The Welshman

EXTRAORDINARY TRIAL. A very extraordinary trial, vividly iflui-rative ot the morals and manners of rural s ciety in France, is reported in one of the recent numbers ot the Journal des Deo its. In one of the southern departments of France, the larn-et- Garonne. half-way between the Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay, there is a small village called Uraule, entirely inhabited, like the rest of the district, by farmers and a"rI- cultural labourers. One of the leading farmers of Graule, last summer, was Jean Betolieres. a man about fifty, with a "ite and two sons, named Marcellin and John. The next door neighbour of Betolieres was Master Vigie, another farmer, tolerably well off in wordly circumstances, but un- happy in his family rel itions. He constantly quarrelled with his wife and children, and it was generally rumoured in the country that he was not a faithful hu-band. Bpto- lieres, ill p irticular, suspected him of having seduced his own wile as far hack as the year 1830, anil he positively asserted that he had twice surprised tbe guilty couple, at intervals of several years, the first time in 18>4. It would seem, from this account, thdt farmer Bet dieres was no O heilo, for during all ibis long interval of time he was in the habit of discu-sing the matter very freely, not only with the fldus of the village, but with his two sons, Marcellm and John. the first twenty-seven, and t ie other t-e,it,-four year- old. Marrellm, who had fallen a viotim to the con- scription in I808, but had returned, as a discharged B ddier, in the spring of the present year, showed himself Par i- cularly angry, and often expressed his deteftnintition to punish the seducer of his too her. He even went so far as to tell hi- intention to Vuie's own son, who, So far (rom blaming him, treely approved of the deed, encouraging bltll to kill the old rascal." These communi itions led to a formal agreement between Nlareellin Betoli-res and young Vid ie. It vvas settled that the latter should blow a born, on a certain evening, when he expected bis lather would pay a visit to the faithless wife of Betolieres, and that, on this siifual. the latter and his sons would fall upon old Vigi-, and give it him." Thus matters sto d on the morning of the 2nd June last at the village ot Graule. On the evening of the same day, about nine o'olo k, farmer Betolieres. his two sons, and two servants, are sitting at the supper tib e, when sijdk-nly the sound of a horn is heard a short distance off. On this, Marcellin jumps up precipitately and hurries out of the house. A few minutes after he is heard calling his brother, whereupon both the 18 ter and the father hurry from the house. The two s r- vants a* tempt to follow them, but are fiercely ordered bick. A quarter of an hour elapses, during which feartul cries of intuider, Murder!" are heard outside, followed by deep silence. Then the trembling servants see the window of their room broken, and an arm and a head stretched through. It is Marcellin Come out," he cries t) his mother, who, I more dead than alive, has been sitting all the while in a I corner of the roo,t), come o,,t. and See what we have done." The terrified woman makes no reply, and Marcellin runs off 1 in another direction. He makes his appearance at the house of Vigie. at the door of which stand* the farmer's son. We have done for your rascally father," he cries; "come and see." The son, without betraying the least emotion, follows Marcellin into an adjoining field. Toere, coined with wounds, and 5:tll h eeduig, lies the dead oody of his father. Betolieres uJ his t-o sons cooliy tell tne new-eo uer that they have assassinated his isiber with their siibnts; they have battered biin down with their heavy wooden shueg, as a butcher would ki I an ox. Young Vigie seeno*. rat er pleased than ota. rwi-e at the siaht "f his murdered parent, and, having examined the oody to see whether there is any money in the pockets, saunters home carelessly. Beto liere8 and bis sons, on their part, having held a short con- veisation, decide upon a determined course of action. They straightway proceed to the mayor of the village, and inform him uf the murder of old Vigie. He seduced my mother," cries Marcellin, an-I we punished hiru aceorilinrly And if he stioul 1 arise into life, he adds. we would ktU iiim a/ain." Of ro in-. M-rcellin, his brother, and father, are carried to prison, and, in due time, before the as* zes at M >ntaub<n, to answ<*r f >r the ctioae upjti which toey stand convicted b" their own confession f'troer ti.-t dteres, when put upon his trial, n)t un. nitir-illy up.,)ii taking ,the best leg-Al ahice." Beiog a man of suhstaije, he was aole to rt-t»iu lb-, services of t'l > elhratpd bi r'S'er. M J lies Favr», who engaged t 1 hi- t lze iltry of a. .V.ordioily, when t ie S"¡Jt'iU')r ass ze- of the D-pait* m-?nt of fvn pt G.ronne came t.i be opened, an immense o'owd invaded every inch of available space, pirtty to see the brjve ns partly, anl mere still t a- the Celeirate I Jule- Favra. The tri-il I tste 1 t vo ilavs, and tilt only -s'ai'isne 1 all the preceding facts, but br iug it out pa'ticulirs which ma I-* the crime more heinous. It wd8 proved, fro n the testimony of medical witnesses, th-t the olv of the mud-re I man wira covered w th woun Is and cont isims from heid to foot ItS if it ha I been mtngl d utid^r the wheels of a heavy w-ggon. O 1 the other hand, the cross-ex imin it.ion of Kftotieres and his 01 "18 clearly Ah hit t;iev h-tibo r,,i designs of fO Ir Ir B Inn tílOe previous to the 2n t >f ,1'1'1". all 1 "nl, "ated fir a favoU'ahle oyportuo ty to carrv them into execution Uodcr these cir- cumstance, and seeing th it the accused th as-lves lid not deny having kill- I Vigie, th ir 00 idem rati -,I. me w >uld h,i,e tl night, c )ul I no' have rais < t a In > tientl- d 'Ilht T ic punlic prose'U'or, u iu<u«llv leni *nt in hr- ch.r-t"of accusj- ti >n. off-red, m>re i»er, all pos-iile advantiges to the tender tee:ings of the jury, "y submitting t' then no .e-t- t'an ten q je-tions, in woich a choice of verdi' t wis otfarel fr > o wilful inn r ter d • rn to invjlunta-y h,nici I. [I,, (-vt-r. th t-ele,)--t,d P ^ris b-irrister kii-w his ju v better thili even the punlie pros -uti)r. M "j 1 es Favre dit not want hiscliont-tiho punished even for ill oluntary honicile, involving, perhaps, a month's i fiprisr)n i.etit but bol-ilv set to work indicating tneir Crime by deliveriog a sensation xp,ech Farmer Beto leres and his 'WO mm, ha m .intained, with great emphasis, were chfll/lpi ¡¡¡ de la famille," sacred nphol ler- of be highest, till tr ij-t, anl noMest relations of life. This fact he ar,u, 1. w,)ul,i involve i a condemnation of marriage itself, and Dot and debauctiery would then run loo-e in the land. Thus pi* ailed the el i- q 1 .ut arri-er, win 11I1 up his p r >rat">n a- follow- —" I h dd here three he irts in my hand I present thetn to you but millions of hearts will be pierced and weep in bitter Migutsh if you punish these champions of family ties." Poor jurymen of the depart nent of i'arn ef-Garonne, how they must hive wept when thp ere -t barrister delivered his speech. He had no sooner finished than the twelve men turned round like one man, and declared the accused Not Guilty 00 all the points. "he three innocents hereu-oa were liberated at once, leaving the coor, it is to be up- pose t, without a btain upon their character, or upon their sabots. is it a tragedy, or is it a comedy, this trial at Mont- auoui ? The Hnswer is didfcult. But it may safely be sai l taat nowhere else '>ut in France would a jury of twelve men have acquainted three brutal clodhoppers who mangled ti m-in to death under their heel. -a man who, though pos-ioly a seducer hat carried on his seduction under their eyes and with their kno?ed?e for full fourteen year'. 71?,re could not ha»e been possibly any he?t of outraged passion in this brutal a-sassination at Graule. An old man of fifty-three, visiting an old woman of fifty-two, not his w ife, is certainly a very deplorable spectacle but what is a thouean t tilJes more deplorabe, is th.t a number of men solemnly dispensing justice should sanction the cJm- initial of wilful murder.-Globe.

