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I_THE CASE OF MEXICO. '
THE CASE OF MEXICO. 1 ertiap8 mere never was an instance in modern history in which the arguments in favour of peremptory, despotic, and extreme intervention in the affairs of a foreign country were so strong or so unopposed. If Mexico could be replaced (or placed) under a vigorous, wise, and just Government, no nation in the world would have any reason to regret or com- plain-unless perhaps the Southern States of North America, whose sinister designs would be frustrated thereby. Most nations would be directly and enormously benefited by such a proceeding and no nation would be so much or instantly benefited as Mexico itself. Such intervention would be justified alike by the purest feelings of enlightened benevo- lence and by the most warrantable sentiments of retributive equity, Such intervention would be prohibited by none of the ordinary considerations which are urged against foreign interferences, for there is no government to be deposed, no party to be aided against another party, no Sovereign fight- ing to oppress his people, no people gallantlv contending for their freedom. thore is simple anarchy, ceaseless civil war, a helpless carcass of a country, fought over by mur- derers and marauders so that the State has become a curse to itself and to its neighbours. Its condition, too, is such as to invite and almost to excuse encroachments and aagres- sions from an adjoining Power, whose designs it is desirable in the highest interest of humanity and civilisation to baffle and forestall. If a strong Government and a perma- ncnt self-supporting State be not founded in Mexico,-and that ere long,-it will inevitably become the prey of the Slave Confederation of the South. No one can allege that intervention would be hasty or premature; since the pre- sent state of anarchy has lasted for a quarter of a century, has rapidly grown from bad to worse, and would appear utterly hopeless of remedy or termination from within. There is no Fower in Mexico—not even a capable military chief—from the efforts of which rescue can be expected. It is not a nation; it is not a State it is not a Government at aU;—? is simply a vast territory, overrun by armed bands, j and in which the very elements of society seem to be dis- solved Even if not a single Englishman or Frenchman bad settled in Mexico, even if not a single English or French claim were in question, the more kind and cornpas- sionate interest of human by-standers would appear irre- eistiHy to diQtate interposition, Then, again, Mexico is such a magnificent country. It has a population estimated at seven millions, and an aret of 1,600,000 square miles. All Europe has only twice as much. It lies within the tropics; but owing to the peculiar j configuration of the land and the high mountains in the interior, a great proportion of the territory enjoys a deli- ciously template climate. The consequence is that it can produce anything—from wheat and fla- to cotto", awl tolJftcc0 Its gold and silver minei were tho most pro- ductive in the worid before the Californian and Australian discoveries. When America was first discovered, the civili- sation of Mexico was of a nature to amaze and dazzle the rude Spaniards who conquered it; and for centuries after- wards it was the richest and most important of all the Spanish colonies. Since the days of Montezuma it has never sunk to so low an ebb as now. In good hands it might become almost anything. With such an administra- tion as France could establish, with such industry and capi- tal as England could supply, the country would in twenty years become as peaceful, happy, and productive us Ken- tucky or Brazil; and every Mexican, of whatever race, would have reason to bless the day when the higher civilsa- tion of Europe interposed to rescue him from the gulf of barbarism into which he was plunged by native incapacity and native vice. Under a just, strong, and enlightened Government, every indigenous wealth would be develor,?,, and every indigenous talent fostered and brought forward. That is what might be we know what is. But this is not allanother though an ulterior benefit I looms in the early future. If a strong State be established in Mexico, capable of holding its own, and of repelling all aggressions, the Slave Confederacy of America will be hemmed in between two Powers and two civilisations, caoh distinct and racy, but both free and well disposed for an alliance. The proximity would do wonders for the new Republic, whose expansion would be checked and whoso errors would be shamed. Slavery, unable to inundate fresh territories and compressed at home, would have to be dealt with as a social problem, for which, on peril of de- struction, a solution must be found. The extinction of that deplorable institution would be far more effectually and far more speedily ensured by the establishment of a powerful State in Mexico, than by the completest conquest and re- incorporation of the Secessionists by the North. In fact, and in fine, it would be difficult to name any single exercise of areopagitic authority by the presiding Powers of Europe, which would confer such indisputable benefits, immediate and ultimate, upon the commonalty of nations and the pro- gressive civilisation of the world, and would do this (so far as can be foreseen) at so trifling a cost and with so slight a risk,—as the establishment of a strong and suitable (not indigenous) Government in Mexico. This is one side of the pieture,-drawn strongly, though we cannot say unfairly, by the sanguine advocates of deci- sive intervention. Let us turn the shield. In the first place, we cannot and must not undertake any permanent or protracted responsibilities. We do not want another Turkey on the further side of the Atlantic. We must have no more protectorates," joint or single. It will never answer to establish any Government in Mexico which cannot maintain itself without our assistance, or which cannot be trusted to behave itself without our inter- ference. If we set up a weak Ruler, we shall be bound to support him. If we set up a bad Ruler, we shall be bound to control him. We are not prepared to enter into any en- gagements of the sort, either alone or in conjunction with our allies. Whatever Government, therefore, we did set up, must be one that could satisfy us that it would be self- supporting, and that it would be capable and just. It is perfectly obvious, therefore, that it must not be a native Government. It must be a foreign rule, maintained, in the first instance at least, by foreign troops. -What and whom must we establish i Is there any eligible candidate or any even moderately promising arrangement that can be sug- gested ? There can be no doubt that a British Prince, backed by 10,000 British troops, aided by a moderate subsidy of Bri- tish money, and surrounded by British Counsellors and British Generals, would soon restore order, establish justice, and inaugurate prosperity in Mexico. Such a Government would perhaps never be popular, but at least it would be strong, beneficent, and equitable. But it is, of course and on the face of it, absolutely out of the question. It would excite the fiercest rage of the United States it would be rendered impossible by the jealousy of France; and the proposal would be almost unanimously rejected as soon as proposed to Parliament. The Puritans among us would feel that it looked grasping the Economists would de- nounce it as costly and unrepaying and statesmen gene- rally would condemn it as vastly and gratuitously trouble- some. Aloreover, our hands are full, our taxes are heavy, and our liabilities