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TITHES : THEIR ORIGIN AND…
TITHES THEIR ORIGIN AND GROWTH. (BY \Y. J. VVATEEHOCSE, M.A., B.C.L., B.Sc). May I be allowed to enter a gentle protest against the riotous imagination of your ccm- positor? I did not question Bishop Freighter statement, though he made me do so. Nor did I write "vaiuerable," blit and so in other cases. in my anxiety to be fair with r. it a^tjears tint overstated the ca'fi on sidin mv last. I said that Mr. '• in hi." History of Tithes," ed. 1E87, .11 main- tained the character of Ethehvuli. 1 now imd that in the next edition he abandoned it. Lord SelboT-e had. made the position untenaole, evea for 3':> datermined an assailant of Church property as Mr. Clarke. Mr. Campbell, there- fore, instead of having a backer m this matter has not a solitary author of repute to stand by him. THE MODEKX EXPANSION OF TITHES." The Rev. J. T. Griffiths, in his able criticism of Mr. Campbell's statements, has passed over this head LUST. There was so much to say that he may well be excused for not handling an in- tricate end somewhat obscure subject. Never- theless. Mr. Campbell's statements must be mc7, iejt the public should assume that the case has gone against the Church by default. Mr. Campbell asserts that "bv far the largest portion of the parochial endowments of the Church of England had their root" in the Indus are A.?ts. By the way, Mr. Campbell should not call these Acts Enclosure Acts, any one who seeks for information under that heading is likely to be disappointed. I hope it is not captious to mention this; great trouble might otherwise be caused to those who wish to read up the matter for themselves. Let me now summarise Mr. Campbell's statements: (1) The great bulk of modern parochial cn- dowmAits arises from the operation of the Inclosure àts. by increase of titheable land. (2) A computation inO authority given) esti- mates the laud affected at twenty-four million acres. <3) Tithe rent has now to be paid on every acre inclosed before the passage of the Tithe Commutation Act, 1336, except where lands were granted m place of tithe. It ia assumed that no tithe was paid by this land previously; otherwise this complaint would have no iorce. (4) Hence the theory that pious ancestors conferred the tithe is "a gross absurdity." We will examine the positions in the above order. tl) In my Last I showed by official figures that it is an unjustifiable exaggeration to say that the great bulk cf the endowments of aver- age modern parishes is due to tithe. The actual amount is roughly 55 per cent. So that, if all modern tithe were due to te operation c f the Inclosure Acts, little more than half the parochial endowments would be affected. The figures are: Ecclesiastical bene- fices (including rateable value of residences) £ 4,731,713. Tithe: IC2,628,874, of which Z36,593 is modern. (2) The computation to which Mr. Campbell yefers is wildly out in its estimate of the acre- age involved. The leading authority on this subject is Sir Robert Hunter, solicitor to the Post Office, who wrote the Article on "Com mons" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. xxvii, fie) ¡; edition. In that article it is shown, a3 ail students of history know, that in the Tudor period an immense amount of inclosure took place; and arable land gave place to pasture, for wool was valuable both at home and abroad. The strong hand was its own justification. When rebellion took place it was suppressed. "There is abundant evi- dence both from the complaints of writers, such as Latimer and Sir Thomas More, and from the Statutes and Royal Commissions of the day that large enclosures were made at this ti.-n,.) (Hunter). When Mr. Gampbell is endeavouring to reconcile his computations of onclossd a-ea in King John's time and in own own, he should take this into consider- -tion. li ¡'3 vital to every estimate he may make. and he passes it over altogether. Sir Robert Hunter, in the article above-men- tioned, give the following statistics (see p. 170): Inclosure Acts. Acres. 1709-1797 2,744,926 1301-1842 1,307,964 1345-1869 618,000 Forests enclosed under special Acts. 100,000 Total 4,770,890 There is a mighty difference between this figure and twenty-four million acres. How then did Sir Robert get at his facts? He took them from the local Acts, and where the exact acreage was not specified he ir-ada a careful estimate; and it may safeiy be said that he 13 not far from the mark. I hope -shortly to be able te check all his statements by official f.?ures. Now lot us consider the bearing of these statistics. We are to cut off inclosures after 1832. A simple arithmetical calculation will show the reader that Mr. Campbell and I are only concerned with some 3,700,000 acres. If anything, this figure err3 on the side of