1<'t t\tOEY I P(J it  o??T.-A SERIES OF ARTICLES L?ti ?W I} ?bINE?S-WUAT A PAMU IS 4 4,\6 tl()? V 1' 'III "'4'0 th?t Sir R?" Peel's Act broke down in %rid 1857 I tut It Should "^o be said that it must always tii 6 kk''O Owl, Ut,de/ ?. Its pro?MtuBsaTe ?ttf8tat,t?? "'? and tranquillity. They tend to ? '?P? ??"??t and to Pr?r.e tht truquiility. But ft 'f Pto n8'°tt8 are« adaPled to a state of alarm and con- lbe' OQ ?e afe nut ?"?P?d to 8t..te of ?t.rm and con- ii 11" ()utb'? 'Outrary, they ?"? to aggravate that alarm. ? ?'V 'Nes of gDfution they tnt?cat? apprehension, and they causa panic where otherwise there would have been merely fear. It has not been suffi- ci.ently o.bserved how very peculiar and technical is the sense in which we n -w talk of panic.' It would naturally signify a general d-strtiction of all con- tinence, a universal di-t. ut, a cessation of credit in general. But a panic '8 now co ne to mean a s'ate in which there is a confidence in the Bank of England, and in nothing but the Bank of England. Toere is an increased demand during a panic for B.nk of England notes at such timps an enlarged trust is repose 1 in the Bank, bu' thE'l'<I is a much diminished conifdence in every one else. Distrust is diffused, but the Bank of England does not feel it; the use of its credit is augmented. The reason is obvious. There is, in the ordinary working of banking in England, a refined mechanis n of diff Ised cre- dit -hi, h ec,)n-rni-;ee the use of bank notes, of visible instruments of exchange, of money in the ordinary sense of the word. By the aid of the clearing house, of country bankers, of London bankers, of the Bank of England, all wot king together, we have arrived at the mar»ellous result that the most important bargains are a ttled without the use of any bank notes or coin whatever. A oheq i Ie is given, and by the aid of the system of set-offs to which we have alluded, and which is so well known that we need not d-scribe it here in detail, this bit of paper pays for cotton or indigo as effectually as sovereigns, and pays for i' in every part of the king iom. There is. in addition tJ the ordirJary mo-iey of the country, a vast supplementary currency in wbioh, spe iking generally, all wholesale transactions are settled. in which every important transaction is concluded, Except in parts of the North flf Eng'and. where a rather baroaroos mode of charging bank commissions restricts the use of cheques and batikinc, no one pays any large delfts except by cheque. Tne wholesale currency of the country is a ledger currency—a curr-noy of bankers' deposits trans- ferred by ba'tkfr- cheques. Bank notes in general, and in their customary use, are but a retail cutrencv. S "ail matters are settled by them IttrAe matters are settled with- out them. In a panic, this auxiliary and supplementary currency is at once in part annihilated. Its very foundation is taken away. That foundation is credit, and inst-ad of credit, there is discredit. A person, for eumple, ho has lent money on securities will not take his debtor's ch, que and give up those at curities. He ative. 11 No. These are extra- ordinary times,— iiues that bllfB me. I n-uat have bit k notes. With them I know I am safe, but with everything rise I do not know, I am unoertain." Tue general machi nery by which bargains are settled and deots paid in this country is in times even of commencing panic disturbed and superseded; and the delicate confidence upon which that currency reposes is suddenly removed. Persons who have been connected with, or who have watched wb -t we may call Anglo banking,—the introduc- tion of an English el,tem of banking into cllutinpnt.1 coun- tries,—well comprehended how useful, how refined, how incomprehensible to most foreigners is this cheque currency. The bank note is a most coarse form of credit as compared wuh it. Taking a bank note (e*eri when not a legal ten- der) only involveg trusting trie Bank but taking a cheque presu.oes al-o a trust in the ch^qu*' giver. He says he his a MUn-e, and tie baiik says it wi.1 piy that balance. It is so familiar t > us, tha' we f rget the anomaly but it is strange that thousands' worth, millions' worth we might sav, of s 1i,I si-curit'es Ar" daily p.rt..r1 with in London on the credit attached to assertions like thrue. It is r-itht the confidence is we I repaid but if you try to explain the "rationale" to a sceptical and inexperienced foreigner, you wtll not find it very easy to put the argument con- vincingly. In a panic, this currency of cheques-this currency of rt fined cr -dit-is much dis'urbed, and is in part destroyed; and, therefore, we fall back on credit of the first order,—on credit of the coirser a rt, -upon Banknotes We require m're Bank notes, just because the reeling, the confidence which made few Bank notes effectual, has disappeared. The same cause operates in anothfr way at the same moment. Few Bank of England riotes are required, because, over all the country, bankers, relying on the tranquillity of industry and the steadiness of credit, do not think it neces- sary to keep many bank notes. The barkers knows that be will not use them, so why bbould he keep them, and so lose the interest ? But in time* of panic, in times even of embryo alrfo and commencing fear, -a banker cannot feel 80 safe. If one banker in a town fails, tbe bankerneilt door ouicht not to be without apprehension. He says, my creditors may come and ask for their n.oney, and I must have Bank notes —not>-s they must take-to pay them with Tne worst may not come, but also it may, and I mlAøt keep myself firepored. Lastly, toere are currencies in the country beside the Bank u Enland. It may well h?ppeR that 'ome of the banks which supply the Engli-h country currency might fail, and then at once. and bctore the provisi'>ns, of Sir R. Peel's Act for that purpose onu d be ea-ily brought into operation, there wou d be a tun to replace it. It a Scotch or lra-h issuing bark should fail, the renult is identical, though the proo as is different. The othrr Scotch or Irish bank* c,ul i issue notes upon bullion to fill the -aid in whichever country it might be; but they could only obtain that gold by gelting a credit balance at the Banking Department of tue Bank of England, by drawing a check on that balance, 1»9 getting n t,-s in payment of bat check, and getting those notes paid in gold at the Issue Department. Those notes are then oaneelled, but the effect is the same as if they had been taken to Ireland, or Scotland, and there issued. The panic has in both cases destroyed the local circulation, and taken Bank notes out of the Banking Department ot the Bank t) replace them. In one oase it has issued, and in the other destroyed them but that is immaterial: the demand on the Bank Usue, the void in London,, is the as-ne. These various incidents of a panio all come to the same result -a pres,ure on the Banking Department of the Bank of England. More notes ar" req lired, "0.1 these are taken out of the reserve there. Bank of England notes are a legal tender, and of course this aids their use in time of difficulty but it is not the essence of that use. Years before Bank notes were legal tender, they had a similar kind of magic iiifi lenoe. Their credit was good where no other credit was good. Otherwise it would not have been possible to make tbem eompulsorily rticeivable-it lo4al tender. But the essence of Sir R Peel's Act is that beyond the fixeil suin-beyond the legislative limit there shall be no additional B nk notes. The virtue of t'le Act is that it concentrates the attention of the Directois on the banking reserve, that it compels them to rasse the rate of discount whether otherwise they would or n,i. But when unexpeo'ed demands are at once concentrated on the Bank reserve, the characteristic virtue of the Att of 1814 becomes its charac- t ristio vice. That reserve is reduced by these large and sudden calls to zero, and in consequence the public is excited, terrified, and alrmed. Both in 1847 and 18-57, the only t wo occasinnq of panio which, aincA 1844, have been experienced, the law has neen oroken. The Bank Directors, under the sanction of the Treasury, have