are immense. That scheme, then, may be put aside as impossible, even if it were desirable. There can be no doubt that a French Prince, with French troops and French administrators, would do the work per- haps even better and more sp?ediiy than wo should do, They would be less scrupulous, les3 formal, loss merciful, and more prompt than ourselves. They are used to such work, and would soon transform the whole face of the coun- try. They would keep the Yankees in check, too, for the resJ; of the century at least. lnere are Yrenctl princes enough also, out of employ, and of very competent ability. The Duke de Nemours, the Prince de Joinville, the Duke d'Aumale, would any of them do capitally, and are not likely under any circumstances to be required in France. But then, even if Louis Napoleon were willing to aid in or to permit such an elevation of the House of Orleans, there would be other difficulties in the wav. We could not trust Frenehmon to govern Mexico for the benefit and salvation vf tt?,, MCAIUHUS. "We snould focl tht W? could not thorouhly trust them to govern righteously, and yet that we could not meddle with them if disposed to govern selfishly and oppressively. We should always have a painful sense of responsibility for their sins and shortcomings. The old traditional statesmen of Great Britain, moreover, would be horrified at such an aggrandisement of our hereditary rival. For ourselves, indeed, we entertain no such sentiments of alarm or jealousy. We do not think that the possession of Mexico would really strengthen France much, and we are sure it would employ her well. It would gratify her vanity, occupy her energies, and task her resources both of men and money for a time and though we do not hold French civilisation to be the most pcrfect or improving in the world, yet it is unquestionably and immeasurably superior to the civilisation of the Spanish Creoles and half-breeds. A more serious objection is that the French fire peculiarly and inhe- j rently antipathic to Spaniards, and to all of Spanish origin and in Mexico just now they are, we believe, even more unpopular than Englishmen. Still, if we could, cooscien- tiously aud with secuiity for the results, connive at Franco governing Mexico, wo have no doubt that Mexico would be incalculably the better, and that wa should be none the worse. The third alternative of allowing and perhaps assisting Spain to reconquer, or rather to repossess her old colony, is perhaps o;)en to less objection than either of the preced- ing. The Spaniards would appear likely to assimilate better with the Mexicans thon either the English or the French. They would have more comprehension of their man- ners, more tolerance of their follies, more sympathy with their religion. Previous occupation, too, would seem to give them a short of undefinable prior claim to unilerta ke the task—if they are competent to fulfil it well. But this is the question, and herein lies the difficulty. Spain for- merly lost many of her colonies by misgovernment, and she has never been famous either for the energy, the purity, or the advanced sagacity of even her home administration. She has indeed the form, and to a considerable extent the reality, of free itistittitiozis but her finances are not pros- perous, her political economy is not advanced, and her officials are incapable and usually corrupt. She has not always paid her debts much more punctually or willingly than Mexico itself; and Spanish bonds are not in much bettor marketable repute than Mexican ones Moreover, Spain, though no doubt greatly improved and having of late shown unmistakeable symptom of reviving spirit and vi- gour, is by no means certainly a match for all probable assail- ants. She might not, therefore, be able to hold the country without assistance, or be trusted to govern it hon- estly and wisely without interference. Now the necessity for future interference either to sustain or to control the Government which may be set up, is precisely what it is most imperative upon us to avoid. It appears, then, as the result of a consideration of the whole case, that a joint occupation of Mexico is particu- larly undesirable that there are very grave if not insur- mountable objections to every one of the only three feasible single occupations and that the precedent which occupa- tion would establish is one which is almost appalling. It may surprise our readers that we have not noticed the objection to any taking possession of the Government of Mexico at all, which springs first and most naturally to the mind,—grounded on the consideration that the country does not belong to any of us. The truth is that we do not feel this objection we even go so far as to question its validity. But this is too grave and difiicult a matter to be disposed of by a few sentences at the end of a long article.—Econo- miot.
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CHAllLES HEHY HUGHES, Treasurer of the County of Carmarthen, in Account with the j C Intmbitan? of the said County, as to the Police Kate.—JULY QUARTER SESSIONS, 1861. RECEIPTS. i i. d. 1. To Balance due to the Rate on the settle- ment of the last account on the 1th day of July, 1801 1109 2 5 2. To amount of Police Rate received at the July Quarter Sessions, 1861 0 0 0 To amount of fees received for services performed by the Rural Police, from Magis- trates' Clerks, &c.: — 3. To amount received from Mr. Geo. Spurrell, Magistrates' Clerk, Carmarthen Division 16 6 5 4. To amount received from said Mr. Geo. Spurrell, St. Clears Di- vision 1 9 1 5. To amount received from Mr. F. L. Brown, Magistrates' Clerk, Llanelly Division 15 13 1 6. To amount received from Mr. Nathaniel Davies, Magistrates' Clerk, Llandilo Division 12 11 1 7. To amount received from Mr. John Davies, acting Magis- trates' Clerk, Cross Inn,' Llan- gathen 11-5 2 8. To amount received from Mr. John Thomas, acting Magis- trate.' Clerk, Llandovery. 5 13 9 9. To amount received from Mr. W. W. Morgan, acting Ma- gistrates' Clerk, Llangadock 2 16 0 10. To amount received from Mr. D. Long Price, Magistrates' Clerk, Cayo 3 10 4 11. To amount received from Mr. Benjamin Evans, Magistrates' Clerk, Newcastle-Emlyn division.. 2 5 2 12. To amount received from said Mr. Benjamin Evans, for Llanfihangel-ar-arth Division 2 18 2 13. To amount received from Mr. W. H. Owen, Magistrates' Clerk, Llanboidy Division 3 1 7 14. To amount received from Mr. W. T. Thomas, Magistrates' Clerk, Kidwelly 0 15 0 15. To amount received from Col. Scott, C.C., for services performed by the Rural Police 23 5 1 16. To amount received from the Clerk of the Peace, for services performed by the Rural Police in serving Registration and Jury pipers for the year 1860 19 5 0 17. To Police Constable's fee, received from the County rate, for escorting John Kelly to Gaol 0 5 0 18. To. ditto, Charles Morgan and John Reed.ditto. 0 16 8 19. To ditto, John Press, ditto 0 12 0 20. To ditto, Henry Jones, ditto 0 5 0 21. To ditto, MarylWilliarns, ditto 0 5 0 22. To ditto, Thomas Phillips, ditto 0 5 0 23. To ditto, Hannah Thomas, ditto 0 5 0 24. To ditto, Mary Evans, ditto 0 5 0 25. To ditto, Evan Evans, ditto 0 11 0 I 26. To ditto, David Davies, ditto 0 7 6 27. To ditto, William Smith, ditto 0 15 0 28. To ditto, James Jenkins, ditto 0 7 6 29. To ditto, Thomas Dougherty, ditto 0 12 6 30. To ditto, William Harries, ditto •• •• 050 31. To ditto, David Morris, ditto 0 5 0 32. To ditto, Thomas Cox and Thomas Preston, ditto 0 5 0 33. To ditto, Edward Ellis, ditto 0 5 0 II 34. To ditto, George Brown, ditto 0 5 0 35. To di'to, David Jones, ditto 0 5 0 36. To ditto, Morgan Williams, ditto .y 0 5 0 Total Police Fees received 118 12 1 Total Receipts £ 1227 14 6 DISBURSEMENTS. £ s. d. I £ s, d. 1. 