gener- osity; but let that pais. The total area of England is about thirty-seven million acres. Thus the Inclosure Acts of the last two centuries have, as fir as the Church is concerned. affected at the outside one acre in ten. Hence. it follows, that assuming that no tithe was paid on this land before, the increase due to there Acts is one-tenth of the whole tithe; that is to say. about 5j per cent. of the en- dowment of the average modern parish (3) Mr. Campbell assumes that the enclosed common lands had not previously paid tithe. This is an error. No doubt it was impossible to specify that a given acre had produced a given tithe as could be done with corn and hay. Bui indirectly the land had paid tithe. The pigs that fed in the oak-woods, the woods themselves, the horses, sheep., and cattle that browserl on the un:nclo?ured pastures, the geese and poultrv. sometimes even the wild deer, had all yielded tithe, in the form of pipp foar • calves, eggs, milk, cheese, under- wood, and venison." 'And for this purpose it matters nothing whether tithe attached at Common Law, or arose by direct grant. When the commons were enclosed, the Statute 2 and 3 Ed. VI., sap. 13 governed the tithe. That statute was not enacted in the interest of the Church, but in that of the laity. For ex- ample, a common which had borne under- wood was improved into meadow: for the first seven years it did not pay tithe on its increased value, hut on the old value. Only in the eighth year did the tithe of hay commence. The difference in value of the new tithe and the was in the encloser's favour for seven YHTrs, and formed hi3 compensation for the cost of labour of inqloroxe. C f eoi-:>s, when a common was inclosed land -was allotted, to the rector or vicar in propor- tion to ht3 interest as it was to every other freeholder. When land was allotted in addi- tion in place of tithe, it was matter of local ,i and agreement. The whole thing was done by laymen. The laity passed the Inclosure Acts: the Commissioners under those Acts were laymen, and until 1847 they were .all local men, who were chosen on account of their special expert knowledge. If from fear or favour they made an unjust award, an ap- peal from their decision could be carried to by Courts of Justice. Thus all Mr. Campbell's grounds, on which he relied to disprove grants by pious ances- tors of the bulk of the tithe, are cut away, for it must be remembered, when tithes attach at Common Law, that the Common Law is nothing more than the immemorial custom of the country, which was recognised as legal by the. Courts. If Mr., Campbell, or any one else. wishes to dispute this contention, I am willing to establish it by proof. Mr. Campbell has given currency to several serious blunders in addition to those on which I have already commfen'ed. A, I wish t j say something about these, and have no desire to weary your readers, I have not thought it necessary to in- dulge in a historical and juristic disquisition on the origin of our Common Law rules. Modern scholars have cast much light upon this mar tor, and the statements of the older authorities must be held subject to revision. P,,)STiCR I PT. -When computing from Sir I Alfred Porter's figures in my last, the gross .in,come of.the Church from tithe, I regret to, say, I inadvertently omitted to reckon the tithe of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The figure £ 2,694,781, which I have quoted I i;¡ thus too small, and becomes £ 2,968,352. This would make tithe equal to about 51 per cent. of the Church's revenue. Accepting for the other calculation given "last week the Tithe Commissioners' figure, we should get gross income from all sources £ 5.377,343; and on this supposition the tithe would work out at S2 per cent. so that in neither case is the inference drawn seriously n invalidated. It will be seen that I have allowed in the body of this letter even more than the figures justfy, because I wish to take no undue advantage, and willingly conccde more than Mr. Campbell can strictly claim. In the letter of Mr. W. J. Waterhouse, which appeared in a recent, issue, are state- ments which require explanation, namely, "legal sanction was attached to tithe:; in 787 in the Council held by George Bishop of Ostia." Are we to understand that in the Council of 787 legal sanction was given to the tithes? If so, was ft by or througn the authority of Pope Adrian 1. legates ? Mr. Waterhouse also aik-s. is it in any way reasonable to suppose that compulsory laws could have passed the King and Witan unless the moral right of the Church to tithes had been recog- nised. I would like to ask, had the Church any moral right to the modus of the tithe made compulsory by Lle Stat. 2 and 3, Cap. 13 of Ed. 6? and was Parliament justified in pass- ing Sc-c. 16 of the same statute.—Yours truly. s.