committ-d a mis lemeanour, and have reo ceived an indemnity. But, indisputably, a breach of law is a most clumsy, most inartificial, most extreme expedient. It never ought tJ be relied on when any alternative, any equivalent measure can be relied upon. When a necessity is admitted by practise, when a danger is indica ed by theory, legislation ought to be really with ad»i.e. It is to be ouserved Anat toe danger we are diseasing was not the danger of an unfavourable foreign exchangt, but the danger of unioutrollanle domestic panic. B, raising the rate of interest we can cure the foreign drain, but an j moreasf of the value of money -ould not mitiga'e or di,nin- ish a domestic panic. Probably it might enhance the alarm; at any rate, it isould not coire it. The reined* seems plain. There ought to be within the law, a power of d >ing, when nece-fv. precisely what was done without and beyond the la,, in 1817 and 1857. Tne Cbdact lior of the Exchequer an.1 the First Lir,i of the Trea- gury should ha>e the legal po"r "f su»pjnain<r the Act of lh44. Ot course th"J would be responsible to Parliament, dtid it might even be provided that hey should submit the step they had taken to the ex pre s judgment, and ask upon it the dis'inct smctioii of Parliament. But whether ttiis wt-re provided by verbal law or not, the practical working of our constitution would unt;w..r triat the exercise of »u«h a power would be vrty nano»ly watched The legitimate Opposition, Hr Majesty's Opposition, would always make a handle of it, tno»e a vote of c-n^ure on it. if it coulj. Unless the general voice of the nation sanctioned it, a con- sider aole Parliamentary tninoriiy would criticise it If tnat general voice condemned it, the Ministry woiild lose the confidence of the country and would 1 >se its place and pow, r. Toe pro iion would under no circumstances tend to render money cheaper. We are quite opiiosfJ to t-tose wh ) amend the ii. of 18H in the interest of laxity.-in the interest of ins dvency When capital is scarce tht- atiort loans of it oagtit to be dear and when capital is plentiful the ah Tt loans of it ought to be cheap. And what we call the liitere-t of capital in L >rnbard street is re-tlly advance of money for briet periods. Wn-t, then, it may be a. k,.d. would be the U8"" of this expedient. — what be gained by tbat which is propost-d ? Tots would be ed At present, io case of an internal pant before the Bank of England and tile Government coionine to break the law. there is a week or so of sufferiug. The Btnk reserve at the end of the day on which the letter of 18)7 was issued, was reduced to a mere trilli. Tho clause we propose would save most of tuat week. It would enable the Treasury ani the Bank to deal with an internal '-<- .11 exceptional luoustrosity to be destroyed by an illegal act; bat as a calculable, though i.atit u piece of business, to be managed cal uly as a matter of b ein- at. We last week quoted a saying of Sir G. Lewis. He said that Peel's Art lid so much evil in the p allio wee-k that It made one doubt if, on the whole, it ver-9 not bad rather than gOld, notwithstanding all the good it dvl at other times. 0 ir proposal would save, we bel eve, that week, and upon tuis we rest its justifiuation.—Eeono mist.

A MAN AND A StJBGEN." A man as modest as he is enthusiastic has arisen in New York to proclaim a great scientific truth ia the light of which, as he repeatedly tells us, the milleniutn will ap- proach apace; anl when it does the or.ly pang will be that the great benefactor who has spread it am 109 men should have concealed himself beneath the veil of the anonymous, and go down to the grave "unwept, unhonoured, and un- ouni" The discovery is partly verbal and partly real. The verbal part of it is that slavery, derived from the op- pression of the Sclaves by men of the same Caticessian branch of the human family, is a misnomer for the subjec- tion of a subordinate to a superior species, and that this relation should accordingly be called in future 11 sub- genation," which is to me.n the subjection of a subordinate spe-ies of the human race to a higher species unfit for iotermarriage with it without degeneration and mongrel- ism. The verbal blunder the writer therefore corrects thus:- "NEW WORDS USED IN THIS BOOK. Subgeyiation -from the Latin Sub, lower, and Generafus and Gotou8, a race born or or. at«d lower than another; hence, the natural or normal relation of an inferior race. Subyeti- is used to describe the persons of tne interior races tuns placed in their natural positions. Plural form, j Subgens." 10 future therefore, the Mongol, says the author, may be usefully called a subgen in relation to a Caucasian, a Malay to a Mongol, an American Indian to a Malay, an Esqui- maux to an American Indian, and a Negro to an Esqui- maux. A fortiori of course the negro is a subgen to any race higher in the hierarchy of mankind, and most of all to a Caucasian. So much for the verbal reformation, to which the author attaches great importance as removing the false ideas which the prejudices against Sclave subj-ction haTe rigtly raised. Th" results of correcting our lang iage hp estimates very highly. Directly we expres- in our lan^iage the notion that a species is visibly beneath ours, the idpa of cruelty connected with the arbitrary disposal of its destiny will pass away, an t all Europe will oompete «ith Am-rica for the privilege "f having subgens" in his service. The Confederate Constitution will he universall y adopted. For it alone" hetll at rest for ever the distracting negro ques- tion in the only way that it ever can be p rmanently set led ¡ Unf rt,inat,-Iy it retains the old an l MC-IOUS no calling subgens slaves, and subgenation slavery b t ttlij can easily be remedied, and arose not fr 'm any mistake as to the relation i self, but solely from the want of a proper word to express that relation—a word which the writer trusts hp has supplied No doubt t'ie first step that Mr. Jeff rson Davis will take after perusing this important work will be to summon a convention of the Siithern States to amend the Constitution by a instituting the word subgen for slave, and then the difficulty will bt. at an end. Only the writer strikes us as a little timid about applying his own tneorj to other than African siib4eng Alter showing us plainly that the distinction applies to nt least four other species, he ne,er ventures to advocate the use of anv but the Attrit an to -erve the white man in the great millennial prospects which he holds out to toe latter in the following thrilling words:- No one can estimate the amount of wealth that natWe Africans now as inanimate clods of clay-would prod ice if set to work. There is not a man so poor but coul 1 »ffor I to own one subgen In fact poverty would be abolished Almshouses would be as deserted as the Pyramids of Ego p,, and pris no become as curious as the ruin-i of P tieiiqilti. Dr. Franklin estimated that if every white individual pi in- formed f-• (ir hours' labour each day it would be sufficient for the support and maintenance of mankind But I.il is altogether too high an *eetttnase. Under ttle op. r-ition of subgenation, the white rice would bp relieved, tiist of 31' thp grosser employments, and secon ilv, very much of all labour. In the far off future it is doubtl ss the inten ion of the Creator to relieve the rase created in His own imalCe ot all employment, except that which will develop the intel- lectual, moral, and spiritual natures. The milleni itio, which many people are groping in the dark to IIra-p is a fact of the future; but the world is not ready for it. It was five thousand years before God repealed to 0-ilileo the motions of the heavenly bodies. It was six thousaud years before the idea of the equality of all wnite men was revealed to Thomas Jefferson. That idea is not yet firmly established. We, as yet e*en in this country, only I see it, as though a glass, darkly,' while Europe does not even acknowledge it at all." The literary insight of this great anonymous writer is equal to his political enthusiasm He q lotes .he passage of Pope's Messiah beginning, Rise, clowned with light, Imperial Salem, rit),, and en(lifig,- See, barbarous nations at thy gates attend, Walk in thy light and in thy temple t,en I —adding with naif ardour, "the idea of Subgenation >s expressed in the last two lines, and i* borrowed from the prophet Isaiah." No doubt tlii learned author refers to the S'Xtieth chapter, bpginriiiiit. 