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FRIENDS ALL ROUND. I
FRIENDS ALL ROUND. The cordial reception which M. Loubet lias experienced in Italy is a matter of gratification to us in Britain, who have for long regarded the Italians as friends, and have now made up all quarrels with our brave and cultured neighbours on the other side of the Channel. But while it is a great pleasure to us to see these amenities ex- tended by our friends the Italians, to our friends the French, at the same time one cannot avoid the reflection that the situation is just a little anomalous. None of the -three is bound to another, by a formal zalliance, on the contrary two of them are on opposite sides in the armed camps which are supposed to divide Continental Europe, and .France is the sole ally of a Power with -which our only ally is at war. And yet it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that the ties which bind Britain, France, and Italy, are quite as real as those which exist re- spectively between the members of the two great divisions of the Powers, The situa- tion is a little complex, but it ought to make for peace. If one regarded the subject theoretically it might seem that with such -overlapping of friendships a European war is impossible but then we are driven back upon the inherent imperfections of human nature, and the insane traditions which make the conventions of the Hague some- thing very like a farce.
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. INTERNATIONAL ETIQUETTE.
INTERNATIONAL ETIQUETTE. A Japanese paper remarks that the time is not opportune for third Powers to talk of mediation, and that neither of the belli- gerents is in a position to listen to such a proposal. If one could apply to interna- tional quarrels the canons which govern the ordinary affairs of life, it would seem that the best time for mediation was before the parties had resorted to arms. But as it is. we must wait until one of the belligerent Powers has its heel on the throat of the other, until many thousands of lives have been lost, hundreds of millions of treasure -wasted, incalculable suffering imposed upon the peaceful inhabitants of the theatre of war, trade disorganised, and future conflicts facilitated. All these things must happen before international etiquette sanctions mediation, and then we shall hear people ask whether the two Powers ought ever to have gone to war, and whether anything that either can gain is sufficient compensa- tion for the sacrifices that have been made. To the ordinary sensible man it might seem A pertinent question whether this inquiry should not have been made at the beginning, but as inter arma silent leges," so at such A time common sense opens not its mouth. n o itni *■> n :L::L<L.O;:¡!7
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-i THE SIBERIAN RAILWAY. 1
THE SIBERIAN RAILWAY. If Russia is successful in the present campaign, she will owe her victory, in very great part, to M. Witte, who, as minister of finance, began the Siberian Railway. This gigantic prospect is not yet quite completed, but the work has progressed sufficiently to admit of the fairly rapid conveyance of troops from European Russia to the Far East. But for this railway it would have been practically impossible for the Russian troops to proceed overland, and in view of the disasters which the Czar's ships have sustained, it would have been no easier to transport the regiments by water. But of course the Siberian Railway is an anxiety as well as an indisputable advantage to the Russians, and the Government and nation owe much to Prince Khilkoff, who has devoted himself with unwearying diligence to the task of perfecting and developing the ZI, organisation of the railway system. "LOAFERS." I A difficult question has arisen in London with regard to the treatment of the "loafer" and the police are solving it in very much the same way as that by which Alexander loosed the Gordian Knot. So far as they are able, they are making the position in- tolerable for the "loafer" who is not al- lowed to sleep in the streets, and has not the means of sleeping anywhere else at night. In the winter therefore these peo- ple go into the workhouse and become a charge upon the rates, in the summer they sleep during the day in the public parks. It is unfortunately a fact that many of these persons are so dirty that they are both a nuisance and a danger to the public, but at the same time there is another side to the question, as we see it we call them "outcasts" instead of "loafers," and re- member that people do not usually sleep in the streets, especially during the winter, from choice. The suggestion is not likely to be adopted, but nevertheless a solution could be found in the application of an Act which was passed on the motion of Mr W Hazel], formerly M.P. for Leicester, for en- abling dirty people to obtain a free bath at the casual wards without entering themselves as inmates. If the tramp were given a dated certificate that he had been treated at the casual ward, accompanied by some de- scription of his appearance, as a means of identity, there would not be very much danger in permitting him to sleep in the street, and an objectionable feature would be removed from the public parks. Further it may be presumed that some of the outcasts are willing to work, and they would not then be compelled to sleep during the time they might be seeking employment.