—————HI ■ I - THE WELSH CHURCH…
—————HI ■ I THE WELSH CHURCH COMMISSION. The Church Times" appears to have ob- tained an inspired account of what the Welsh Church Commission is likely to say when, its report is issued next year. Says our con- temporary — To judge of the chairman's views from the language that he has used in public-, it will not be unsafe to prophey that the draft report which hs will 'ask his colleagues to accept will be a con-comrnittal document highly laudatory of all religious bodies in Wales, Both the Church and Dissent will in it be the recipients of a considerable amount of praise. Perhaps it will be gently hinted that will a little more co-operation an even higher level of sanctity might be obtained by both. "His lordship may also seek to pay a com- ) pliment to some obscure denomination, like the Bible Christians, which has caught his fancy, and the world may learn that he is profoundly impressed by the chapel society,' an institution which most people who know Wales consider to be on the "clown grade. In a word, the Commission will be invited' by its chairman to acquiesce in a vague and las many will think) a meaningless conclusion. Probably, nearly all his lordship's collea- gues will demur to some points of this bril- liant picture. Archdeacon Evans and Lord Hugh Cecil, will, one may guess, seek to have it stated that the Church makes far better provision for the needs of the English-speaking population of Wales than does Separatism, whether in the English-speaking districts like Monmouthshire, or in Welsh Wales. Arch- deacon Evans will also perhaps seek to have attention drawn to the fact that the theology now preached in Dissenting chapels does not agree with the religious trusts on which these chapels are held. It is even more probable that he will require the report to show that in many places the supply of Dissenting places of worship greatly exceeds the demand, and that the buildings are not so placed as to make it possible for Dissent to claim that its system provides adequately for the needs of the whole population of Wales and Monmouth- shire. "To turn to the second division of the Commission's Report. No question can arise on the value or nature of the Church endow- ments in Wales. The returns submitted will doubtless appear in the Report exactly as they were put in. The Commission has, however, to inquire into the origin of these endowments, and here there ma.y be a field for dissension. Divested of legal verbiage, the question that Sir D. Brynmor Jones hopes to raise is two- fold. Practically, he asks, is the Church of Wales spiritually and historically identical (1) with the ancient Celtic Church, which con- fronted St. Augustine when he came to Great Britain? and (2) with the Mediaeval Church in that country? What answer Archdeacon Evans and Lord Hugh Cecil will make to these ques- tions cannot be doubted, and Lord Hugh will doubtless give a fine vindication of the Catholic position. Unhappily, there is too much reason to ex- pect that most of their colleagues will take the Erastian Protestant view, so that whatever may be their opinion about the ancient CelTic Church of Britain, they will almost certainly write down that the Church of England came into existence at the time of the Refor- mation, though, needless to say, they will be unable to cite the Act which established it. On this point it is to be feared that the chair- man will go with the majority. Although on many points he holds views adverse to those of his Nonconformist colleagues, his tone throughout the proceedings has been that of an undenominational Protestant. Nothing is clearer to those who have followed his obiter dicta through the long inquiry than that he regards the Church of England as one among many Protestant sects. He will, naturally assume that it came into being wnh the Reformation." the Reformation." +
SUNDAY NIGHT SCENE AT GOODWICK.