'b Arise, shiiie and supposes that the verse And the Oeuiil-s shall come t ) thy ligi.t and kings *« the brightness of thy rising" is a prophecy of negro sta-erv in the Confederate S tslfs. the Africans heing notoriously the only Gen iles of -tiom I-aiati could have thought with any propriety, and Richmond, Va., being of course tho only cenceivahle modern antitype of Jerusalem. fbe writer indeed has himstlf something of the prophetic ordtr of mind. He passes into a holy rap- ture in delineating the new earth if not the new heavens which negro 8ubgplllltion will bring. "Could every negro now on the face of the earth." he say, be pl-iced at useful labour the homes of poverty would be lighted up with a smile, joy would gladden the heartstones wht-re so.row like a spectre now sits enthroned, and even the morning stars would once more sing 4 Joy on earth, peace and gOOld will among man —a passage which shows that in the divine rapture of his holy tbenie the author identifies the song of the morning stars in Job with that of the heavenly host in the Gospel. So far from objecting to the Bible or feeling any delicacy in quoting as tbe seer of subgenation" the same prophet who bad enjoined on his nation "to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the op. pressed go free. and that ye break every yoke," he gets over all the difficulties by simply stating that historically it (the Bible) deals only with the Caucasian race," that apparently being in the author's mind the only race which God created in His own image," and which with the help of subgens—is entitled to a millennium. But there is a portion of this ecstatic writer's work which is quite as cuiiotis as its doctrine of subgenation. It ap. pears from it that subgenation is the true and only root of itenuine democracy. All the g,o.t democrats from Jefferson Davis downwards to Vallandigtnm and Fernan,i(i Wood- and (of all of them the writer slieak-i with eq,l.l reverence and syiijpmttiy-are he says heariy beti- word in the great gospel of subgenation As for S jogenation L coming omnipotent and universal," he says, that is just what every democrat and friend of humanity desires," un. consciously using friend of humanity" ill 'he same sense as Canning in the celehrnt d lines on the needy knife- gri_ nder except indeed tbat, if the knife-grind r in question had been a subgei, h- would have had the » fri-tid of humanity" kick without instructing him and, if a brother, instructing with out kicking him. "fhe writer," lie goes on, 1* who has had an opportunity during the past winter to become acq lain ed witti toe opinions of most of the De- mocratic members of Congress 0 this ques ion, was struck with this rem?rkabtef?t. At'noot t,) man they are at heart in favour of Subgena'ion (l.ven). Even Mpr8.' Brooks and Cox do not differ in this respect materiel y from Jeff-ram Davis and Alexander H. Stephens. Tne country therefore is periihing not so much for lack of knowledge as from a want of moral courage; it is dying from sheer cowardice." And he aocounts seriously for the close nonneeli n between democracy and subgenation io this wise —Men who live in the presence of a lower species of their own kind, are taught by constantly contemplating the great golt between them and the lower species to ignore the infinitely smaller and so to say aooideiital differences between different varieties of the same sped -s. "The presence of the negro con taritly reminded the whites bow vain were all the artificial distinctions which men bad engrafted upon society." That is. as tigers would learn equality inter se by contemplating the ttenius and habits of cats, so do white men learn mutual deference and respect by contemplating the genius and haoits of negroes The value for freedom springs from the perma- nent soorn for a visible servitude, the sense of eqjaii'y from the permanent co,ra for specific inferiority. It is a beautiful andChiistian teaching t iis— that disgust is the xreut educator, and that we rise, not by loving tbat which is above, but by spurning that whicb is beneath us Free. do-n, quotes our author from Burke, is most valued by those States in which there are slaves, because there it is not only an enj >yment but a rank and privilege." And ex- tending tiiis great principle, the wi iter infers that "a society founded on bubgeoation produces tne highest tvpe of mankind-tbe most consummate stattsmen anl gene- rals, the highest ttpe of woman).ood, and tile most emlied morality and virtue" Tniø and many other isolated passages read like trle production of a vowt-rt sitirist on ttle. Soith but it is impo-sible to read many p .ges of the work without being completely driven from this the first and most natural hypothesis. Indeed the pcrlblllleht anJ absurd antithesis assumed throughout the b 10k between the gospel of subgenation, and the doctrine that the mixture of the white and black races wo iiii be a benefit to A nerican society and man suffices to show the serious purpose in this marvellous publication. III truth of course it i. the servile treatment of the black race whirh alone promotes amalga- mation for in free States it is like sympathies, and like t istes, and like social positions wtiicti attract; in slave St>test!ie wo i-en are used by tiicir masters wit tout any reference to intellectual or moral ties. Of course our subgcnitionist is an enthusia tic for the subgen trade- commonly cailed slave-trade -as for suogeriition itself. "Never," he says of tbe execution of rhe captain "fa slaver, never was so foul a murler committed as when the true and noble young man Gordon was hanged in 'his city i.1 1851 for participitiou in the importation of Africans He uni a ttArt, r t) ignorance anl fanaticism as senseless as that which formerly hanged "Id WOlnen on the charge of witchcraft," 44 We should at once oppn the importation of African suigens and deft-nd the Christian and democratic policy in spue of a world of monarchists in ar,oA." Perhaps it is not qui'e candid in our enthusiast to call his a Cliris- ia, as -PI I alt a democratic policy, since he ad ni s that though I?aiah ma? ba?e ha I a dis inct KII OP-0 of !hd mtllenniu O of subg nation, theH?te i?addre.s'd only to Caucasians; but in t as 1 e only alopts the 01.1 prac- tice of divines *ruo alway s eall principlei Christian which they think right, etititi-ly without refetence to any vestige Of such principles in the teaciing of the 68t Cnrist'an communities. He would clIII 8u,.g..n..tl"lI problthl}. Dr. Newnan does the udora'ion of tue Si ilnts, a preservative addition" to tbe Chr stian doctrine of the bro berhoo 1 of man, and would no douot gravely maintain that our L rd's solemn words as to whosoe'er should do the wid of his Father who is in Heaven sboull really ? qu?tined by say- ing, tbe same, —except s^gens—is my brother, my sister, an I my m ther." Taking the bo k to be earnest Which after repealed o msidrration 01 the point we must b H.ve it to be -a more extraordinary pr?f of t? corruntinv indue.ice of slavery on the No. them Democracy can «a? elf be imagined, (specially if it t»e tru<* ? ,? author asse.U that all the D? m ?cr&t)e Iders of the north d.) n »t simnlt 8UpplHt ehT?ry )n the spirit of compromise, but in the 8 rri of genuine adwlnt¡oo .1 its primiptes and fti?cts To deduce democracy from slaverv-tii make the "Ill formut II Am I not a man and a brotner ?" for men ot the same species, the natural coiollary from the for nula Are you not a man but a au?geu ?" towards men of a lower species t» b?se freedom up'?n tyranny, and ''qua)it? on scorn — jl t"e doc'rme "t a syntem wh'?s only fruit could be to 'tftf?.td 6 Caucasians nut only into suh?ena but brutes, -not rn. rei e to dpres, the race but etfce the type,—1 » blot 0 t tt/ image of God Srst in the higher and commanding 111 II e in the lower and subject one.—Spectator, oe&t