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-LONDON CITY CHURCHES.
LONDON CITY CHURCHES. The Bishop of London appears to be ob- structed in a most useful work by a most objectional form of conservatism—using the word in its general, and not in its party sense. There are within the square mile of the City of London a larger number of an- cient churches, which were necessary at the time when the city was a place of residence. Now, however, the resident population of the city is very small, and many of the bene- fices are mere sinecures, the congregations being so small that a vestry would be large enough to contain them. In one case it was stated publicly that the expenses of a church amounted to JE85 per worshiper per annum. In these circumstances the Bishop of Lpndon, the Bishops of Rochester and St. Albans, and others, desire to remove some of the churches, to sell the valuable sites, and to devote the proceeds of the sale and the inflated income of the livings, to the erection of churches which are sorely needed in the crowded suburbs of London. But whichever way the Bishop turns he is met by the opposition ef the ratepayers, who as a rule do not attend the church, but protest that it is a work of art which ought not to be destroyed. What seems to be wanted is an Act of Parliament which will make short work of the obstruction, and divert the available funds to districts with 10,000 or 15,000 inhabitants which have at present no church.
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---CO I TON GROWING IX EAST…
CO I TON GROWING IX EAST AFRICA. The important subject of the cultivation of cotton in the British Empire continues to receive attention, and we read every week authoritative opinions that there are great possibilities for the industry. In those cases where cotton is already cultivated there seems to be room for improvements in the methods. Sir Geo. Watt, who has been thirty years in India, devoted a paper to this aspect of the subject, and offered several suggestions, whereby he thought better results might be obtained in the cultivation of the cotton plant in India. Seeing that a sum of something like twelve millions sterling is invested in the cotton mills of India, it is scarcely likely that there will be any considerable export from that country for many years to come; but attention continues to be drawn to the opportunities afforded in Africa, and within the past few years the literature on the subject has been supplemented by a report on cotton growing in the East African Protectorate. Here, too, there seems to be room for improvement in the implements employed, for we are told that with such ploughs as are used for the purpose it is necessary to make four plough- ings of a virgin soil before cotton can be planted. THE STARVING POOR. I There is infinite pathos in the story which was told at the Mansion House Police Court, by the wife of a Bermondsey man, who had attempted to commit suicide, not by throwing himself with a loud cry into a foot of water, but by jumping into the River Thames, from which; he was rescued with difficulty. The poor woman said that her husband was sorely depressed in consequence of being unable to find employment, and on the morning of the occurrence referred to, he said, "Whatever am I to do? There is nothing in the house for you to eat." The woman replied, Never mind, Tom, some- thing is sure to turn up, the same as it always does." The alderman, who tried the case, justly remarked, h You are a brave woman. I really don't know how some of you manage to live," and in giving up the prisoner to the care of his wife, he supplemented his expressions of sympathy and admiration with a practical gift of £ 2 from the poor box. The late Mr Montague Williams, in his "Leaves from a Life," told a somewhat similar story of an incident which occurred in Rotherhithe, the borough adjoining Bermondsey. A man was charged before him with stealing a chair, which he had carried away from the front of a shop. He was about to send the accused to prison when something in the man's demeanour prompted him to remand the case for inquiries. It then transpired that the man was out of employment, and that he and his family were actually starving. OVERCROWDING. 1 We hear a great deal-and yet not enough —concerning overcrowding in London, and the great provincial towns but the fact is scarcely realised that there is in many parts of rural England a scarcity of cottages for the working classes. A gentleman at St. Neots has emphasised this aspect of the housing question in a letter to the Press, and has adduced abundant evidence to show that the subject is a very serious one. The Rural Housing and Sanitary Association, he says. has latterly received information from about seventy Rural Councils, to the effect that they are unable to enforce the existing laws as to overcrowding, insanita- tion, and cottages unfit to live in, because there are no others available. Many other Councils have discussed the question and have virtually arrived at the same conclu- sion." This is not only a grave matter to the villagers, and those who take an interest in their welfare, but it has also a direct bearing upon an important national ques- tion, the exodus of workers from the villages to the towns. There is always a disposition on the part of agricultural labourers to think that they would be able to earn higher wages in London or some great provincial town. Where that belief is sufficiently strong to induce the man to migrate, he generally finds that his hope is doomed to disappointment, but it is scarcely a matter for wonder that men should be dissatisfied with their position in the country when they find that they cannot house their families with comfort, or even decency. If more cottages could be built in the villages, and rational recreation afforded, there would be a decrease in the migration to towns, which deprives the farmer of the assistance which he needs, and tends to increase the number of urban unemployed.