SUNDAY NIGHT SCENE AT GOOD- WICK. RESIDENTS ALARMED. SINGULAR CONDUCT OF A SEAMAN. MAGISTERIAL KINDNESS. On Monday morning an Occasional Court was held At the Fishguard Police Station, before Dr. O\n and Mr. T. G. Bennett, when a man named; Andrew Kavanagh, an Irish seaman, hailing from Arklow, was charged with being drunk and incapable the previous evening at Good wick. The prisoner, who appeared to be in a some- what dazed condition, when formally charged replied, I don't know anything about it." Police-Sergt. Lewis stated that shortly after 12 o'clock the previous evening he found the prisoner drunk on the Itighyiay. When ques- tioned prisoner was unable to give an account of himself, and seemed b"t completely. He appeared, to be trying to proceed round some houses to avoid w'tness and another officer, and stated that he wanted to go to the Sailor's Home, and afterwards pointing to a building said Here it is." Witness asked him did he knew where he was. and he said Swan- sea." Prisoner was tlleD." lr:.cked up at the Fishguard Police Station. Prior to meeting with the prisoner at Goodwick witness had had severa. complaints from persons respecting his strange conduct in lying about the hedges, an arushing out at passers-bv. Witness had ascertained that prisoner had arrived at Good- wick on the Sunday morning by the train at 2.15. and that he had booked from Swansea to Arklow. Prisoner went on to the boat for Rosslare, Prisoners appearance seemed to in- dicate that he had been drinking heavily for a Long time. I Replying to Dr. Owen, prisoner said he .did not know why he came by the train; he must have been led. He did net think he had anv drink on the Saturday. In answer to Mr. Bennett, prisoner said he had been employed on a schooner, which- came from London to Swansea, but he could not remember when he was at Swansea. He had been in the Sailor's Home about a fort- night. Police-Sergt. Lewis stated that prisoner's statement, respecting the Sailor's Home corre- sponded with the date of his discharge from the vessel. Police-Sergt Rosser said prisoner informed him that he had been "knocking about" dur- ing t9 past fortnight, at Llanelly. and Swan- sea. and had spent all the money that he re- ceived on being "paid off." ■ Dr. Owen: Had the prisoner Grot a raihvav ticket? ■ Police-Sergt. Rosser: Yes, sir. Dr. Owen (to prisoher): Have you been under treatment by a medical man lately? Prisoner: No. Dr. Owen: He seems to be very dazed. The magistrates imposed a fine of 5s. and 3s. 6d. costs-in all 8s. 6d., or seven days in default. Dr. Owen: Is he without means? Police-Sergt. Rcsser: Yes. sir. Dr. Owen: Will he forfeit his railway ticket if he goes to prison ? Police-Sergt. Brinn: No, sir. that won't inter- fere with his ticket. The Magistrates' Clerk (Mr. Vaughan) to prisoner: Do you know anyone who will ad- vance you the 8s. 6d.? Prisoner: I don't know.* After the magistrates had held a brief con- versation, Police-Sergt. Lewis (to prisoner): The magis- t-rates are going to pay your fine and costs for you. Will you go on board the next steamer for Rosslare? Prisoner: I would like to go to a hospital. The magistrates then paid his fine and costs, and directed that an officer should be sent with the prisoner to the steamer leaving in the afternoon for Rosslare. Prisoner was therefore accompanied to the Harbour Quay and placed on board the s.s. St. George, which left in the afternoon for Rosslare.
SOCIALISM.
SOCIALISM. We believe our readers will derive consider- able interest, and perhaps benefit, from a dis- cussion of Socialism in our columns, which wc commence this week. Of course, it is hardly necessary to say that \e must not be held either to endorse or oppose the views expressed by our various correspondents. We shall have pleasure in extending equal treat- ment to all who wish to give their views on a subject which is undoubtedly receiving in- creasing attention froifl politicians. This week the case for Socialism is opened by &' corre- spondent who essays to define the term, and will follow next week with an article on a particular phase of socialistic doctrine. We have no doubt his challenge will be readily taken up by writers who hold other views, and our readers may look forward to the wordy combat with pleasurable anticipations.—Ed. Socialism. DEFINITION OF THE TERM. To The readers of this column perhaps it would be well just at the commencement to come to some common understanding as to the meaning of this term. There have been so many wilful misrepresentations made for the purpose of political propaganda, and also from fear of its possible effect upon those who are blessed with this world's goods, that the term itself is vile in the sight of a large num- ber of people. It is to be hoped, therefore, that those people who are ever ready to de- nounce the principle, and also those who have been influenced by false definitions of the same, will carefully consider the various articles as they appear from week to week in this column, which tlis Editor has graciously granted for this purpose. One thing will be very evident to the reader, and that is, that although the various writers may be agreed upon the vital principle, the garments in which it will be clothed will vary considerably. This might appear contradictory at first sight, but on consideration it will be found that the one thing of vital importance is the great central principle, and if we can