MIDDLE-CLASS SCHOOLS. The attention of the country is likely to be J /or the next few years from the education of the working cl&88e" in wbien we hate reason to believe that fh ?'?ed Code will for some time to come e?ct a steady progre8s to that of the lower middle. olaM.-probab?? t?. present moment the worst educated of any class that l. ? P?aat all in this country. Tha elaborate discussions at Ca >Ci'la^. • Soi?ncf Association this week, and the able sne<.„K ma,ie by S r S?S.ud Northcote last week at Lee? !n °r "< tHe priz? and cert i tbe prize and cerlficate8 to the examinees of Uui*er* sities and the Society of Arts, sufficiently prove fh htten- tion of the country is now turning upon ? task in 8"5ie rMpects even mora diS'-utt thu that on ah, » has hitherto been emp?y-d. We say in a »me r?pee.s L rl diffil" cult for the unitrw,ty ?fsy?m reqmred for the -orkin cl?ss. who have 80 htUe means of their own, and the « me dependence on Parnamentary ?o?s. rendered it a cn) lively easy mat?r to demise a 8y,t.m for t „ Schoo and ot?r. that are endowed. ? all, o?y? ?n as to secure corre?pottdm? aid from 'e Go?mmt-nt W.to 8uch choolA, it wa po?bte for Pahiament and the Admi- nistration to dictate the terms of assistance wituout in. frinumgany tradiuonal rights. There was almo,t a clear field on which to begin, and certainly few old and powerful vested interests with which to contend. With the middle- class schools, that is not so. The small endowed arammar and proprietary schools will make a stout resis ance to any inroad on their monopolies or reforms by the St.t,! the bad tastes of parents, themselves vulgar and uneducated, but possessed of sufficient means to provide their chi ^ren with s ch eluxation as they like, will long interp.se grave obstacles io the way of anything like universal reform ,,d no,i,)U*)t the It,vil Cj n nis-uon v 11 h r h proposed to appoint will firli a groct deal lIor difficulty in proposing any reforms at once feas ble anl cff>ot i*l for midJle- class education thai bsset the recent Commission on the ipopular schools. there ill, h ..vever. one verv great step which might, we i think he male without dinger, without mufh opposition, and without any g-t-t cdditton to tie exp n e of the 1:;11- cation D.jp""t n""r> -certiinly wi hort any addition 10 r to which the middle classes, who bear < ver> grpat propirtion of tne expenses even of tie lower class sciio [ suhs-ripti tn. I and end iwments. have not a leeitirn ste ciai "we m^ao the institution of all optional G ivernment inspection for su ;h middle-oU'S schools lesirw to have this test applied to thrn. We observe that Sir Stafford X rrrhcotn declared hiftlself, at York, this day week, against 11 any systea of centralisation or 'ioverom-nt inspection for the void it Oifi-g schools. 'Tiis objection, however, -u'l-t. we think, he inter- pretpd a- a,, P13i,.g either to co,-iipa'siry inippetiori, or I at least to an inspection rewarded r.y as-istanee of some sort froom ttle fuilil9 of the Government It is not for any me»sure whi< h would be so violent an innovation on ttle pr^s-nt system, or so greit a dr,ifi on he national revenues, that we Itre pleading but svmply for an off r by Go>Tninent to test, at the request ot tti- pro. ■ pri-tors, tne quality ot the instruction gi»eii in the mid ile- d ss schools, as it is already tested f'lr the schools re«ei>i-ig Government subsidies so a< to supply a recognise I standard of edu.-ati.-n to pirents who have little means of j idling fflr th.sdV" s. d" t" I(IV" relAl;y coiiHclenti us school- masters all HjJportolJlltyof receiving a testi uonial to .the Character of their -ork whiun will he given on something like a p inciplP, a"d involve n > parade of e upty and wor 11- less putf* It tuay be said that this is alreily lone hy tho U(ii-er,.ity L,c..l Exa -,iiiatio,is and the Examinations of the S ictet) ol Arts. But that is a very iitip-rfect, and to so no fx-fntfe" mi-lea ing, process. It does, 110 douot. test fairly the mcixiwi>n elu-tatm^ i>o»-r of t ie scho 1 W'licii i sends its pupils to tnese ex ■ mioatioos hut «h it the ave,age man waot-11 know is the avenue eiu-aiing pisrerof the school;—what mail* parents want to know 1S its power of educating he dullest or le-st instructed children. T ns the Local examinations cannot t-ll any one. No pup;1 pre-en a hifidatif for extktnitiati -n who exp"te failure it is not to the interest of the master that any pupil should pre-ent himself without a fair chance of success,tud failure disa >- points the individual child and his parents, as well as dis- credits the school. The local examinations are competitive examinations, in which not only teaching, but talent, tells. Tnry are no use in the world for distinguishing the schools in which the most patient effoit- are inwde to make the education of all, dull as well aid clever, backward as melt as forward,jas thorough as it is possible to make it. E'ery one knows how often parents —awa.e of the delicacy, <-r t ie the dulness. or the timidity, or the ignorance, or th@ unequal education of their chiltiren,-co,i,mic >hern to private care I 111 tile hope tbltt 101l1C' r time ..ud IIrf'ater !'¡¡lie..cl' witl he thug devoted to them, with less danger of the ridicule or the discouragement of companions anJ every one also ko >ws 110- often su h hopes prove tutll., and the private teaching turns out more pteienlious aiiii less -ucce-sful than the school- Now, uh a voluntary inspection as we bave pro. posed would place within parents' reach •. te t, not merely of the succtss of the teaching with clever boo H. but of the thoroughness f the teaching throughout. The inspectors would rei ort on the genera; characit r of the school, its methods, their efficiency or defl.-ieiicy,-its weak point- and itl strong POillts,-th. attention to health no less than the attention to teaching,—and thus enable parents to select e,l,ictly the kiibd of setiool which they might j dge b,-st for their children without attempting to lorm, what they are often incompetent to form, an individual opinion cn the ch at deter ot the intrucl ion. It may be said, however, that an optional inspection could not effect such results as these,-or apply an hofno- geneous standard to the middle-class schools throughout the country, because the inc-tucietit schools would never court iuspection, but would rely on more plausible and showy methods to secure the confidence of parents. We doubt very much, however, if this could Ion 1 be the case. In a country which at bottom defers so willingly to the aatho- rity ot the Government, the possession of a certificate of efficiency from a Government inspector would soon be re- garded by parents, however ignorant themselves, as the one indispensable mark of rfspe. tabiiity. The submitting to inspection would soon be torced upon even private schools which desired to retain their ton nt xion, and the awards of the inspectors would soon be as universally inquired for by parents as the mark put oy Lloyd's a)4etit on a shio is by the underwriters for the insurance of her cargo. There is no department ot busiuess in which the competition j, more active ibati tlauniiig And this at >ue would tender it abso- lutely necessary, to iho-e for whom it was possible, to secure he advantage of something like a G tvernment gua rantee for tile etiarteit-r, of the discipline aid teaching; while t iose for "'h,.m it was not poa-ible to eren think of such a thing, would soon be obliged by the prcssuie of utlldr competitors to retuin from the field, The other gteat practical reform to thih we see our way intellectually. Would no iou-t be met by a far m >re furious opposition, though it is obvious tiut thinking men, even of the Uouseivative party hke Sir Stad rd Northcote, have already more than half made up their minds t. i .