IThe Law of Valuation.I -I
The Law of Valuation. A matter of considerable moment, and non-contentious in its nature, came before the House of Commons last Tuesday, when the Right Hon. Walter Long, the President of the Local Government Board, brought in his Bill designed to amend the law of valuation. His aim is the betterment of the procedure for the making of valuation lists, and the promotion of UNIFORMITY IN THE METHODS I of the authorities. The subject concerns every ratepayer more or less, whether personally he be a property-holder or not. It is very desirable, therefore, that the matter should be approached in an equitable way. Fortunately that way is ensured by the fact that both the great political parties in Parliament are pledged to local taxation reform. But this cannot be approached with any likelihood of effectuality, said Mr Walter Long, without tackling and squaring up the foundation law which controls valua- tion of the property upon which the local rates fall. Under the present system, ex- cluding the metropolis, which has its own law in the matter, there are several possible or alternative assessing authorities. Mr Long showed that there was no sort of connection between these different authori- ties, and therefore the WILDEST POSSIBLE VARIATION I in the system adopted, and the assessments varied in the most remarkable degree. A Royal Commission had considered the question, and, in the Bill he now introduced, the Government adopted with some slight modifications the main recommendations of that Commission. It recommended the ap- plication to the rest of the country of the system existing in London, which he pro- posed to modify to meet the difficulties in different parts of the country. What was wanted was a single authority for valuation and assessment purposes instead of the numerous authorities that now existed. The President of the Local Government Board proposed that the valuation authority should be the County Council, and in the case of a county borough the county borough council. That would give a single valua- tion authority. To secure uniformity, he proposed to associate with the one authority orB. ATTBVBY#& OF TAXIS, I who should have the right to vote; and if I he had reason to believe that the valuation was an improper one he should be entitled to make his own valuation, which should stand unless it was shown to the valuation authority that it was an unjust and improper one. Mr Long argued that all deductions to be made from gross estima- ted value should be general, and on a scale established by Parliament, rather than left to the discretion of local authorities. The Bill proposed that district committees should be appointed for areas containing a popu- lation of not less than 50,000, and in the case of a non-couuty borough or urban district council that a population of 50,000 should be a separate district area for the purposes of the Act. The valuation list would be conclusive for all purposes. The deductions would all be set out in the schedule to the Bill. The appeal to Quarter Sessions would remain, and the Government proposed to deal with railways and canals in a separate measure. SIR HENRY FOWLER I said that everyone interested in the question of local taxation must agree that the first step to be taken was an alteration in the law of assessment. Nothing was more unsatis- factory in our municipal and local govern- ment at present than the contradictions, the anomalies, and the inexplicable difficulties which arose with reference to assessment.
Comfort in the Workhouse.I
Comfort in the Workhouse. I A workhouse is not the place most people would choose for a month's holiday, but a boy named Alfred Legbourne asks for nothing better. Brought up in a workhouse, and now on a training ship, he wrote to the Forden Guardians asking that he might spend his vacation in their institution, and the board, learning that the lad had nowhere else to go, consented.