only persuade men to see this. the covering of it in our national life will easily become an accomplished fact. What then is Socialism? There are many definitions to be had even from professed Socialists. Suppose we start with this defini- tion :—Socialism is a political expression of the great principle, that co-operation is better than competition. This will probably answer our present purpose. It is, as some one has put it, All for each, and each for all." We see around us to-day that this principle is not in general practice. The great agencies which employ labour to-day are run and kept going for the purpose of making profits, and not for the mutual weal of the workers. Look at our railways. We find that these are heavily retarding the natural resources of our country; whereas, if they were run on the principle of Socialism, there would be co-opera- tion between the producer and the carrier, which would go to xievelop the utmost re- sources of our land. Instead of co-operation we find the producers form simply a hunting ground for the clever speculators. Again, the mines of our country, the storage of the ages, the nation's by right of nwner- ship, The Toyal gifts of Nature's patient and beneficient laws. This is a question in which every man is more or less concerned. The people are the consumers; it is they who sup- ply the labour, but it is the few who garner the profits. We have just considered the rail- ways. We know that these concerns are man- aged by companies. These men band them- selves together for one common purpose, namely, to make money. Well, now, why is it that those people who are the consumers of coal do not band themselves together for the purpose of buying this commodity at a fair cost, and do full justice to the worker? Last, but not least, there is the land ques- tion. These three subjects are now well within the province of practical politics. We shall deal with this question in a separate article next week, and also from time to time. We find that tlie people have not only been exploited of the buried treasures of the earth, but also of that which is of more importance, the potential properties of the surface soil. We hear a great deal of land reform, fixity of tenure, and small holdings, yet with it all the great heart of this subject is left untouched.. Too much of of teniare there has been in some quarters. What is wanted is a complete sweep towards national ownership, and then we shall feel the pulsating influence of a new born nation. T These are some of the phases of this ques- tion. But some may ask, what about Socialism and Religion? Is not Socialism opposed to Religion? The answer to the latter question is emphatically no, nothing of the kind. In- deed not only is it not opposed to religion, but to a large majority of the adherents of Social- ism it is the only harmonical expression of religious ideal. It is the embodiment of the Sermon on the Mount, in practical politics. Socialism stands for Internationalism, for Human Brotherhood, and the fuller and larger life of the people. 2 ZINI.
THE WRECK ON RAMSEY ROCK.
THE WRECK ON RAMSEY ROCK. The position of the Austrian steamer Szent Istvan, which went ashore on Ramsey Island, is unchanged. Her cargo is being washed out of tho hold by degrees, but it is hoped to salve a big portion during the next few days. The value of her cargo is estimated at some- thing near £200,000. The officers and crew of the vessel went aboard on Monday, and most of the crew secured their belongings, but the officers' quarters were onder water. Two salvage boats, wifli diters, art standing by the stranded steamer in readiness to salve 3'iine of her cargo, but owing to the ground swell it is an arduous and perilous task. Steamer on the Bishops. A CURIOUS COINCIDENCE. The steamer Gascon, of the Ellerman Line, I with general cargo from Oporto, via Glasgow, to Swansea, struck the North Bishops during a very thick fog, and on Monday was in a dangerous position, having lost her propeller. A boat came ashore about mid-day with the chief officer and four men in an exhausted condition, after having been six hours trying to find land, and it was with great difficulty that they landed abou.t one and a half miles north of St. David's Head. They had been driven miles out. of their course by the strong current. They were then taken to the chief coastguard, who at once telephoned for assist- ance, and informed the owners at Liverpool. The Government tug Alligator, from Pembroke Dockyard, was at once despatched to the Gascon's assistance. The vessel did not put up signals of distress as the master, Captain Roberts, thought he could get away without assistance. The boat left St. David's at four a.m. for the vessel. The place where the Gascon struck is about a mile and a half from the scene of last week's mishap to the Szent Istvan. The Gascon had a crew of 23 hands, most of whom had signed on at Liverpool. The steamer was towed into Milford Haven on Tuesday by the tug Alligator. The cargo, which is very valuable, was not damaged. Those who put off in the boat were rescued just in the nick of time, as they were terribly exhausted, having been at the oars for about eight hours. Tugs have left Liverpool for Mil- ford to take the Gascon round. ANOTHER ELLERMAN BOAT STRIKES. Curiously enough while the Gascon was in difficulties off St. David's Head, during the denno log enveloping the Bristol Channel be- tween seven