1861, July 6th.—By paid Col. Scott, C.C., balance of his accounts as Chief Constable of the Rural Police Force up to the present ( July) Sessions, per order of Court 72 14 10 2. By paid Colonel Scott, f i C.C., for extraordinary ? services, under the 2nd and 3rd Vic., o. 93, per order of Court 26 0 1 3. 30th.—By paid Colonel Scott, C.C., monthly payment, per order of Court and receipt 246 1 1 4. August 30th.-By paid Col. Scott, C.C., monthly payment, per order of court and receipt. 253 1 5 5. Sept. 30tb.-By paid Col. Scott, C.C., monthly payment, per order of Court and receipt. 253 1 5 6. By paid the Treasurer j • a quarter's salary, due at the July Ses- [ sions, 1861, as per receipt 7 10 0 | 7. By paid proportionate share of receipt stamps and postages, for county and Police-rates, as per book 0 2 0 Total Disbursements £ 858 10 10 I t 1 t .i ,¡ ¡ J t. "• • .■••• ■' T; j f -4 ) 'F, •/ K < :} :1 r-" + ."I t i. i <\ t î I: j. f, I. j i f i i j < '• V v Yt??-?,/ ? #. t j Balance due to the llato 369 3 8 Y,1227 14 6 1861, October 17th.-Examined in open Court and found correct, JOHN JOHNES, Chairman. CAWDOR. DYNEVOR. J. II. REES, j CHARLES HENRY HUGHES, Treasurer. Witness.—CHARLES BISHOP, Clerk of the Peace. CHAS. HENRY HUGHES, Treasurer of the County of Carmarthen, in account with the inhabi- tants of the said County, July Quarter Sessions, 1861. Dr. RECEIPTS. £ s. d. 1. To balance due to the rate on the settle- ment of the last account on the 4th day of July, 1861 .559 3 8 2. To amount of County Rate received at the July Quarter Sessions, 1861, at one penny in the pound, as follows £ s. d. Heitw.ila JJuiljll Uhivn gl 13 1 Llandilo fawr Union 267 9 2 Narberth Union 99 7 6 Lampeter Union 46 9 2 Llandovery Union 224 0 10 Carmarthen Union 459 0 10 Llanelly Union 187 1 8 Total County Rate received 1365 2 6 FEES AND FINES RECEIVED. 3. To fees received from Mr. Thos. Parry, inspector of Weights and Measures for district No. 1, for proving and stamping new weights and measures 0 6 4 4. To fees received from Mr. Thos. I Richards, inspector, Ac., district No. 2, for proving and stamping new weights and measures 0 7 6 5. To fees received from Mr. Owen Thomas, inspector, &c., district No. 3, for proving and stamping new weights and measures 0 10 0 6. To fines received from Mr. Geo. Spurrell, Magistrates' clerk, s Carmarthen division 3 10 6 7. To fines received from said Mr. Geo. Spurrell, for St. Clears division 106 8. To fines received from Mr. F. c"1 L. Brown, Magistrates' clerk, Llanelly division 5 9 j T 9. To fines received from Mr. Nathaniel Davies, Magistrates'clerk, Llandilo division 1 19 0 t 10. To fines received from Mr. J John Davids, acting clerk, at Cross Iiia, Llangatheii 110 11. To tines received from Mr. ij John Thomas, acting clerk, at Llan. ;< dovery 1 3 6 12. To fines received from Mr. ;t W. W. Morgan, acting clerk at Llangadock .5 0 0 13. To fines received from Mr. 1). Long Price Magistrates' olerk, Cayo 2 12 0 14. To fines received from Mr. Benj. Evans, Magistrates' clerk, Newcastle-Emlyn division 2 10 0 15. To fines received from said Mr. Benj. Evans, for Llanfihangel- ar-arth division 2 0 0 Total fees and fines received.. 27 9 7 16. To amount received from tho Treasury for the maintenance, &0., of Prisoners for the half year ended the 31st March, 1861 30 3 6 17. To amount received from the Treasurer of the Borough of Carmarthen, being the pro- portion of the expenses of the Gaol to be paid < by the Borough for the half-year ended 25th | June, 1861 26 0 11 Total receipts X2008 0 2 0.# DISBURSEMENTS. BRIDGES. I 1. By paid the County Roads Board, one quar- ter's composition for gravelling approaches to County Bridges, per order of Court .» 67 10 0 2. By piid Joseph Waters for keeping in repair St. Clears and five other bridges, per order of Court 4 2 7 3. By paid Daniel Jones for pointing Hen- Ilan bridge, per order of Court 3 6 6 4. By paid said Daniel Jones for repairing Newcastle-Emlyn bridge, per order of Court 3 5 0 5. By paid Messrs. Price and Lewis for keeping in repair the parapets of Dulas and 22 other bridges, per order of Court 6 0 0 6. By paid said Messrs. Price and Lewis for making a new Culvert at Waunystradfeiril, per order of Court 4 3 0 7. By paid said Messrs. Price and Lewis for keeping in repair the parapets of Llangadock and 13 other bridges, per order of Court 3 15 0 8. By paid said Messrs. Price and Lewis for keeping in repair the parapets of Waterloo and 11 other bridges, per order of Court 3 0 0 9. By paid said Messrs. Price and Lewis for keeping in repair the parapets of Abermarlais and 8 other bridges, per order of Court 2 5 0 10. By paid said Messrs. Price and Lewis for repairing and extending the parapets of Cowslip bridge, per order of Sourt 1 8 0 11 By paid said Messrs. Price and Lewis for repairing Tonn bridge, per order of Court 0 11 0 12. By paid said Messrs. Price and LewM for repairing Graig bridge, per order of Court 0 9 0 13. By paid Daniel Evans for keeping in re- pair the approaches of Tonn and 21 other bridges, per order of Court 40 10 0 14. By paid said Daniel Evans for repairing CwmcoJ bridge, per order of Court.. 4 12 9 15. By paid said Daniel Evans for keeping in repair the approaches of Croesceilog bridge, per 2 0  order of Court 200 16. By paid Morgan Jones for gravelling and k eping in repair the approaches of Upper Rannell and 6 other bridge., per order of court. 11 5 0 17. By paid Wm. Edwards for keeping in repair the parapets of Felinfoel and 12 other biidges, per order of Court F. 6 10 0 18. By paid Thos. Jenkins, repairing Brynant and Rhydymarch bridges, per order of Court 2 11 6 19. By paid Thos. Peters, repairing the ap- proach to Llandilo bridge as far as the abut- ment of the old bridge, per order of Court 0 6 0 20. By paid David Jones, keeping in repair the parapets of Llandilo and 20 other bridges, per order of Court 5 5 0 21. By paid David Jones, keeping in repair the parapets of Ferrws and 13 other bridges, per order of Court 3 10 0 22. By paid William Morris for repairing Loughor bridge, per order of Court 2 8 4 23. By paid Mr. Thomas George, one quar- ter's salary as bridge surveyor and county surveyor of public buildings, per order of Court 43 15 0 24. By paid Daniel Jones for thirteen weeks care of Loughor Bridge, per order of Court 3 5 0 2,i. By paid Jiwepli waters ou uccuuui uf repairs done to Pontnewydd Bridge, per order of July Sessions, 1860, and certificate of the bridge I surveyor 14 17 6 26. By paid David Jones on account of repairs done to Cothi Bridge, per order of July Ses- sions, 1861, and certificate of the bridge sur- veyor 10 0 0 27. By paiu David Jones for repairs done to Brynhifod bridge, per order of July Sessions, I 1861, and oertificate of the bridge surveyor 8 13 9 28. By paid Messrs. Price and Lewis, balance for repairs done to Brynamman Bridge, per order of Court and certificate of the bridge surveyor. 2 6 0 29. By paid John Davies for repairs done to Yuyshafran Bridge, per order of Court and cer- tificate, &c •••5 10 0 30. By paid said John Davies for repairs done to Cwmderyceirn Bridge, per order of Court and certificate of the bridge surveyor 5 5 0 31. By paid said John Davies for repairs done to Cwmbwchley Bridge, per order of Court, and certificate, &c 0 15 6 32. By paid Mr. Wm. McKiernon on account of repairs, &c., to Loughor Bridge, per certifi- cate of Mr. Brodie 60 0 0 33. By paid Mr. Richard NoviU, on aenount of work done under contract No. 1, in the repair of Loughor Rridge, per certificate of Mr. Brodie 250 0 0 34. By paid Joseph Waters, on further account for repairs done to Pontnewydd Bridge, per order of July Sessions, 1860, and certificate of the briige surveyor 211 0 35. By paid said Joseph Watrrs for repairs done tQ Clyvon Bridge, per order of July Ses- sions, 1861, and certificate of the bridge surveyor 2 10 0 (Bridges, X-588 2s. 5d.) PROSECUTIONS. -ASSIZES. 