The Wrecked Submarine.I
The Wrecked Submarine. I The Admiralty have decided to repair Submarine A 1 for further service. After being temporarily repaired she will be taken to Barrow, where her machinery will be thoroughly overhauled by Messrs Vickers, Sons, and Maxim.
A FATAL BED. I
A FATAL BED. I In a ward in one of our hospitals a singular fatality is believed by many patients and their friends to belong to a particular bed. It is the second bed in the row in one of the wards, and it is popularly believed that no patient who ia ever placed on it recovers. In spite of all the efforts of doctors and nurses to kill the superstition, it exists, and cannot be got rid of. No sooner is a patient laid on this bed than everyone in the ward watches the case with the closest attention. If the patient has the use of his faculties he is not long in observing the curious looks with which he is regarded by his fellow-inmates, and ultimately learns the cause. If the patient is at all superstitious or nervous, his case becomes worse, and the authorities are obliged to rtmove him to another bed.
FACTS AND FANCIES. !
FACTS AND FANCIES. Tax first English steel pens were sold at 30s. each. JAPANESE children are taught to write with both hands. CATS die at an elevation of 16,000ft., whilst dogs and men can climb the greatest known natural elevations. To test the penetrability of rifle shots, snow walls 6ft. 6in. thick were erected in Aurillac, France. Rifles were fired at a distance of fifty-five yards. In every case the ball was stopped at a penetration of Sift. SUPERSTITIONS CONCERNINQ CHILDREN. I Mr. Rodway, in his book on British Guiana, tells us that its inhabitants believe that when a child is born its body is given to the mother's care; but its spirit remains with its father for several weeks, learning from him to travel, to eat, sleep, and think. The savage father, therefore, during this time moves and speaks with caution; he will not hunt nor fight, lest the little one should be injured; and if he crosses a stream will first lay across it a tiny bridge, or bend a leaf into the shape of a boat for his unseen companion. The women of the tribe, especially his wife, are apt to lecture him upon the moral example which he sets to the child, which warnings he usually receives with humility, so firm is his faith in the great responsibility now laid upon him. The Milesian Irish believed that a mother owned a share in her child as long as he lived, which God Himself could not take from her without her consent. In cases of painful and lingering death the mother was besought to give up her claim that the soul of her child might return to God.
OIL OF WOOD. I
OIL OF WOOD. I Among other curious industries practised in Japan is that of extracting oil of wood from trees. Only one species, however, is used-the Caydaw- courai tree, and the extract is known as dancourai. The method of extraction is singular. A cavity of about one-third the diameter having been made in the trunk, a fire is lighted, and kept up for about fifteen minutes, when the sap begins to flow. As often as the flow shews signs of ceasing fire is relit. This goes on for about three days. A tree may be tapped for four years. After that it is only fit for felling. These trees are plentiful about Tokio.
FIRST ENGLISH SETTLER IN JAPAN.
FIRST ENGLISH SETTLER IN JAPAN. The first Englishman to visit Japan was William Adams, a seafaring man of Kent, who, in 1598, joined as a pilot a fleet of Dutch vessels, engaged in trade with India. Tossed by storms, his ship reached Japan in 1600. Summoned to the Court by the Emperor Iveyasu, Adams was first sent to prison for six weeks, and finally taken into favour. The intercourse between this practical Englishman and the sagacious ruler almost ripened into friend- ship, and Adams built for him two ships of eighteen and 120 tons, and taught him mathe- matics. Rewarded with a large estate, he married a Japanese wife, and settled near Yedo, as the Emperor would not allow him to return to England. Adams died in 1620, but his memory still lives in Japan; a street in Yedo is called "Pilot- street 11 after him, and a festival is held in his honour, "who secured such favour with two Emperors as never did any Christian in these parts."
COTTAGES IN A CHURCHYARD.
