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FIELD AND FARM. j

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FIELD AND FARM. j REARING CALVES ON THE COW. Rearing calves by tllowing them to suck from the mother (remarks "Northants" in the "Agri- cultural Gazette") is a system detrimental to the cow as far as her milking properties go, and particularly is this the case with heifers. Many rearers of cattle allow the heifer to rear her :first calf either at pasture or, if in winter time, in the straw yard. Unwittingly, a great mischief is done to the mother, with reference to her future as a dairy cow. And in proportion to the length of time the calf is allowed to suck, and to the size and its general robustness, is the in- jury done to the heifer. If the calf be small and weakly it will most probably not take all the milk the mother might supply, and so, instead of the supply increasing, it gradually diminishes. On the other hand, if the calf be a strong, well- developed one, it will take all the milk, and the supply, consequently, may hold out longer. What is needful in the training, so to speak, of the young cow is the encouragement of, or the accustoming her in, the habit of secreting and carrying the milk from one milking time to an- other. Consequent on rearing calves on the- cow, the latter's udder, in the first flush of their yield of milk, loses the capacity to hold a large, quan- tit- of milk, provided it have it, and never being thoroughly distended, through the calf continu- z, ally easing the bag, they lack that power of carry- ing the milk the proper length of time required by dairying purposes, and when the time comes for weaning the calves the teat a leak, and the pain caused by the unusual distension of the Ttdder tends to reduce the yield of the milk. On the other hand, if, when the milk system was in the same condition which it is in after calving time, when the udder is always swollen and painful, this distension has occurred, it would have become for the future adapted to the cir- cumstances, and of increasing capacity. It may be urged that the most natural plan is to allow the calf to suck from it until it is able to find enough to support itself. That may be so, but the whole system of dairying is unnatural. In the wild and natural state, the calf takes its food as frequently and in such quantities as it can digest, and as long as the flow of milk la,8ts but the cow is rendered incapable of carrying the milk produced, and of producing more than she can comfortably carry, and consequently would only rear one calf. The wild cow does not milk as heavily as the domesticated cow, for the rea- son, as before stated, that only yielding just as much as the ca.If requires the capacity for secret- ing is not developed. To bring out the best qualities of the dairy cow, instead of requiring of her just as much as the calf needs, every endeavour should be made, both by feeding judiciously and the encourage- ment of the secreting capacity. Milking comes of milking and the encouragement and easy de- velopment of the milking function, that is, early breeding and continued milking. Naturally a calf will do better and thrive faster if brought up on its mother than by the bucket, because it feeds just when it desires, taking small quantities at a time in the natural way. It is the saliva, that is produced by the calf sucking that aids digestion, and in this alone (provided new milk at the proper temperature be given) consists the advantage of suckling over bucket feeding. There are plenty of patent arrange- ments to be procured whereby the calf may be fed from the bucket by a suction pipe. The chief objection to this plan is the'extra cleanliness re quired. That difficulty, however, is overcome when children are reared with a bottle, and so is not- insurmountable in calf raising. As a matter of economy it is much better also to milk the cow and serve to the calf. The same cow that, with the suckling plan, would only rear one calf would raise easily two at a time if milked. The milk should be given at blood heat -no food is more indigestible than new milk at s wrong temp,erature--ancl in the early days several times a day in small quianiities. More calves are killed by over than under feeding. MANURES FOR SWEDES AND POTATOES. In experiments on swedes carried out by tao Agricultural Department of the Durham College of" Science, at eight places it was found, when 'artificial manures were used, that a complete mixture, consisting of 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda, cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 4 cwt. of super- phosphate, 2 £ cwt. of slag, and f cwt. of muriate of potash gave the best results. This is a com- plicated mixture, and it is probable that, in the great majority of seasons, the sulphate of am- monia might be dispensed with, if not the slag also. But it was found that super and slag to- gether did better than either alone. The omis- sion of nitrogen, phosphates, or potash, reduced the yield. On an average the omission of phosphates, as expected, caused the greatest reduction, and that of potash the least. The complete dressing gave 16| cwt. of roots more than 12 tons of farmyard manure alone. When this manure was added' to the artificials, the crop was increased by 2 tons 8 1-1 cwt., but at a loss. What is called the standard dressing of artificials for potatoes consisted of H- cwt. of nitrate of soda, J cwt. of eulphate of ammonia, 3 cwt. of superphosphate, and 1 cwt. of muriate of potash. The omission of potash caased, the greatest decrease in yield, and there was no material difference between the results, omitting the other two ingredients. But 12 tons of farm- yard manure gave a better crop than the com- plete artificials, and both together a still better and more profitable crop. EXHAUSTION BY MILK AND CORN. question which periodically crops up amongst agriculturists is, which exhausts the land most-milk or corn? It has been generally believed by farmers that the increase in dairy farming is bad for the soil, and we are bound to I say they have urged their opinions with ability •anil persistence. On the other hand there is dairy farming and dairy farming and the ex- dairy farming and dairy farming and the ex- haustion, whatever it is, cannot be the same in the case of a man who sells milk, who makes butter, or who makes cheese. That milk selling does tend to exhaustion, under certain con- ditions will, we think, not be denied; but the practice is precisely one of those problems for which agricultural colleges and experts exist to solve or to ameliorate. The farmer, many think, ought to be allowed to cultivate his land as he chooses, so long as he does not deteriorate its quality; but so long as a landlord can point to the fact that one particular system of farming leads to a detrimental result, as against what we may term an all-round system of farming on, say, a mixed farm, so long will there be some little reason, at any rate, in his contention that the risk which he is urged to adopt is not quite satisfactory from his point of view. If, however, our experts can show that by manuring and feed- ing they can keep up the fertility of a farm, no matter whether a man engages in dairy-farming or in corn-growing, then the contention of the owner would have very little in it. We are aware (remarks the "Rural World") that experts do take this view, but here it seems to us is a good opening for the experiments of an agricultural institution. SHEEP-BREEDING AND PRICES. The Teviotdale Farmers' Club has made its customary reckoning of the average prices ob- tained for the various classes of sheep and lambs at the Hawick Auction Mart and other local sales this year and for the sake of comparison has published them alongside the corresponding figures for last year. A study of the two columns is interesting, and from the breeder's point of view, affords satisfaction. If a comparison of I the estimated averages for the two years may be taken as a reliable basis on which to build there can be no dou'bt regarding the prosperous char- acter of the season now drawing to a close. The averages for the ten different grades of sheep are from Is. 3d. to 3s. 6d. higher than in 1903, which means an enormous difference in the total revenue of the farm. The improvement may be attributed mainly to the healthy appearance of the root crops and the bountiful yield of hay, but in all probability the decrease in the number of sheep in the country has contributed in some degree to the rise. Still more remarkable than < the increase in the rates for shieep and lambs, is the rise in the value of wool. Compared with tut year, white Cheviot wool was 4s. 6d., half- bred ewe wool was 7s., and half-bred hogg wool 7a. higher per atone of 241b.

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