-we mean the apf.ropria:ion of s<ua I e., dolmen is in tiie various grammar schoo.s to puiposes far larger those wiih which they are hampered by the conditions of the founder, •• We talk of the intentions of founders," said Sir Stafford North- cote at Leeds, aud no doubt the intentions of Ib" founders a e to be respected aud adhered to as far all possible cousis- teutly with the circumstances of the time. But there is such a tbiug as adhering to tile particular expressions of the founder, and altogether defeating and destroying his ori- ginal intention. Sjpposiug, for instance, a person should estaolish a school, and desire that a particular grammar beiug now In use should be taught, do you suppose toai if 100 years hence some very much better grammar should come iuto use, the founder, if he oould lia,e forseen it, wuulo ba-e wished mat the mleri r grammar should be pre- served. No i ne wished a go id education to be given, but not to bind pC)s terify to the pirtiouiat words of his bequesi." And again ne says still more siron<lv of Ibe mou pohes of education which me Kra u,u >r schools give to the children »t particular dl-trlcta, freemen ot t.orougi.s and so on 1 am not sneaking 01 Leeds, as I know little of its particular circumatiiuer out I do sty with reference to a great num- ber of grammar scho 016 111 provincial towns, that if the middle ulasses are desirous that these seboola shall be turned to \)"I!t IiCuuun, tuey ijiust lie prepa,ed to see thein dealt "til 111 a liberal spirit, tu give up narrow monopolies, or consent to the modification of those p,irtieu ar monopolies or privileges which in so many cases hamper and k"E'p down grammar schools 10 idree towns." Sir Stafford Northcote, then, goes so far wit" us as to advocate a tolerable free depai tare from ine old limitations of grammar school endow- Ulellts. Itnd an entire abolition of the oonopolies which res- tllct trlelr ddva"t"gea tll the people of particular di-tftcts Now, any r¡"e woo KoeS 110 far as ttlid is qlLt" at liberty, on y inoiDie at i east to g » further, an say it ts no longer right -It is no longer for the benefit, but for the absolute injury, of the particular classes privileged by the conditioos ol the present endowment -to respect these re-nictions at all; the best ttill 91 eveu for the small da-ses who are supposed to benefit "J tueir exul|,8,i" pff'l^gfS, IS to t. ttow them doon & admit free .ompct't"'™ wiLli ine test .-f thri wori,i for the.-to priv.legt-d people suffer instead ot profiting by the nairow ex«lusi»elll Mu, their schools. And of course it needs no argument to prove tnat it the supposed benefici .ties of monopo it-a arJinjured oy th -in, the large excluded class is injured sn,i in" But if this De ll,), it is cleat that the f-nds thus injudiciously employed in impeding rather than spreading education ¡Udt tltl If De used III auything which will pro uote best tile education of the whole class tor which tue scUoo.s wtre lounded. And Me have little doubt that the best way would be to club these lundll and ltdo"dh with them a few really adllli rahie a\I stanoaid schools for the middle classes, under Government mspei-tidi'i winch might do for these cla,ses Whiit Et,.u. H.u .y, dud li-rrow uo for the chil ireri of tile higher clashes uV-tiueJ 3, for the Universities. We Miouid uot Wish 10 see tut) exhibitions ten aole by tue he't scholars ot these schools at the Universities, retamej. 1 lIere are more than enjugh open prizes at the Uul»ei8ities UlelllSelves for the le w i ids ol this class ho are really Otht lit'ied fdt II schoias ic life,-ani the tempta- tions to itlai 80,„iastio life dre already too numerous, and ougut to be diminished, 1"1'" University is a cut de nue fur 1. tiO have no filealit3 tor leisure and for a io.14 protessional education, retideilug them, in lil",t (;Use", Itti, ,lid prutHbl) uu itior, the business citeer iutt) whicu toey would ha»e en 1 red with energy when they left school, and yet opeiblitt no U-reer to them at an, exoept that of a ciergy-«an or schoolmaster. The teouly now spent 011 exnioitt >«<• tenable by the best pupils 01 giamuiar schools at ihe Uni-eraiue*, could be far more ede tu all) employed in estaou-hiug a few high class stiii- dard school, imeiided u t as preparatoiy for toe Universities, but vo Iiu.»art SO much solid nuowiedge aud refined cuitur as Aould be IDOllt lIcly to raise the mmds ot the scuolars aiiy hordid JeIOLI-la to COlli uet-ei ti pursuits, out not to keep the pupils -0 long uuJer teachiug as to inspire them witu tastes t !,st,,Jlods for tae best career wcica lies be. fore

THE EGLISa VOLUI REERS AT BRUSSELS. Those who have passed througn Bru-sels during the last ten d-iys of September are aware t'litt IS streets, always brigtit and chearful, then pre euted a ojecialli anitnated appearance iu consequence of the crowds attracted fiom all parts of the country oy the various popular amusements, chiefly gratuiltolls, Ann ialiy organized oy the authorities in com me 1-oration ot Ltio eatabl shment ot Belgian indepen- dence. Illumination*, balloon ascents, fireworks, horse ract s, torcnligh1 processing drama ic and other exhibi- tions, concert-, and bal's keep tne whole 01 the middle and low. r classes of the capital and a large number ot provincial visit rs in a coutiuual state ot excitement during tae Fates de Seplembre. And this year a novel attrition has been provided fur the sightseers by the unwonted piesen e of a body ot English volunteers, wnose Eutield rifl-s and grey, green, and scarlet tunics the Ismdly and easily amused Belgians were never tired of examiuing and contrasting with their own weapons and smart Garde Civique uniforms. The advent of our countrymen is due to an juvitation given by the Committee of the Tir National, or Belgian Rifle Associction, whose prl..e messing forms one of the most popular features of thf fetes, to tne English volunteers to try then strength in the numerous competitions open to all com< rs against toe Belgian marksmeu. This invita- tion though given t'lo late to oe audVpted oy any lar-6 number of the volunteers was couched in the most courteous and hospitable terms, and those who found it possible to ava l themselves ol it-have been much gratified with the eilretn. kindness and cordiality with which they were re ceivfd by e-fry oue with whom they were brought into contict. in fact the Vulunt ers itS well as tne ladies of their famines, by whom they were iu ui.uy casts accompa- nied, were so to speak the gutate Ot tlit city of BiU^eeis, They "ere to their unbounded astonishment pit-setittd to Boyal Dukes, to miuister- and burgomasters, we e received I with vins d'honneur and dejuuers, and even learut to expect the waltz or quadrille to be interrupted ou their appear-nce in a bdLi-ru,itu, in order that e* Oud S,ve ttle Queen" might be played, aud that they might warel, up the o 11 room and be presented to tne notabilities witu due solemnity. Ihe English uniform was a free pa-sport everywhere, aud no trouole or expense was spared either by community or by individuals to make the visitors' time pass pleasantly, and to mark the cordial feelings entertained by the nation to. ¡: wards their En^lisi neighbours. 13-it the ?re.»t attrition for the volunteers 1Ita after qll the 44 Tir" itself, and fv of then «er < nalY hours in Brussels before they w->re to be seen, rifle tn hau l, in 'vii/il,t'¡fes and omnibls"s on their wv to explore the scene of operiti ini, And a curious contrast to our rmgh open air work those who were new to foretg I rnus hafe found it. Instead of the breezy plveai of Wimbledon, with i's tfnts, shooting screens, expose.! ranges, and rec- tangular tirgets, a g uly or in-H-mred brick bin i I divide I along its wtiole length into a series of co np irt uents. each cipable of con aining ha.f-a-doz^a ril f> nen and a scorer 1 with his desk, and each having thr njgh an op n wi i l»w wi'h a sill four feet hig i a prospect of a range of s 'me 2)0 yards, ne .rU enclosed as far as cmceruel the eye bv s'reens, with a blaclt circaUr target of atiiut forty inches in diameter, having a white -mil's eye of toe dUm-ter of eight inch"S. The result of th >-e irrangetn-nts is th it tll « sh oter is protected entir ly rom the weather, caull «i II at tne wr nig targ*"t, tor he cai ha dly, if at all, S' 'rn' but hi- n,vn, and ma-t, on account o' whit we h we ca led the window..ilt, :I:\è)., in" .1It,'I,IIIIIg p isi.ion We have spoke., of ihe range as about 250 y iris but toere are really t vo J ranges, one at that d stince and 'he 0 her at a