36. By paid the Chief Constable, prosecutor, and witnesses, &c., taxed cost in liegina against Hannah Thomas and another, charged with murder, per order of Court 14 2 10 37. By paid Lewis Lewis, P.S. prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against Wm. Harry and Cornelius Ileas, for manslaugh- ter, per order of Court. 13 1 8 38. By paid David Davies, prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against Thos. Sayers for housebreaking, per order of Court. 8 8 10 Prosecutions. Assizes, X35 13s. 4d. PROSECUTIONS.- QUAITTER SESSIONS AND UNDER THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT AND JUVENILE OFFENDER'S ACT. 39. By paid George Thomas prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regiua against Griffith Rees for larceny, per order of Court. 6 13 8 40: By paid David James prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against said Griffith Rees, for larceny, per order of Court. 14 12 1 41. By paid Lewis Davies prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against Thos. Evans, for felony, per order of Court. 14 16 8 42- Ry paid John waiters prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against said Thos. Evans, for felony, per order of Court. 11 2 6 43. By paid Evan Jones prosecutor and wit- nesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against said Thos. Evans, for larceny, per order of Court. 6 0 4 44. By paid Thos. Jones prosecutor and wit- nesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against Wm. Jones, for larceny, per order of Court. 9 18 9 45. By paid said Thos. Jones prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against Peter Lewis, for larceny, per order of Court. 6 19 2 46. By paid said Thos. Jones and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against Lewis Lewis, for receiving stolen goods, per order of Court. 7 7 0 47. By paid said Thos. Jones and witnesses, &c., taxed and costs in Regina against Wm. Richards, for receiving stolen goods, per order of Court. 5 16 6 48. By paid said Thos. Jones and witnesses, &c., taxed and costs in Regina against Wm. Williams, for receiving stolen goods, per order of Court. 7 9 6 49. By paid Dd. Jones prosecutor and wit- nesses, &c., taxed and costs in Regina against Elinor Jenkins, for larceny, per order of Court, 8 5 6 50. By paid Edward Adney prosecutor and witnesses, &c., taxed costs in Regina against Geo. Hy. Kent, for embezzlement, per order of Court. 11 12 6 51. By paid Dd Howell prosecutor and wit- nesses, &a., taxed costs in Regina against Richard Evans, for larceny, per order of Court. 15 14 8 UNDER THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT. 52. By paid Messrs. Sims and Co. prosecutors in Regina against Henry Phillips, for larceny, per certificate, &c. 18 6 53. By paid Henry Harries prosecutor in Regina against John Davies, for larceny, per certificate, &c. 1 15 0 54. By paid Noah Harries prosecutor in Regi- na against Mary Evans, for larceny, per certi- ncate.&c. 3 7 6 55. By paid Thos. Evans prosecutor in Regina against Thos. Cox, for larceny per certificate, &c. 1 4 0 56. By paid Thos. Evans prosecutor in Re- gina against Thos. Preston, for larceny, per certificate, &c. 14 0 UNDER THE JUVENILE OFFENDERS ACT. 57. By paid Samuel Davies prosecutor in Regina agaiust John Bonham, for larceny, per order of the convicting Justices. 0 19 0 Prosecutions, Quarter Sessions, &c., iaa6 611 lOd REMOVAL OF CONVICTS. 58. By paid Mr. Geo. Stephens, galer, expen- ses of conveying John Phillips, a cavict from Carmarthen Gaol to Millbsink PeniUtiary, per order of the Secretary of State. 7 19 7 Removal of Convicts, 7 19s 7d. CONVEYANCE OF PRISONRS TO GAOL. 59. By pit: Wm. Williams, P.C..expenses i conveying John Kelly, from St. Clem to gaol per order of a County Justice. 0 1 81 60. By paid to the credit of the Itice rate, Policeman's fee for escorting said Jen Kelly togaol. 0 5 0 61. By paid Thos. Williams, P.C., exenses of conveying Chas. Morgan and John Resl, from Llansawel to gaol, per order, &c., 0 1 4 62 By paid Policeman's fee in ditto. 0 16 8 63. By paid David Davies, P.C., expeses of conveying John Press, from Idwinsford I gaol, per order, & c. 010 64. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 12 0 65. By paid James John, P.C., experes of conveying Henry Jones from Pantyfynm to Gaol, per order, &c. 0 6 1 66. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 050 67. By paid Jonah Davies, P.C., expens of conveying Mary Williams from Llandovey to Gaol, per order, &c. 024 68. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 5 0 69. By paid John Evans, P.C., expenst of conveying Thomas Phillips from Llanell to Gaol, per order, &c. 0 4 11 70. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 050 71. By paid John Evans, P.C., expensesof conveying Hannah Thomas from Llanelly 0 Gaol, per order, 72. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 5 0 73. By paid James Fitzgerald, P.C., expemet. of conveying Mary Evans from Llandilo to Gaol, per order, &c. 010 4! 74. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 5 fi 75. By paid Thomas Williams, P.C., expenses t of conveying Evan Evans from Llandovery to Gaol, per order, &c. 0 8 01 76. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 11 oi 77. By paid Thomas Williams, P.C expenses of conveying David Davies from Llandilo to Gaol, per order, &c 004 78. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 7 6 79. By paid David Davies, P.C., expenses of conveying Wm. Smith from Cayo to Gaol, per order, &c. 010 80. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 15 0 81. By paid Policeman's fee for escorting Jas. Jenkins from Llandilo to Gaol; 'per order, &c. 0 7 6 82. By paid John Crowe, P.C., expenses of conveying Thomas Dougherty from Cayo to Gaol, per order, &c. 0 14 0 83. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 0 12 6 84. By paid John Richards, P.C., expenses of conveying William Harries from Llanelly to Gaol, per order, &c. 0 5 2 85. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 050 86. By paid John Itichards, P.C., expenses of conveying David Morris from Llanelly to Gaol, per 0rder, &c. 0 4 10 87. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 050 88. By paid David Howells, P.C., expenses of conveying Thomas Cox and Thomas Preston from Llangadock to Gaol, per order, &c ( 14 8 89. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto ( 5 0 90. By paid Geo. Colegate, P.C., expenses of conveying Edward Ellis from LlaneUy to Gaol, per order, &c. <471 91. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto. ( 5 0 92. By paid John Richards, P.C., expenses of conveying George Brown from Llanelly to Gaol, per order, &c. G5 2 93. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 050 94. By paid John Richards, P.C., expenses of convoying David Morris from Llanelly to Gaol, per order, &c. 0 1 8 95. By paid David Richards, P.C., expenses of conveying David Jones from Llandovery to Gaol, per order, &c 0 8 9 96. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto 050 97. By paid John Evans, P.C., expenses of conveying Morgan Williams from Llanelly to Gaol, per order, &c. >>># 0 4 11 98. By paid Policeman's fee in ditto.. 050 (Conveyance of Prisoners to Gaol, £ 12 149. 