COTTAGES IN A CHURCHYARD. In the churchyard of St. Chad's, Lichfield, are some very curious little thatched cottages, bearing signs of antiquity, which have caused many con- jectures as to their original purpose. Some say they were the houses occupied by the workmen who made considerable additions to the red brick clerestory in the seventeenth century. Others contend that they formed one house in bygone days, in which the clergy resided. They now belong to the churchwardens, and are inhabited by poor widows of the parish.
w WARNINGS BY CLOCKS.
w WARNINGS BY CLOCKS. A very weird but, according to the People's Friend, a perfectly authentic story comes from New York. In the house of Mr. Charles Wilson in that city there is a clock which has ticked away the hours for a great many years. As the hands pointed to twelve o'clock at noon on the first day of June, 1903, the clock suddenly stopped without any apparent reason. It was afterwards ascertained that at that precise moment its owner died in Arnot Hospital, where he had been ill with pneumoi ia. At exactly the same time, too, his mother dropped dead, a victim to heart disease. Here is another strange, but absolutely true, story in which a clock plays a mysterious part. It was'a small American timepiece, which stood on the mantelpiece in a sitting-room in a Liverpool builder's house. At a quarter-past eleven one morning a few weeks ago the timepiece fell from the mantelpiece on to the floor. When picked up it was found to be quite uninjured, and still going as if nothing unusual had happened. There seemed to be absolutely no reason why it should have fallen, but an hour later, when the builder came home to his midday meal, he remarked that at a quarter- past eleven he fell from the top of a building, but happily without sustaining any injury. His wife then described how the clock had fallen at the same time, and the couple pondered in vain over the curious and utterly inexplicable coincidence.
MANX PECULIARITIES. I
MANX PECULIARITIES. I In the matter of taxation the Isle of Man is unique. There is no income-tax, no succession duties are chargeable against the estates of deceased persons, no highway or turnpike tolls; roads are manipulated by the revenue from two sources-a small tax upon every wheel and shod hoof, and a levy upon every male inhabitant, who must give a day's work on the road, or its equivalent in cash. There are no stamp duties on receipts, cheques, promissory notes, &c. in fact, stamps are used only for postage. Open voting still prevails at Manx elections,but the House of Keys has extended the franchise to women. A publican can be punished for selling intoxicating liquor to a "known" drunkard; that is, a man having been convicted three times within a year for drunkenness. An Act passed in 1691 forbidding exaction of more than 6 per cent. interest per annum on loans is still in operation. The island has no pawnshops.
ITHE AUSTRALIAN TOTEM. I
THE AUSTRALIAN TOTEM. I An interesting report of the investigations by Professor Baldwin Spencer into the question of "totemism" in Australia is given in a Melbourne paper. Various myths, it seems, exist as to the origin of the totMp. The aborigines believe that in what they call tl» dream times there lived beings, half animal, half plant, which were transformed into human beings, and wandered about making the natural features of the country. Each ancestor carried a stick, and with that stick the spirit of the ancestor is associated. Each place where an ancestor has wandered is believed to have a spirit —such, for instance, as an emu spirit, a kangaroo spirit, and so forth; and each child born in that particular place is, say, an emu child or a kangaroo child, and so on. Thus it is that each child has its totem. As to the ceremonial,, if a woman or child sees it the eyes are put out or death inflicted. The Pro- fessor was initiated by one group, and was thus permitted to see the ceremonies. The initiators bedaubed themselves with ochre, down, and their own blood, and, after going through a grotesque dance, related to the novices the doings of the ancestors. The aborigines believe that reincarna- tion is continually going on, so that many living people are accepted as reincarnations of some cele- brity. As to the religious or magical aspect, every person believes he has influence over the animal or plant after which he is called, even to the extent of causing it to increase. As a rule the totem is edible, and in the great majority of cases the totem is the food supply, wherefore the power of increas- ing the totem is of importance. The aboriginal rarely eats his own totem, as he believes he would lose the power of causing an increase, but he bgg no objection to giving it to others to eat.
Motor-Car and Consumption.…
Motor-Car and Consumption. Dr Blanchet, in a report presented to the Lyons University, contends that daily use of a motor-car will gradually abolish or greatly diminish the cough of tuberculous patients, and produce healthy sleep and appetite.
