place, lood out for the great Advent, 'waiting for the moving of the water.' And in Dr Newman, who was all his youth and a great part of his manhood a Protestant, whose Romanism is even now strongly marked by the subjective spirit of his early Pro- testantism, this characteristic of the Roman worship., while it has given a great support to his imagination, has not in any way blunted or case-hardened his spiritual nature. But with the born Romanist it is different. Once let it be part of your creed that human actions dispose, if we may use the word reverently, of God,—once let peni- tence and prayer be swallowed up in the more important sacraments" which evoke the Eternal," and worship begins to be a process effected by the habitual side of the mind,-and the reviving power of religious meditation to be applied rather to call up a scenic delineation of the effect and spectacle of human actions, than to attain any deeper insight into their spirit. Protestants of course are far from free from the tendency to hard, habitual, routine worship. Still they know that this is not worship. The Romanists believe it is. If Christ be "evoked" on the altar, even though their minds do not enter into the meaning of the act, they benefit,-ex opere operato, as they say, if not ex opere openwtis,-and if the wonderful effect be duly produced how is it possible to avoid turning less attention to the com- munion between God and their own beerts. It is this tendency, .,we believe, which defines the true ecclesiastical type represented by Cardinal Wiseman. A man whose life is absorbed by religion in the Protestant sense can scarcely be decidedly a man of the world, tor his mind is not given to public actions, but to private contem- plations and beneficence but a great Catholic prelate is even officially and by education one whose thoughts dwell on great spiritual pageants and acts of delegated power, on invocation, consecrations, exorcisms, and other grand cere- monials which are to his creed more than ceremonials- signals of might. This gives, and cannot but give, a certain ambitiousness of thought to the Roman ecclesiastics which assimilates them closer to (spurious) statesmen than Protestant divines can ever approach. The Roman eccle- siastic is in theory a spiritual politician, a minister of God much more nearly in the sense in which we speak of a King's constitutional minister, than in the sense in which Christ used the term as equivalent to a servant. Cardinal Wiseman was in this sense, too, conspicuously a Roman ecclesiastic. He believed that he wielded spiritual powers, & was conscious of doing so & to external obervers this seemed far more of the essence of the man than the acts of tr ust and searchings for truth which Protestants connect with the spiritual office. If we would know the true significance of the Roman Church, we should look for it not in Protestants who have joined the Church, but in ecclesiastics, like Cardi- nal Wiseman, who have breathed its air from the cradle to the grave. -Spectator.
FORMATION OF A NEW REFORM…
FORMATION OF A NEW REFORM ASSOCIATION. Within the last few months there has been an awakening of the people in several of the large cities and towns of the kingdom on the question of Parliamentary Reform and the extension of the franchise, giving proof that, though the question has been, from causes here needless to detail, al- lowed to slumber so long, it yet possesses a vitality and power that, when put forth, cannot fail to .command the attention of statesmen, however unwilling they may be to entertain the subject. A movement is now on the eve of being inaugurated which will probably have a powerful effect in stirring np both the Government and the Legisla- ture, whichever party may be in power, and bring about, sooner than many persons expect, a measure of reform which shall confer the franchise on those largo masses of the industrious and intelligent working men now almost en- tirely unrepresented. For some weeks past negotiations have been afoot be- tween a body of influential gentlemen, members of Parlia- ment and others, and several of the leaders amongst the working classes in the metropolis, for the purpose of ascer- taining whether the working men are really desirous of obtaining the franchise, and if so, whether the existing organisations of the working classes could be made available for furthering a measure of reform which would accomplish that object. Amongst other gentlemen who have taken a deep interest in this movement may be enumerated the following members of Parliament :-Messrs Cobden, Bright, Stansfeld, P. Taylor, Seely, Forster, White, &c., and also several well-known public men, such as Mr Samuel Morley, Mr E. Beales, Mr T. B. Potter, Mr Mason Jones, &c. These gentleman state that they are prepared, if they see the working classes themselves moving earnestly in the mftter to put down a Bum of L5,000 to carry on the a?- r?don The result of these negotiations has been the send- ing out by a committee of working men the following circu- lar to upwards of 250 representative men amongst the working classes, comprising the secretaries and offioers of the principal trades, friendly, and other working-class j organisations:- I ?'?I??R,-You are respectfully solicited to attend a preliminary meeting of working men, to be held at St. Martin's Hall, Long Acre, on Thursday evening, Feb. 23, for the purpose of considering what means should be adopted to obtain an extension of the franchise. Edmond Beales, Esq., and Mason Jones, Esq., will be present as representatives from a numerous and influential body ol gentlemen, who are prepared to assist in the formation of a Reform Association. We are approaching a dissolution of the Parliament elected to carry a Reform Bill wider than that proposed by the Derby G iverntnent. Seven years have been entirely lost to the people on reform. With them remains the question whether the unenfranchised shall now enter on all the duties and rights of citizens, or shall submit to a probation of even more years. The question must be practically answered before 1866. The present year brings the consti'utional, orderly, and peaceable oppor- tunity of claiming oopular rights. The neeting on Thurs- day evening Feb. 23, will afford means of ascertaining how far we are disposed to improve the time. Yours respectfully, "GEORGE POTTER, for the Committee." Shoald the above meeting respond, as it is expected i t will, to the appeal thus made, a deputation will be appointed from it to meet the gentlemen above named on an early day to make the necessary arrangements for establishing the Association, which it is intended shall bo inaugurated by a great public meeting at one of the large metropolitan halls, over which a leading Liberal member. will preside, supported by a large number of the advanced Liberal members of Par- liament. An important part of the programme will be the appointment of sub committees in each metropolitan borough, whoso especial duty it will be to watch the elee tion and the -candidates who may offer the mselves, with' a view to obtain tha return' of members who will honestly carry out the principles of the association, viz., the exten- sion of the franchise to the working classes. The exact basis on which the association is to be formed will be settled at the delegate meeting to take place as above, but whether it be t hat of a residential manhood suffrage, a household and lodger ft anchise, or a less extended suffrage, one of the prin- ciples of the association is to be that it will accept any instal- ment of reform that may be offered, from whatever party it may proceed. Should the proposed association be successfully established, it cannot fail in exercising considerable interest over the future of reform, and in probability become a power that no Government, to what party soever it may belong, will be able to despise with impunity.Observer.