and eight o'clock on Sunday morn- ing, the City of Dundee. a steamer of 3,427 tons, belonging to the Ellerman Line, was struck by the steamship Matina, a vessel of somewhat larger tonnage, and sank in fourteen minutes. This happened almost at. the same hour as the mishap to the Gascon, and only some 15 miles distant. The scenes which followed the collision were, OIl the whole, in keeping with the highest ) traditions of British seamanship. There were twelve passengers and a crew of 40 hands on board the City of Dundee, and with three ex- ceptions the whole of these were safely trans- ferred from the sinking ship to the Matina. The unfortunate exceptions were the captain, second mate, and quartermaster, who were all drowned, and it was undoubtedly due to the ITcroism and presence of mind of the deceased captain, supplemented by the coolness of his crew and the admirable self-restraint of the passengers, that the loss of life under the circumstances proved so comparatively small.
. FATAL ACCIDENT AT PENFFORDD.
FATAL ACCIDENT AT PENFFORDD. A FOOLISH BOAST. Mr. H. J. E. Price held an inquest at Pen- fordd, parish of Bletherston, on Saturday, upon Thomas Murphy, a farm labourer, aged 35, who met with his death in a curious fashion. Thomas Llewellyn, living at Holloway, Bletherston, gave evidence of identification. Thomas Howells, blacksmith, Rhydyallen, Llanycefn, said he was in the Cross Inn, Penffordd, on Friday evening, with his brother Evan and the deceased, whom he had known for two or three years. They went in about 3.30 p.m., and the three of them left at ten minutes to ten. When they got outside they sat down on some timber, and started talking about colliery work. Witness told deceased that he was going to work at Aberdare as a shoeing-smith. Deceased said he had been working amongst timber, and he lifted up one piece' to show how strong he was. He got hold of a liearier piece, and on being told that was too heavy for him he swung it up, and then became over-balanced, and fell on his back. When they got to him he was un- conscious, and blood was running from his ears. They had no quarrel, and what hap- pened resulted from deceased desiring to show his strength. Evan Howells, the brother of the last wit- ness, gave similar evidence, and Ann Phillips, the landlady testified that the men left sober and friendly. Dr. E. W. Price, Narberth, said he was called to deceased about 3 a.m. on Saturday and got there at 4 a.m. He had then been dead about ten minutes. On examining him he found blood coming from both ears, and a large clot from the mouth. He found the base of the skull had been fractured. He was a man weighing about 11 stone, and the baulk of timber shown to witness would weigh about 2 cwts. A verdict of "Accidental death" was re- turn 3d. J
DOCKYARD NOTES. ,
DOCKYARD NOTES. An Admiralty minute state that seven days- men are in future to be paid for Dockyard holidays the same as ordinary working hours. This minute means that men required to work on holidays will only receive the ordinary day's pay in future, whereas they had been receiv- ing two days' pay for a holiday in the past. As stated in our last issue the first-class cruiser Defence returned from her trials on Wednesday evening last, and is now berthed off the Carr Jetty. These trials are under- stood to have been very .satisfactory. The ship attained a speed of nearly 24 knots per hour, And also proved herself a most seaworthy boat. She encountered some very dirty weather dur- ing the trial, but behaved admirably. The en- gines during the thirty hours' trial at one- fifth power worked smoothly, and yielded bstter results than the most sanguine of those concerned anticipated, thus inspiring confi- dence that the other trials would pass off in equally satisfactory manner. The delay in proceeding with the thirty hours' trial at four- tinhs power and the eight hours' full-power trial was therefore regretted generally by those on board, as thsy had looked forward with confidsnce to being able to return here last weak. The reports as to the gunnery and tor- pedo trials represent them to have been more "iian usually exhaustive, and to have resulted in such a manner as to leave no possible ground of complaint. Every fitting answered its particular requirement, thus enabling the trials to be rapidly completed. The torpedo trials were accomplished in record time. The Opinion is now expressed that the Defence will not be completed by December 31st, which was the date originally intended. Very probably the Defence will not leave Pembroke Dock until the end of January. A system of reflec- tors, which are indispensable in each gun house, to enable the man working the gun to train it as directed by the fire-control officer, and other necessary adjuncts which are Dot used during the gun trials, have still to be fitted, and this work will occupy a considerable time. It has also been decided to lengthen the four funnels by 15ft. each, as at present the smoke sometimes beats down on the bridge in such a manner as to make it almost un- tenable. It expected that the Boadicea. will be completed *until the end of March. It had been originally intended that she should be completed by December 31st. and the cause of the extension is not definitely known, though it is assumed to be due to the diffi culty which would be experienced by the engi- neer contractors in completing the turbine machinery by the earlier date.