9d.) GAOL AND HOUSE OF CORRECTION 99. By paid Mr. Geo. Stephens, disburse- ments, tradesmens' bills, officers' salaries, and prisoners'subsistence, per order of Court 35 3 11 100. By paid the Rev. Aaron Roberts, a quarter's salary as Chaplain and Schoolmaster to the Gaol and House of Correction, per order I of Court >5 0 0 101. By paid Ja3. Rowlands, Esq a quarter's salary as Surgeon to the Gaol and House of Correction, per order of Court l6 5 0 102. By paid John Burnhill, a quarter's [6 5 0 allowance as late Gaoler and Governor of the ( House of Correction, per order of Court B 10 0 103. By paid Mr. Thomas Bright for now Iron to the Gaol, per order of Court 6 7 101. By paid poor debtors in the County Gaol, from the 29th June to the 28th Sept., 1861, both inclusive, as per book .5 2 0 (Gaol and House of Correction, Y,200 2s. 6d.) 1JH6PKCTORS OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 10'. By paid Mr. Thos. Parry, a quarter's salary as Inspector of Weights and N7easures, per order of Court 7 j) 0 106. By paid Mr. Thos. Richards, a quarter's salary and disbursements as Inspector of Weights and Measures, per order of Court 7 2 10 107. By paid Owen Thomas, a quarter's salary as Inspector of Weights and Measures, per order of Court 10 0 0 (Inspectors of Weights & Measures, Y,25 2s lOd.) CORONERS. 108. By paid Wm. Bonville, Esq., a quarter's salary and disbursements as Coroner, per order of Court 4f 17 0 109. By paid Geo. Thomas, Esq., a quarter's salary and disbursements as Coroner, per order of Court 11 19 0 110. By paid J. Prothero Lewis, Esq" a quarter's salary and disbursements as Coroner, per order of Court H 5 6 (Coroners, £ 70 Is. 6d.) CLERK OF THE PEACE. 111. By paid Chas. Bishop, Esq., a quarter's salary as Clerk of the Peace, per order of Court 87 10 0 (Clerk of the Peace, JE87 10s. Od ) SHIRE-HALLS AND LOCK-UP-HOUSES. 112. By paid John Davies, a quarter's salary and disbursements as Ilallkeeper, Carmarthen, per order of Court 6 0 6 113. By paid Thomas 1.e.. i, a quarter's salary and disbursements as lock-up house keeper Llandilo, per order of Court 4 10 1 114. By paid Owen Thomas, a quarter's salary and disbursements as lock-up house keeper Llanelly, per order of Court 4 16 l 115. By paid Wm. Jones, a quarters' salary as iock-up house keeper Llandovery, per order of Court 13 9 116. By paid Samuel Evans, six months salary as lock-up house keeper Newcastle- Emlyn, per order of Court 2 0 0 117. By paid Thomas Jenkins, for repairs to Llandilo Hall, per order of Court, and certificate of the County Surveyor 13 0 0 118. By paid Mr. Benj. Evans, rent of the lock up house Newcastle-Emlyn, per order of Court 0 17 6 119. By paid Owen Thomas, for repairs done to Llanelly lock-up-house, per order of Court a,, d certiifcate, &c., 20 0 0 (Shire Halls and lock-up-houses 152 7s. lid.) SALARIES. 120. By paid J. L. Rees, a quarter's salary as Crier of the Court of Quarter Sessions, per order of Court 450 121. By paid David Jones, a quarter's salary as Trumpeter to the Quarter Sessions, psr order of Court 1 15 0 122. By paid Owen Thomas, a quarter's salary as Gas Inspector, per order of Court 2 10 0 123. By paid the Treasurer, a quarter's salary due at the July Sessions 1861, per order of Court 12 10 0 (.oaiarleb ,c21 0. 011.) PRINTING AND ADVERTISING. 124. By paid the proprietor of the Carmar- then Journal, for advertising for the County, per order of Court. 11 1 0 125. By paid the proprietor of the Welshman for advertising for the County, per order of Court 11 1 0 126. By paid Mr. Benjamin Jones, a quarter's printing for the County, per order of Court 9 5 0 (Printing and advertising, C31 7s. Od.) GENERAL PAYMENTS. 127. By paid Mr. Geo. Spurrell, for half a years rent for Judge's lodgings, per order of Court 27 10 0 128. By paid Mr. George Spurrell, for schedules of fines and police fees and monthly returns, per order of Court 2 7 0 129. By paid Mr. Nathaniel Davies, for schedules of fines and police fees and monthly returns, per order of Court 1 7 6 130. By paid Col. Scott, C.C., for services performed by the Rural Police, per order of Court 17 7 3 131. By paid the Rural Police, for services performed for the Clerk of the Peace in serving registration and jury papers for the year 1860, per order of Court 10 5 0 132. By paid Mr. F. Green, one years rent charge in lieu of Tithes for the Barracks, Car- marthen, due 1st July 1861, as per receipt 0 15 1 133. By paid the Glamorganshire Reformatory School, amount due from this County for the detention ot Thomas King, a juvenile offender detailed therein from the 30th September, 1859 to the 11th August, 1860, per order of the Carmarthenshire Reformatory School Com- mittee. 4 10 0 134. By paid Messrs. Daniel Grave and Co., for verifying Weights and Measures, per order of Court. 7 12 0 ° 135. By paid Wtu. Price, for binding 2 vola. of the Statutes for the County, per order of Court. 0 15 0 136. By paid for bill stamp, to draw upon the Paymaster General, for zC30 3s. 6d., amount reimbursed to the County by the Treasury, for the maintenance, &c., of prisoners for the half- year, ended the 31st March, 1861- 0 0 6 137. By paid the Examiners of fines and fees per centago upon fills and f'es, and postage of quarterly account books to the different Magis- trates' Clerks and Unions, per order of Court, 8 17 6 138. By paid Mr Benjami,¿vaus for slicduics of fines and police fees, per-r Cour^t 1 ib 139. By paid Poor-rate County buildings .• Carmarthen, rate made ■" 22nu at lOd in the nound, as CT receipt, 0 < 110. Dr p;id ls m.rty of District-rate for County buildings CarfLi'lien' for lk61, as per receipt 0 ° 3 141. Uv paid the jlandorery Hail huilding Committee, the bailee of a further sum of £ 1UU ordered at the jauary Sessions, 1860, for prisoners cells in Ie above Hall, per oertificate •>" 0 0 Of the COUIILY SL';eyor. 50 0 0 142. By paid Yoportionate share for receipt stamps and p??ges for county and pohce- "84 0 8 4 rates, as per bpk- s 0 8 4 ,General payments, £143 4s. GJ.) Total Disbursements 1411 13 2 Balance due to the County 596 7 0 £ 2008 0 2 CHAS,IIEN11Y HUGHES, Treasurer. Thisiccount having been examined in open Court, the several ouehers produced and approved of, and delivered up to tb Clerk of the Peace to be filed, there appears a halanc of five hundred and ninety six pounds and seven shillils in the hands of the Treasurer due to the County, as wliess our hands this 17th day of October, 1861. JOHN JOHNES, Chairman. j CAWDOR. i DYNEVOR. J. II. REES. tVitnesa,— CHARLES BISHOP, Clerk of the Peace.
THE WARRIOR. !
THE WARRIOR. A year or two ago the Naval Secretary of the then United States reduced the whole science of ship-building to a single principle. His official report enounced the doctrine that in the construction of a man-of-war the one object of the design was to provide the means of bringing a gun into the presence of an enemy, or withdrawing it in the shortest possible period of time. Every ship of war, whatever her size or rating, was a mere gun-carriage or movable battery, and the efficiency of the battery depended on the rapidity with which it could be moved. The general soundness of this maxim cannot be questioned. As superiority of speed wiil enable any ship to fight or run, at her discretion, and to choose and retain the position least favourable to an ad- versary in case of combat, it is clear that the swiftest ves- sel will be practically the strongest also. This must neces- sarily be the case, and there was once a curious instance in which the old heavy oared galleys acquired in. this way an advantage over what were then fine modern sailing ships of considerable tonnage. It occurred some 300 years ago, when the Admirals of Francis I., King of France, con- ducted an invading squadron to the waters of the Solent. The