little n r, thio lOOytrls. This shorter ranje wis, hovever ex- clusiv. ly devoted to toe line regiments "f the Gar le Ciiq;ie w o are arin,,d with a very c)irae weapon w ,1 n is hardlv • worthy to oe call d a rifl.. The c m-tru-ti ,n of the target' and toe syst-m 'f rn .rkmg an 1 scoring are. a iuiraole, and deserve afev words of mention, t ri,, -i A ti it -) il!l per. lip- b ■ har lly p is-iole to a Japt t'l-m t • our 11 ire ex en lel and 1 often temptriry rafigps Tne -narkers are pl-icel under 1 the target, in a trench whici n-rves f r trie wti -to a-t of t Ir(t" "t each range, a0 1 vhich i- wi le, <'0 umo li-ius, an,1 perfectly protected fro n datigar. Tne t*r-ts are as we have satd circular, an I are «nade of pa-teb >ard coloured bl-tek, and divided into fi«e concentric circles, tie lines of demarcation of which are, however, imuercep'ible to the shooter. roe bull's-eye for niiig ti iiin,r u,)tit circle is m Iveablp. anI consist- of a V<"rv toitl plite of lead pai ited whi e. F,)r eich firing point th r-* are tvo targets attached to the extremities ot an iron rod working "allily 1\0 a pivot. and so ainrwe I th it when the rod is vertical one of t'ie targets is iu tie prop-r position for tiring. When a ah.)t strikes the ta g-i itg exact position i ilidlcted on the target itself by the marker with a sma 1 disc, and aoard with the numaer of points gained is exhiotted from the trench. A touch is then given t I the arm, and the target s nks, so to speak, below the horizon, another rising at tie same moment to take its plice. A patch is then placed on the 1 hole made by the bul et, an,1 all i. rei. ly for the next shot. Should tbe bull's-eye oe hit it is removed, numtiered, and con eyed to tne scorer, ari-I dulv measured and registered. For tr¡..re are two classes of prizes, one for the nighes num- her of points and the other for the most central sho's on the bull's-eye, the distance- frnn the centre being accur-ite- ly measured by a dtlicate instnt IWllt, Tue prtz-s which are very numerous are divided into three classe-, one cliss at the short range confined to the line infantry of the Garde Ci'ique, the -ellnd at the longer r inge for a 1 comers with tlrmeç de guerre" or military weapons —about which Wfj shail have to speak further on. and the third also at the longer range for any rifle The prizes are numeious, and con-ist chietly of converts, ie., silver forks and spoons, an 1 sums of money ranging from El to £ 20. Each co-n- peiitor has a right on paying two Irancs to tire ten shots, and ten si ots only, at the so-called fixed targets, and as nuny stiots as he plealle. at the free targets (cib/es a volonte) on paying one frano for five shots. No competition is there- fore decided till the final closing of the shooting on this 'lay, Saturday, and there is none of the excitement of an Eng- lisb prize meeting Matches between squad s are altogether j onknown. Each man spends as much time and money as he can afford in firing at the free targets in the hope that one of his series of five shots may have resulted in so high a number of points or may contain such a central shot as to entitle lim to a prize, and only fires his restricted number of shots at the able fixe when he finds that he has found the bull's-eye and is in good shooting trim. The meeting was formally opened on Friday, the 23rd ult., by the Comte de Flandre, who was received with military honours by the English volunteers and by the Garde Civique, which latter is a body containing some very fine and well drilled regiments and is analogous in constitution to the French National Guard. The shooting i then commenced and continued daily and all day long. The Englishmen, about forty in number, amongst whom were mi),?e wel. kno* n shots, had for tne mo?t p?r br'u?ht their En6eU ridei only, concei'in? that the arme ?M gt??r,-e against which they would be pitted would be something like our military weapon. It soon turned out, however, that the conditions for this class ot rifles were tery elast:o. "n,1 that the artO most generally used and considered quite wi'h- in Ite rules w ,s a beautifully finished, tireech loading, small b-ire rifle, having a oead foresight, a fine backsight, and the lightest possible trigger, not being exactly what is techni- cally termed a hair trigger. Of course against this the the Enfield with its corrse its -ix-pouud pill, and it* IIlgh trajectory, was all but useless, an,1 threforo toe English volunteer-, tbough many of them have made whit are in reality very good Enfield scores, can hardly lIo,.e to carry off any prizes on this occasion from the Be'gian marksmen, wunse -hoo ing has been of a very high II ass. If the iu-itatiou 8 i-juld be rep, ated in future y. a, s and the conditions should remain unaltered, it will oe necessirt for th >ge ride ii'ti who propos • to aocept the challenge to provide the uselves with a weapon a >met ting line ttiit we hive described so as t > compete upon t lerabiy equ oJ terms j Ttnre were we slmuld not omit to state one or tw,) Whitworths and Henrys on the ground; but they vrp hardly m re successul t ian the E fields, proiaoly fr "n the fact that these long-range r.d s ir not well alapted to be filed from t he shoulder. Bit whatever may brt the cause the fact of such well-known shot* as Captain Williams, Captain Field, Ensign Stockie, and many otuers having failed to make w n nog scores sho<«s that the Belgitns possess weapons ani skill which euable them to make at a shoitrau<e more accur<te shooin/ than we ha'1' bjen accus- tomed to see, and for this y- ar at least the English forty must be contented with having spent a very pleasant holiday, anI must not grudge their bJsLti the bouoiirs of fairly earned victory. A'e cannot close this sketch without giving a somewhat more detailed account of tbe manner in which the English visitors were received and entertained. On the Friday they were presented to the Curate de Flsndre, and to the Minis- ter of the Iuferior, besides beinit fiirmsily received by the Council of the f!r Nati -nal with a via d'hoaneur. 0,1 tile Saturday there Were >teenlechase8 and a ba.11Il the evening, and on Sunday the Chacseurs E laireurs, the crack b-t- talim of tne (i rde Civiq,l-- I-nd equal ill drill and appear- ance t) tue smartest of our volunteer regiments, gave them a dejeuner ana escorted them to t'le Hotel de Vtile, where t'ie burgomaster of Brus-e's, M. Ans^ach, mate them an excellent speech in English. Go the same day they were presented to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the veneraole M Rigier, whose name is well known in the annals of Belgian indep odenoe. and alaio wound up the evening with a very brilliant bill. On the Monday the Duc de Brabant visited tbe Tir and evinced great interest in the Shooting of the volunteer-, and in the afternoon on the occasion of the ascent of Nadar's great balloon the King" conversed for a >me time wi 11 a member of the able Artillery Company, an 1 expressed his gratification at seeing the %olut)te( rs in Brussels. The pub.i(j rejoicings were brought to a tilose on the Mondav evening ny a dis- j play of ifreworks, though the shooting was to continue for the rest of the week. It is impossible, we repeat, to speak in too high terms of the genuiue cor liality an 1 kindness wi'h whicii the E, ig- li-h nave been received It is quite evident that the ac- ceptance of the invitation oy even a few ot the volunteers h »* given great pleasure to the Belgians, and the hearty welcome which they nave met with will mike our country- men long remember with pleasure the holiday time which is uom drawing to a close. — Spectator. j