The Far East.
The Far East. KussiaJ will have no Intervention. St. Petersburg, Friday. The Foreign Minister has issued a circular to Russian representa- tives abroad declaring that no- mediation in the war will be?- accepted, and no intervention of any Foreign Power in the settle- ment after the war will be tolerated.
- Russian Supplies Moved.
Russian Supplies Moved. Tokio, Friday. According to reports received here the bulk of Russian supplies have been moved from Liaoyang.- to Tengwangogeng, ninety miles- nearer the Yalu. A —-
Watching Port Arthur.
Watching Port Arthur. Two Russian torpedo boats keep constant watch at the mouth of Port Arthur harbour to prevent surprise attack on the battle- ships.
The Welsh Conciliation-Board.
The Welsh Conciliation Board. Sir Michael Hicks Beach has been appointed chairman of the, Welsh Conciliation Board lin, succession to Lord Peel.
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Proposed Excavation of Herculaneum.
Proposed Excavation of Herculaneum. It is proposed that the complete excava- tion of Herculaneum should be carried out by the co-operation of Italy with all civilized countries. Since the first excavations of the theatre to a depth of 27 metresbelow the surface in the time of Charles III., 1738, only partial excavations have been made- in 1828, 1837, 1853, 1869, and 1875. But all these were upon a very small and tenta- tive scale. Owing to the fact that the town of Resina was built over the site and to what appeared to be the enormous natural dificulties, no excavation on a large or com- prehensive scale has ever been attempted. These natural difficulties are said to have now been overcome.
| Hospital Liable ?I
Hospital Liable ? I A curious claim for damages was brought in Mr Justice Ridley's court on Thursday, by Mr Frederick W. Wright, a gas and water engineer, of Putney, who alleges that through the negligence of the Metropolitan AsyJums District Board in the management of one of their hospitals he sustained injury to his health. Mr Wright's son, it appeared, was removed to Grove Hospital, at Tooting, suffering from scarlet fever, and after having been there for six weeks was discharged as cured. As a matter of fact, Mr Wright alleges he was not cured, and the result was that the whole family caught the fever, and he himself was ill for three weeks. The hearing was adjourned.
NOTED MZN'S OPINIONS ABOUT…
NOTED MZN'S OPINIONS ABOUT WOMBN. I A man never so beautifully shews his own strfngth as when he respects a Woman's weakness. —DOUGLAS JEBROLD. They govern the world, these sweet-voiced women, because beauty and harmony are the index of a larger fact than wisdom.-O. W. HOLMES. The best thing I know ov is a fust rate wife. And the next best thing is a second rate one.—JOSH BILLINGS. All women are good—good for something, or good for nothing.—CERVANTES. Unhappy is the man to whom his own mother has not made all other mothers venerable. -RICHTER. A beautiful woman is the only tyrant man is not authorised to resist.—VICTOR HUGo. A good book and a good woman are excellent things for those who know how to appreciate their value. There are men, however, who judge of both by the beauty of the covering.-DR. JOHNSON. What is woman ? Only one of nature's agreeable blunders. -BULWICR. If woman lost us Paradise, she alone can restore it.-J. G. WHITTIEB. A beautiful woman is a practical poem, planting tenderness, hope, and eloquence in all whom she approaches. -EMERSON.
Welsh Miners' Wages. I
Welsh Miners' Wages. I It is understood that at the quarterly meeting for the revision of wages in the South Wales coalfield, to be held on the 14th May, the men will submit figures showing that they are entitled to an advance of 2l per cent., which will be equal to a selling price of 138 6d per ton.
Disastrous Colliery Explosion.
Disastrous Colliery Explosion. Madrid, Friday. Sixty-three bodies have beem recovered from La Réunionr Colliery, where an explosion occurred yesterday. The death roll will reach nearly one hundred.
Stocks.
Stocks. Stocks quiet, steady.