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| SHAKESPEARE says I u May good Digestion wait on Appetite, And Health on Both." <P | 2 Absolutely secures M this beneficient wish. g Wherever used sur- p prising results foliow. H "The weak become strong." x The oil become young." 4 H By using the "OREX" | Brown Bread from the Flour prepared by WEAYER & CO., LTD., HT 14, COMMERCIAL ROW PEMBROKE DOCK. A EVANS (I»a'e o* Cavendish\ Jj Hous<ri Pembroke, HAS re-opened business at 4ha above address, and begs to thank the public for their kind patronage and suppwtt during the time she was in business, and hopes to have a continuance of the same. Large consignment just arrived of millinery of the latest style. Also a large assortment of Ladies' Dress BLOUSES. Cut, Fit, ana Style, guaranteed. Tailor-made Costumes from 25s. 6d. to £2 10s. EVENING GOWNS A SPECIALITY. 52-my 8. j I I j x x x WILLIAM JAMES, SHOP-Y-BOBL, MAIN ST. & VICTORIA HOUSE, j j MARKET SQUARE, 1 Fishguard. o: PERSONAL ATTENTION. WINTER GOODS. o: M ANY businesses are made to go like machinery o smoothly but mechanically. :o: :— Our business is constructed with individuality. We give personal attention, and study the requirements of each customer not expecting the shoppers' wants to fit in with the popular taste. -:e What our customers require we are pleased to supply. That is the secret of the success of our drapery business. The best quality at the cheapest price is a feature of all we sell. We have the new- est, latest goojs, but we please our customers by giving them what they ask for. — :o: I WILLIAM JAMES, SHOP-Y-BOBL, MARKET SQUARE, F ISH G U A R D. x x x X j 's=:= ALFRED IiEES, THE STORES, PUNCHESTON, DESIRES to inform his Customers that he 1 is continually preparing to meet their wants with the very bsst goods in all depart- ments. A SPLENDID SELECTION cf th& latest Milli- nery and Dress matsriJ. has arrived from the leading markets. THE DRESSMAKING AND MILLINERY are managed by highly experienced hands, and all orders will have careful and prompt attent- tion. SUITS TO 3 department also receives very careful attention. The fit, style, and quality of work and cloth and price can- not be beaten. A good selection of BOOTS AND SHOES by best makers only, at all times in stock. GROCERY AXD PROVISIONS of the very best; flour, meals, etc., etc.. of the very best, at lowest possible price. Also a continually new stock of Paper Hangings, Earthenware, Ironmongery, Paints, Oils. Parent Medicines— almost anything you may require, is to be found at the A. REEa, Stores, Puncheston. New laid Eggs and Fresh made Butter, in small or big lots, brought at the very best price possible. A REES begs respectfully to solicit your support, thanking all for past favours. *u28— I SAY Oh, merchant, in thins hour of a • a. If on this poLp5rr yati should o o o. Take our advice aad now be y y y, Go straightway out and advert ill; You'll find the project of aomm a a as Neglect can offer no as q q q. Be wise at anca, prolong your <5 a a IN A szlaat businew moc i k k tu
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♦ Lieut.-Colonel F. J. II .Birch, R.A., who was about a year ago in command of the Royal Garrison Artillery at Pembroke Dock, has been promoted Brevet-Colonel. When he left Pembroke Dock he became officer com- manding the Royal Garrison Artillery at Ran- gon, in Burmah, which position he still occu- pies.