KILL! KILL! KILL! Rogers said that the great business in the country was killing. At a breakfast table some one would move the resolution It is a fine day. What shall we kill ? «r let us go out, and kill something," whi h proposal would be unanimously carried. And this propensity is not confined to the sporting classes, but pervades all, with a difference as to the objects. Those who are not privileged to kill pheasants and partridges will content themselves with the destruction of sparrows, swallows, blackbirds, and thrashes, anything that flies. And when any goodly strange bird makes its appearance, instead of finding a welcome and hospitable reception to tempt its stay amongst 04, every gun in the neighbourhood is put in requisition for the des* truction of the beautiful visitor Protest has been made against this injurious barbarism, but we are Bory to "ay that it is encouraged illllt. ai of discountenanced by the press, whicb generally records the sl aughter as an exploit, gi'imt the name of the perpetra'or as entitled to honourable mention for his address Her,, is an example where we should have least exneeted to find it, in the Gl,,66, It it he*d>*d. Capture of an E gl" but would have been in, re prolioily described as itiurder of an eagle, for tb- re w-s no capture in the cage, but wanton, cruel destruction "UII Tues lay last, whltll "ne "f the Filey boats eiigane) in the herring fishery was out at sea at a distance of fi teen ( inile«, the crew observed a large bird approaching. Which, sft r hovering II sb >r time, alighted on the masthead. One of the tads on hoard i-ntn#-di;t,ely commenced cli oh ng the mast, t,iiiikini to @. ure it prize, nut on trip lad approaching it t'V 'k wing lie hail n»t <le»cen led far, however, before the bird returned to its previous position, apparently much txbtu-ted 1'ne plucsy lad again sprung up toe mast, and on teaching the top attempted to IlUI) the bird; out his maje-tv wa- not t,, be t.k..o without a struggle, z)oJ to struck his talons depp into hwhai. making the blooJ to j flow most treely- Scales (the lad's name), nothing | daunted, clinrfinij tightly to the mast with his legs, threw out the other baud, seized the eaiile oy the throat, an t sue- ceeded, after a little flapping of the wing and attempting t.) b'te, in strangling hiui. He then tied him round bit neok, and came down, a bloody victor, to the deck. The eagle it of a darkish brown colour, speckled with white, of beautiful pmmage, but ex-es-ively lean, about 2 ft. long, measuring fr.,m tip to ;ip of wi,.g a little m,,r- than 4 ft Tne poor bird in a state of exhaustion had perched on the ma-t for rest, and instead of compassionating its dis- tr, sq. and rejoicing that the boat gave it the succoir it needed, a young savage instantly climbs the mast 10 strariglt- it, for he oould not have expected to take it alive, spent by fatigue as the brave bird must have been. And for this be i- oalled pluoky," and a victor, and his <ume bus the honour of a mention. Wtut would Waterton say to this misprison of bird murder. ■ The eagle it may be pleaded in extenuation of the offence i. II birl of prey, but nature g bim tild >tfiue, aul Ul Jou -it for wise purpose-, and the bird is now so rare ia these is thal bisdts roying functions must be I'tt e to be feared, while bis noble presence is a curiosity and a pleasure to the sigit. What neighbourhood would not be. glad to boast of an eagle? But the habits of the eagle had nothing to do with his. destruction. If the bird had been the most beautiful and harmless in the creation it would have been 4oomed to death the moment it lighted, distressed and mutely appeal- ing for pity, On the masthead. This propensity,to wanton., destruction makes desirable the superstition that protects the stately albatross, and precious the humane tradition that does the same tor tne pert little robin. France, swarming with insects, is paying a heavy penalty for its stupid extermination of birds, and we should not be in much better case if the art of destruction were equal to the wanton will. But, as it is, whole tribes are dwindling and disappearing. Tne noble head of the crow fam ly, the raven, is hardly to be seen, w th his handsome figure and beauti ful blue-black plumage, except in zoological gardens; and owls, which are the larmera' night police, are much more scarce in the woods than on barn doors, to which they are nailed in requital of their services -Exatniner.

WHICH ARE THE MIDDLE CLASSES? Which is tue iiiijdl rf class, or wnicti are IDe middle classes ? Lord Br >ugham should be able to inform us, for he professes to number them, and the result extremely sur. prises us, for he e-timates the working classes at fifteen or sixteen millions, t'lt upper casses at three or four millions, end the middle at less than one million. According to t'le old-fashioned classification the middle classes were next aoo t: the clas-es li» ng by handicrafts, and it,;x- t I them iu number as well as in place. In the middle cla-se* used to be included the professions, merchants, and the superior traling clas-es. lu fact, we should ria,e placed the mid lie between aristocracy and hand or menial labour. Lord Brougham u-es the description of upper classes, and pro- bh inclutes under that de-ignation all the higher strata of what Wag formerly considered the middle cuss, piecing them on to *the aristocracy. Perbaps. this is a better ar- rangement tuan i he former, if not carried too fai but if it reduces tbe I middle cass, the induenoe of which Lord Br Urfham rates very highly, to so s uall a aum-ier as less than a minion, there must obviously be some great error in the classification. Tb, re III no difficulty in ascertaining the number of the middle class, if toe place an l compos tion of the class be determined, Let us Know where it is, and what it is. and the Census will do the rest, But the boundary is the difficulty, and while it is undefined and uncertain it will be a matter o arbitrary opinion to fix the place and the number of that Yet at this very moment acti,e en-lpv ura are mode to improve the e l'jgation of the class anoul t ie social place and mag:,itlide of whlcti iso much d uot prev tili. Indeed no. thing ctttain of the ooJy is known out its -veight. All ae. knowledge that fact, but Lord Br ,ugtHm m ikes it th- rn"rl weight ot less tlltn a million, while OL era rate it at five or s x millions We looked to the transactions of the Educational Board of the \Vest Kiding 01 York, .in hopes of finding soo.e ubt thrown on tbis question, and much were we pleased when we came to this passage in Sir Stafford Northcote's speech, giving us promise of an immediate solution ot the problem — No*, what was meant by the eaucation of the middle clatlsPs r and what was meant bv the middle classes? Upon tti,atid.e,se-yth,itg depended." But this q,i,,Li,,n, up,,n which all depends, Sir Stafford Northcote leit entirely unan-wered. He stated it. only to leave it as he stited it. all important alld atl unanswered,* and io pass to anither question as unsa' isfactorily disu sed of, Wnat is e(JuL!atioci P So we here hive a complication of unsolved questions ? What is meant by the middle classes ? What is meant "y the education of the middle olasses ? And what is meant by eduoa ion ? Once oat. Sir S N ntbcote touched upon the question he had raised, and, having done a,), got awav fiom it forth with: As it was Unotrn that the state of aociVtv of England was one gradation of classes, so one could hardly know wbere to draw the line between the duke and a day labourer. It was necessary tnat they should allow for the.free play of iudivi- dual interest ati i know,edge The s eps troin the basement of the drawing room are many, it is true, but if tney were less diii,it,gut-hible than toey are, there are three or four landings, making very marked stages. And we cannot :>e far wiong in eon- side. inA the middle class steps as the first flight from the hall. A hundred years ago, the middle class bad not even a name, the division wa-high an I low, and the fol tn-r were callK par excetleuce, toe Quality. The Q i»lit» included the aruioir«cy aou gen ry. The loprovewellt of educatiOQ and maimers has uatuially produced an upheaving of t las-es and many of the artizans have lairly a claim to a place in toe midd.e classes, an 1 the upper of the middle classes are mer.se 1 in the ar st >cracy. Property, too, pUys much of the part formerly p rtaioing to quality, aud In this ver* question o' the educa ion ot the midule clas-es be only tlnug defi- nite is tile pecuniary element, the 0 ject being to improve tije !du,;ation -f Ltie classes to, t have not the means for tae fashionable Schools and Uutvetaitles. The middle