English Admiral had the best ships, but the French fleet included a few galleys, and one day, during a cal;?, these galleys were pulled round and round the English men-of-war, which they battered from a convenient dis- tance with perfect impunity. Galleys, in fact, as the Knights of Malta found, had the peculiar advantage of being movable at all times, though they were outstripped by vessels with favourable winds. In these days, however, screws and paddlewheels supply the plaoe of galley-slaves, and the swiftest ship means the swiftest steamer. It is not that the motive power of steam cannot still be surpassed occasionally by that of the wind. Our Australian clippers sometimes run 20 miles an hour for 24 hours together,—a rate which exceeds even that of the vessel of which we are proposing to speak, but in such cases the wind may at any moment change or fail, and leave the vessel without the means of moving at all. The object is to have the com- mand of speed at all times, for speed gives power, and power brings conquest. When, therefore, we reported on Friday that the Warrior was "immeasurably the swiftest ship" ill Her Majesty's Navy it was tantamount to say- ing that she was the strongest, even irrespectively of her armament and her armour. That it is certainly no small triumph on a first trial. But the American rule, though sound at the bottom, must be received with some qualifications. Something must de pend not only on the speed with which the gun is moved, but the power of the gun itself. It is of no use for a ship to select a position if it leaves her adversary beyond the range of her battery. It must also be clear that, if all other con- ditions are equal, the greatest number of guns will carry the day, and the proposition, perhaps, shoull run th,-is, that a ship of war should be so built as to carry the most powerful possible armament with the greatest possible speed. Judged by this rule, the Warrior will appear a greater success than ever for, with one of the most for- midable batteries afloat, she can cleave the waves at a rate which in the early days of railways would have been thought a fair rate of speed for a. train. When we add, by way. of reminder, that she is also so protected as to be prac- tically invulnerable, it will be seen what a tremendous ship of war we have at length obtained. To excel the Warrior at her own weapons a ship must be swifter, stronger, or more heavily armed. We are, perha ps, justified in thinking that as rogards a combination of theso qualities her model is not likely to be surpassed at all The doubtful question is whether the qualities cannot be so separated as to yield a great increase of strength at one pcint without a proportionate loss at any other. In short, it is sometimes urged that it might be wise to sacrifice something of strength and power to swiftness, and that if a light boat, built to carry one gun instead of 40, could be p2*ApV5llUQ <10 i% 1 aj/iil xi+u\s t.r\¡U,1.L LIAC nla\je, sn0 might beat the frigate in action. But the action under such cir- cumstances would be a very long one, and the gunboat would find it hard, perhaps, to do more than harass her antagonist for a time. Small vessels, again, are inconve- nient for regular service, owing to the want of accommoda- tion. The point may deserve careful attention but, though gunboats undoubtedly constitute an indispensable element in. a Navy, it has never yet been found that they could su- persede vessels of larger dimensions and more concentrated power. The Americans are certainly building such boats just now, but it is for special service in shallows and river3. We do not think it probable that tho Warrior will bo found too largo. Size, in fact, within certain limits, actually in- surea speed. It is open to conjecture whether the powers of artillery may not some day be so prodigiously increased as to deprive an iron-cased vessel of her protection, but in this event the Warrior will only share the fate of all her class, and such a destiny does not seem immiment at present. On the con trary, it must he admitted that the experiments of the last twelve months have, upon tile whole, told in favour of tho defence. Greater confidence is felt in iron eased frigates now than was felt this time last year, and it seems as if the question of lightness and stability was definitively settled by the trial which we reported on Friday. The sea trip, it is true, has yet to come off, The Warrior will sail pro- j sently in seaich of a gale of wind, and is not likely to be long in finding it. We shall then see how sh e bears rough weather; but here, also, we think the probabilities are in her favour. The Great Eastern has taught us how a mighty iron ship, though unprovi led with sufficient engine power, can resist the violence of the waves; aiLi'it must be remein- her.!d that, even if the Warrior should'labour heavily under such circumstances, that would but leave her on a level with her wooden consorts. Our finest wooden frigates have suf- j fered considerably in Channel gales, and, though their steam power carries them through the trial, it is at a heavy co it to the vessel. A wooden ship with strong engines is shaken j terribly by the vibration of her own screw. It is said, in- deed, that while steaming npidly she could not bring her guns to bear with accuracy on auy given mark, whereas the iron ribs of the Warrior kept her as steady as possible. it, set'ling such questions there is nothing like experiment, but the chances, from all we can learn, seem on the side of the new sbip. At any rate, it must be admitted that our first essay has been a great success. We can only shape our work by our knowledge, and the designers and builders of the Warrior deserve the credit of having done well all that it was pro- posed to do. The first of our ironsides fairly afloat is found to steam at an unprecented rate, to be perfectly light and manageable, and to surpass at every point all specimens of her kind. This is sufficient praise. If the theory of these new vessels should be upset by and by, or the whole prin- ciple nullified by some future discovery, that will ronect no blame upon the architects who built the best vessel known at the moment. We have been rather beaindhan 1 in this work, but we have, at any rate, done well at last. If the Warrior should maintain her character in her sea voyage we may be pretty well content for Cw present. It does not e, cem, indeed, that any room for improvement has been discovered except as regards the completeness of the ship's armour. A certain length of the Warrior has been left unprotected, as it was ol importance to save weight where it could be economised, and it was thought that the iron plating might be dispensed wit'?  th"Qp points without damage to ?h" <ba?i'Ltal security of the fabric. The ships now HI. oouroc Q£ ""V1Jotu'Ot.I.UU hùoTC: j'-iofe ouch inuitaou vr tonnage as will enable them to carry plates from end to end, but that is the only material difference between the Warrior and her successors at present contemplated. It will be a great satisfaction to report the absolute success of this re- markable vessel after her final trial, but in the meantime we may fairly congratulate ourselves upon having got thus far, not only without failure, but with unexampled good fo rttiue.-Tiiiies.
RUSSIA AND POLAND.