| CLERICAL SUBSCRIPTIONS.
CLERICAL SUBSCRIPTIONS. A correspondent writing to the Examiner under the signature of Presbyter Anglicanus," says :-If the true freedom of man is to be bound in a conscious dependence on a Personal Ruler and Judge, who is loving to every man and merciful to every creature that He has made, it seems to be not less clear that the true-badge of s lavery may be dis- cerned in submission to the letter, as such, of any document or book, howeverucred and valuable. Anything which tends, therefore, to foster such a temper, whether in the clergy or the laity of the Church of England, may very fairly be regard with alarm by those who hold that the possession of a free and manly judgment is of the first cod- sequence for Englishmen. We look with well-deserved contempt on the abject. folly which sought guidance by a random consultation of Sibylline leaves, while we turn with a deeper horror from the savage sterness of the Puritan who, like the Covenanters in Sir Walter Scott's novel of "Old Mortality,' doomed a man to death because "Providence" gave him into their hands while they were readin a certain verse of the Book of Joshua. But the sternness of their creed sometimes made almost sublime that which otherwise would have been simply ludicrous. In the present day this tenner of mind generally shows itself in the latter form. A clergyman in a village in Berkshire felt the shock of the earthquake on January 27, a little before four a.m.; he afterwards attended the church service, the first lesson of which contained the words, There shall be earthquakes in diveis places." This coincidence," he thinks, seems not unworthv of notice and the Editor ot the Guardian, who inserts his letter at the head of the correspondence in his number for February 8, seems to be of the same opinion. Now either the coincidence was designed in the eternal counsels of God, or it was not. If this clergyman thinks that the former is the case, why does he not honestly say so ? If he does not think so, surely he is indulging in a sort of child's play which is not by any means reverent or decent. His mind is evidently in a state of bewilderment he has never stopped to ask himself whether, if it was necessary to give a warning, the warning should not rather precede than follow its fulfilment, -the real fact being that he gives a sort of Fetish worship to the bible as a printed book, and then catches at what he is pleased to call coincidence, as a drown- ing man may catch at a straw. To do so, seems to him to be doing honour to the bible; and he is ready to do or to say anything in order to honour it. The same feeling leads others to do violence to the comm.onest dictates of moral principle. A writer in Lyra Myetica,' a .collection of religious poems, edited by the Rev. Orby Shipley, has no hesitation in saying about Jael, and the murder of Sisera, that God Fires with wrath her gentl e eye And arms with fraud her guiless breast We might well suppose that no one could exceed the pro- fanity of this assertion bat an assertion even more astound- ing, because more general, may be found in the pages of so popular a writer as Lord Macaulay, who affirms (I History of England,' Vol. I., ch. 1.) that God has commanded the people of a certain nation" to do many things, which, if done without his especial command, would have been atro- cious crimes." It is clear that Lord Macaulay could never have penned such a frightful sentence if he had not been enslaved by a groundless theory which finds no countenance in English law, ecclesiastical or civil. Here, then, we have instance of a powerful mind, weakened for the time being, and disabled (in fact) from doing its work rightly, owing to an utterly false idea attaching to the phrase Word of God in reference to the bible. It was the express judg- ment of Dr Lushington (a judgment never appealed against) that the Word of God is contained in the bible, but that the bible is not (i.e., is not co-extensive with) the Word of God. Such a judgment is likely, nay, is sure to have the whole- some effect on the clerical mind and a relaxation in th-e terms of subscription would greatly enhance that effect. Such a relaxation is now professedly offered to the clergy but it is so put as in reality to bind them in fetters from which now they are free. At present, they have to declare only that the doctrine of the Church of England is agree- able to "Holy Scripture;" but Dr Lushington and the Judicial Comirittee of Privy CLuncil have decided that tb^ term "Holy Scripture" is synonymous with the term bible not with the term Word of God, which ex?. presies'the Truth of God embodied in (but not necessarily co-extensive with) Holy Scripture, or the Bible. We then, who have received our Orders before the boon of this relaxtion has been conferred, are free from the new chains, and may fearlessly use our freedom; but all who sign the new test will be told [if they presume to l?sa 'nany point or to come to a conclusion not accepted by the b p J that by their own mouth they have declared everything in the Prayer Book to be agreeable to, and therefore implicitly to be, the Word of God, Such is the