Advertising
CORN, BUTTER, SEED, AJD MANURE. I. E.E'S'ITOIjZDB BEGS to inform the Public that ho has taken over the business carried on suooosafoliy by Mr Joseph Thoman at Swan Square, Haverfordwest, for nearly half. a oontary, ani will ooatinue the CORK, BUTTER, SEED, MD MANURE TRADE ,< bernk^ore. ALSO GROCERY AND SAOK HIRING. A Large Stock of perfectly B&t-ksalways kept. Usual Charge* ADDRESS Z> v: M. C'J V "a (,i., .4. f¡f Swan Square, Haverfordwest. wTlF7~THOMAS~ar€o^ BEG to inform their numerous Patrons that their PORTFIELD D MODERN HYGIENIC MACHINE BAKERY is i working daily and that, through the whole process of Mixing, the j Bread and Cake are untouched by hand. MACHINES dress the FRUIT free from Grit and Stalk, and SIFT THE FLOUR. A TEMPERING TANK conveys the water direct from the pipes to the Machines. An Engine conveys the motive power, and the whole operation is scientifically accurate and automatic. The result is perfection in making and in purity. Try our EXCELSIS Fruit Cake at 6d. per lb. Xmas Cakes unequalled in value. Mince Pies, Savoy and Models, Ornamented or. Plain. French and English Pastries, Petit Flours. Richly orna- mented Dessert Cakes, Shortbread, &t., from THOMAS & Co., THE PORTFIELD MACHINE BAKERY. WATCHES! WATCHES —rrrrr*— A LL who require the right Article at the right price should cal ] and see MUNT'S PRESENT STOCK which is RIGHT- UP-TO-DATE as during the past QUARTER OF A CENTURY English Lever Watches from 18s. 6. (Flat Glasses,* Jewelled and Warranted). SPECIAL LEVER, 4/11 SISLEY H. MUNT, OPTICIAN, SILVERSMITH and JEWELLER, HAVERFORDWEST AND MILFORD HAVEN STAND ON V WATSON r 66N° IO )S KICH, PURE & MELLOW. jMB{ You have not tested New & up=to=date Pharmacy FOR GOODWICK. PHILLIPS & MEYLER CASH CHEMISTS, UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF MB. W. J. DAVIES, M.Ph.S., CHEMIST & DRUGGIST, Silver Medallist of Westminster College, London. First Class Welsh, English, and Continental Experience. -:0 THE BEST OF EVERYTHING SUPPLIED. Drugs, Chemicals, Patent Medicines, Teas' Coffees', Photographic Goods &0. ADDRESS. MAIN STREET, GOODWICK. DO you require Ready.Made or Bespoke Clothing ? If so, we can supply you with the best. Our clothing dispels any doubt, because skilled workers put their best work into it, and every opportunity to perfect it is seized. Suits to measure from 21s to 60s, fit and style guaranteed. Special latest styles, Hats, Caps, Ties, Collars, Fronts, Welsh and English Flannel Shirts and Pants. Cardigan Jackets from 2s lid. Special delivery of Blankets, Rugs, Quilts, Sheets, Lace Curtains, Floorcloths. Also special lines in latest shades—Dress materials and Blouse Flannels, Prints, Corsets; all kinds of Fancy Drapery stocked. NOTE ADDRESS = —— EYAN DAYIES, London House, Letterston —— JAMES WEMYSS, R.P.C. (Registered Plumbers Company), I West Street, Fishguard, PLUMBER, HOT WATER & SANITARY ENGINEER. Sheet lead cut to size. Galvanised Iron Fittings and Pipes always in stock. Estimates Free. Your patronage solicited. NOTE ADDRESS:— WEST STREET. FISHGUARD. SEND YOUR PRINTING ORDERS TO THE COUNTY GUARDIAN, OFFICES: Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Solva, Pembroke Dock