RUSSIA AND POLAND. The state of transition which the vast Empire of Russia has entered, as a consequence of the policy which the Emperor Alexander II. inaugurated with the commence- ment of his reign, and the most salent feature of which is the emancipation of the serfs, has frequently been repre- sented under a false, and always under an exaggerated aspect, by the English, French, as well as the German press. It is not our present object to inquire under what impulses these erroneous representations may have arisen, but the ignorance of newspaper writers when they treat of Russia is invariably so flagrant, that we cannot regard it otherwise than as an imperative duty to place the condition of affairs in its real and true light. The two questions to which we now propose addressing ourselves—namely, the existing condition of affairs in Russia and in Poland—possess a European interest of ex- treme importance; and by saying this, we bind ourselves to seek for information only at the most impartial and authentic sources. That we havo done so successfully is our sincere conviction. But as the first of these questions is of the most complex nature, and requires a series of articles, we will at present treat only of that of Poland, and in our next number we shall begin to take up the sub- ject of Russia, its present condition, its social, administra- tivo, and financial reforms, the obstacles in the way of their application, and the consequences they seem calculated to entail. 1 d "L Rh' A recent pamphlet, entitled Le Rhin ct le Vistule" which has caused some degree of sensation from the fact that it was written by one of the principal Polish refugees on good terms with the Imperial Court of Franee-endt a. vours to demonstrate that the peace of Europe is in no way threatened on the banks of the Rhine but rather on those of the Vistula, and that the danger is not to be dispelled except by again setting up on the borders of the latter the ancient bulwark or Christendom. In another pamphlet, i which our readers wi.luo doubt remember, also published in Paris, in the gui-io of A Letter to Lord Palmerston and bearing the title of La Politique Anglaise," England was threatened by the anonymous but" ollicious" writer with an alliance between France and Russia aid the following expressions wore used with respect to Poland The Polish question is devoid of serious importance. It was impossible not to love chivalrous Poland. The brilliant courage of her children was enough to claim our esteem, and the blood they have shed side by side with us for the defence of France has cemented this alliance. But while we regret a brilliant nationality which has given birth to so many heroes, it is impossible to disguise from our- selves that Poland bore within her the germs of her own destruction, that her exijitgaco was impossible, and that in reality she is happier and more flourishing under the enlighted sway of a powerful Government than beneath the ever-drawn sword of her Palatines. Equally are we constrained to admit, in order to be consistent with our- selves, who so well knolv the price of good frontiers, that the annexation of Poland was a necessity fatally enjoined upon Russia. This partition was the crime of Germany, and none of ours: it will entail its punishment, but that does not concern us. Poland can no longer stand as a cause of division between the Czar and ourselves Which writer has most faithfully portrayed the thoughts of the Sphynx of the Tuileries-the pamphleteer who calls for the restoration of Poland, or he who demonstrates that she is happier and more flourishing under the sway of a powerful Government than beneath the ever-drawn sword of her Palatines?" It is for the Poles themselves to un- riddle the enigma. For ourselves, we must ever incline to the belief that, under the second Napoleonic Empire, as under the first, Poland is to France a pretext and an instrument But let us suppose that France sincerely entertains the idea of aiding by her armies the restoration of Poland. Will she carry out this idea with the certain prospect of being confronted in this war by Itussia, Prussia, and Austria, and possibly by England, who would divine in this policy of France gome further object than to set up asjain on the borders of tho Vistula the ancient bulwark of Christendom, destined henceforth to protect tile indepen- dence of States and the liberties of nations?" She would discover in it the determination of France to reduce the three great Northern Powers to the rank of second-rate States, and to be left the only first-rate Power on the Con- tinent But, without the aid of France, and left to its own strength, what can the party of action in Poland do ? The question is judged by us from the point of view of our foreign policy, the fundamental principle of which is non-intervention and at the very threshold the inquiry suggests itself, whether the party of action -essentially an aristocrilticc party-is sufficiently firmly backed up by the sympathies of the people to induce Poland to throw down the gauntlet to Russia and in the next place we ask, if this were the case, could Poland wrestle with Russia with any chance of success ? From our means of information, we are induced to believe that the party of agitation has considerably gained ground. It is urged forward by the Polish emigrants in Paris, who feed it with hopes of assistance from the French Govern- ment which have no other foundation than the imagination of these refugees. The chiefs of the emigrated Poles incite the agitation party to set the repressive measures at defi- ance, and, being at a distance, they do not sufficiently re- present to themselves the terrible effects of these measures, because the Government had refrained as long as possible from employing them. The agitation party is also supported by the Roman Catholic clergy of Poland. Assistance from this quarter appears inexplicable. In his present precarious position it is evident the Pope must have thrown the whole weight of his authority in the scale against the revo- lutionary tendencies displayed by the Polish clergy. In the third place, the party of agitation derive their chief strength from the fact that the class of moderate thinkers abstain al- together from any public action. The cause of this inaction on the part of the enlightened Poles, who alone are capable of directing the course of events towards a reconcilement, is to be found in the blunders of the Administration which preceded that of General Lambert. Let the case now stand thus, that the party of action are left in possession of the ground, and that they resolve to make a stand against the repressive measures of the Go- vernment In what does their strength consist? The reaction of 1831 was possible, because the Grand- Duke Constantine, who then held the Government of Po- land, had formed a Polish army. The Emperor Nicholas disapproved this measure, but Constantine held to it, and the Czar was unwilling to oppose too violently the wishes of a brother who had abdicated in his favour. This Polsh army therefore it was that brought about the revolution of 1831. But when the revolution was quelled, the national army ceased entirely to exist, and from that time all the Polish contingents have been amalgamated with the Russian troops, so that in the whole of the Russian army there does not exist a single company composed exclusively of Poles. Moreover, the Polos hardly possess any arms. Looking in another direction, the party of action cannot reckon on any assistance from the peasantry. Ever sinoe 1850 the Imperial policy has been to secure their attach- ment by affording them constant protection against the arbitrary power of the nobles and so well does the Govern- ment seem to have succeeded in this policy, that in many of the districts or circles the landholders are in fear that, if a rebellion should break out against the ltusssians, the san- guinary scenes which took place in Gallicia in 1846 