trap which has been ingeniously laid by the Bishop of Oxford and his followers in order to elude the consequences of Dr Lushington's decision. For those who accept the new terms of subscription, it will be a fatal snare. Candid, impartial, and sober-minded men cannot accept them without doing inj ury to their moral sense; dishonest men will care as little for the new test as they cared for the old. But it is the duty of those who are already in the ranks of the clergy, and it is the duty and the interest of laymen also, to strive to the very utmost of their power to defeat this insidious scheme. Let the question be plainly put in the House of Commons by some one who will insist on knowing what the reason is for substituting the phrase 4 Word of God' for that expression of Holy Scripture which has the sanction of the Book of Common Prayer and of the Articles, and which alone is recognised by the Court of Arches and the Judicial Committee of Privy Council. The question cannot be fairly answered without admitting the purpose for which the change has been proposed. The admission must ensure the rejection of the proposition by the Parliament of England and happily, without the conr sent of the Parliament, no yoke can be laid upon the necks, whether of the clergy or laity, of the Ghurch of England. In noticing this letter the Examiner says :-Our valued correspondent, "Presbyter Anglicanus, directs attention to a phrase that requires altering in the proposednew terms of Clerical Subscription. The report of the Royal Commission appointed for consideration of this subjeot, recommends, sensibly enough, a simplification of the prooess Instead of subscriptions in detail to the Thirty-nine Articles, to three Articles of the 36th Canon (relating to the Thirty-Nine Articles, the Royal Supremacy, and the Book of Common Prayer), taking the Oath of Supremacy, and having done this as a deacon, doing it again when ordained .priesl ? and again when licensed to a curacy, with addi- ?a! forms and repetition of signatures with further (orms on institution to a b.nrfoe iM. prDposed to sum ?p in a single form, which is to be subscribed to upon each of And thd (orm IS as follows -? A. B. ldo Bolemly make the following declaration I .iaUo the Tbirty-nine Articles of Region, and to the Book of Common Prayer, and of Ordering of BishJ ops Priests, and Deacons I believe the doctri.n? e of ? the United Church of England and Ireland, as threin set forth^, to be agreeable to the word of God and in 1 ublic and Administration of the Sacraments I will u?.e the ?form i.n the said book prescribed and none other, except so far as shall be ordered by lawful authority. It is certainly desirable that in this form the expression "Holy Scripture," used in the sixth Article, should be substituted for the expression "'W ord of Jt)d, wbiM!, although frequently and rightly used Bible in the Ordination services and also in the Arhcl? never so used as to imply necessarily the whole ontntB  the bible It has never been so used as to commit the Church of England to a doctrine of the divine ori-gin of every word in the Old Testament, a doctrine held really by few of its clergy. The proposed declaration, if it become f?a it stands, will be accepted by many and represented by more as a pledge of faith in the full and direct inspiration of the entire body of the Scriptures. It may not be so me.nt. As the exhortation to a priest in the Ordination service is, Be thou a faithful dispenser of the Word of God and his Holy Sacraments," he is sent forth the injunction 11 Take thou authority to preach the Word of God;" and as the Bishop, in consecration, is said to dcrive his authority from « God's Word and as the 17th Article says that, I- in our doings that Will of God is to be followed, which we have expressly declared in the Word of God," so the use of the same phrase in the proposed terms of subscription may have been inadvertently adopted by some members of the Com- mission in the sense which the Articles represent only by the words warranty of Scripture." Every one, however, who sees the character of existing contioveisy and desires peace in the Church with a closer drawing of no bonds but those of charily, will, doubtless, think that in the pro- posed declaration it would be better to be content with the phrase that our forefathers woulti have used in such a context- The warning does not appear the less necessary when we look at the constitution of the Commission from which this new touchstone of faith proceeds. Lock, ^enrca saia, from the gift to the giver, cum qutd datur spcctabis, at diintem aspice. Our correspondent has done, ihat and fears that the change of terms originated in no inadvertence.
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There is now under consideration a project of Mr Fair- bank C.E.. to connect the north and south sands of Scar- borough, by tunnel running nndejneath the nry ceulre of the town. The carriages are to be propelled on the pi matic Byste?, and the journey <Mll occupy about two minutes. The line will be a great accommodation to* visitors, to whom the climbing of hilly ton.i!l.often.a grec 4b' jection.