might be enacted over again, and they are imploring the Governor- General of Warsaw to send troops for their protection, but which he cannot spare, as they are required to repress the revolt, symptoms of which are already perceptible. For these reasons it is clear that the party of action for the present possesses no other power than that of causing torrents of blood to flow to no purpose, of urging the popu- lace to-manifestions the frequent repetition of which tends to render them ridiculous, and inculcating habits of idleness and of permanent agitation. England equally with France admires the brave and chi- valrous Polish nation, but she refrains from encouraging delusive hopes, and from constantly expressing wishes which must, in the present position of affairs, remain barren. To the Poles England says, — Do not relinquish the sub- stance for the shadow. Since you cannot become indepen- dent otherwise than by the aid of foreign armies, let it be seen that you possess the political tact & practical good sense which are the essential conditions of a nation's existence and of its development. Do not try the 1110deratilln of Russia to the utmost; accept the degroe of self-government she offers you'; her programme leaves in your hands the determina- tion of social questions which are of vital importance. Foremost among these is the question regarding the pea- santry, the organization of k system of public instruction of which you stand so much in need and as one of your own writers eloquently expresses it, It is not by systematic provocation to Russia, by refusing all terms of conciliation offered by her, that you will gain the sympathies of civi- lized nations all that you will gain by it is to have Talley- rand's observation to Napoleon 1. against you repeated, Its ne saurout ctre independents." The telegrams which announce the state of siege in Poland afford grounds for the surmise that the party of ac- tion have refused to listen to the voice of reason. It is, nevertheless, still to be hoped that the measure is only of a preventive character. The excessive moderation of Count Lambert justifies this favourable interpretation. But wc deeply and sincerely deplore that the cause of Poland, which enlisted our sympathies, should have become com- promised by ridiculous manifestations, and by insensate provocations which had they occurred in Naples would have been promptly brought to reason by the Piedmontese grape- shot. In conclusion, we must applaud the internal policy which Alexander II. is pursuing in Russia, and the moderate and at the same time conciliatory conduct in Poland. And we can only deplore the disparaging spirit which persists in representing the great reforms introduced into Russia as incapable of realisation, and condemn unhesitatingly the agitators who are so obstinately bent on perpetuating tlie system of ridiculous and impotent demonstration in Poland, and sacrificing the future of their country to tho perfidious insinuations of the foreigner. The party of action in Poland represent their country as in a situation indentical with that of Venetia. They forget that between Venetia and France there is no Prussia intervening; they forget that Venetia can logically adopt the silent system, because it is aware that an army of 300,000 Italians is on its fron- tier with a reserve of 500,000 Frenchmen. But where is a Polish army, and where are the allies of Poland ?—Press. A MODEI, HUSBAND—A husband ought to have great good nature, good humour, and good sense. Lively by all means, stupid by no means. Ills person agreeable rather than handsome. No great objoction to six fact, with an exact symmetry of parts. Always clean, but not foppish In his dress. 1 outh promises a duration of happiness, there- fore is agreeable. Well read in the classics, but not pedant. Experimentally acquainted with natural philosophy. A tolerable ear for music, but no fiddler. I must repeat It again, no fiddling husband. An easy and unaffected polite- ness. No bully just as much courage as is necessary to defend his own and his wife's honour. No traveller; no enthusiasm for the "vertu." May fortune smile on the man of my wishes! A freethinker in everything except in matters of religion.-—-Fanny Fern. THE LAND OF PARADOX.—The quicksilver, I find, will sometimes entirely disappear, like the water in the pipe of the Great Geyser, and even then the weather will be tolerable. But that is as it should be, and quite in keeping with the regions of paradox which we are approaching, where the magnet forgets its affection for the pole; where as many as nine suns have been seen in winter without affording the wHmtn of nnp; wherp the favourite time f"^ thunder and lightning is mid-winter; where a river o to-day becomes a mere fountain to-morrow, and vice versa > where islands rise out of the ocean, and sink down again, as if nothing had happened where tiny clouds, according to the testimony of veracious travellors, at times SlfOOP down like falcons on the head of the wayfarer and disorder his brains. A land out of which is dug that mysterioas surturbrand which geologists have been addling their brains to explaian the origin of, but in vain a land where people get their wood from the ocean, and where ocean cod are takon in inland lakes where, if you find a stalactite, it IS due to fire instead of water where dark ducks with ivhite rings round their eyes swim in the boiling rivers- and where ice and fire are are often on the best terms with each other. So that fine weather and a low glass are really quite the correct thing. — The Oxonian in Iceland. PUIILIC MEN IN THE UNITED STATFS.-The American ofhcials, from tho President downwards, are not externlilit distinguished by a purple hem on the toga, by orders, brilliant uniforms, and sentries, which could flatter vanIty, but, moreover, enjoy remarkably little respect in the heartS of the people. They are not requited by praise and 10'°: like tho violet, for their modest and unpretending aPP,eqt- ance. The captain of a passenger steamer, the landlord of a large hotel, tho director of a bank or railway, the head Of a high-standing New York house, the owner of a Ne„ England factory, or the founder of a Western colony"*?,.?.. are tho men to whom the public of the great Repll willingly show respect, and before whom they scatte incense. These boasted self-made men," they Batter t? iL frequently exaggerated and even repulsive way. Wheo'lfc- the other hand, you hear how people talk of these Pu salaried officials-including the President and the 8llPrf0 judges-you must fancy that they are all animated by •a sovereign contempt of them. They seem to have a .,Lssio" for dragging their sbte officers and public char?cf,.g through the dust. 'Fil?y speak of them as a doe's Of his servant, and even a criminal steps into the presence Of the magistrate with a most arrogant and insulting air. (133r the way, this i? another of the resemblances that have b?e discovered between Russia and America. The Lmp?'_ speaks of his ofBcials in an openly contemptuous ""?'?? just like the mob-king here.) Nor do American c.,tl ,as obtain any distinction or honour for having once held a h office, as was the case with the Roman ex-consulsWhen always retained an honorary seat in the senate. th. ir time has expired, or they no longer please a jjer party, they arc most suddenly deprived of their omc? thrown overboard from the State vessel into the sea of private affairs, where thoy either sink or swim ollward,if they understand the Ilelp-yourself" system? Even the fact of a man having once been President bringshjm no honour, and no one has a laurel wreath for hIØl.- E Magazine,