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"In begip.yiiig a new 'offensive just' when the old ones threatened to become itenle of immediate result (though one or two promising advances are reported to-day), ?.iarshal Foch has folio ved his established practice, illustrated over and over again in the course of the operations since July. He i ¡s'no," the ma.n to go on hammering until he splits the board for the first principle of his strategy irb surprise, or at any rate constant change. Surprise in the strict sense does not seem to have been achieved in his new offensi ve, for there have been many hints of the direction of the coming attack, and the Germans have shown by their raids (which ere heavy-handed reconnaissances) that they were'extremely apprehensive 01 a new move pn the Eastern French front. It remains 10 be seen whether the object of this new offensive was simply the closing of a door half open into France at St. Miiuel. the cap- ture of a number of prisoners, and the biting Ðff of an offensive salient, or whether this is only part of a bigger plan that has not yet been revealed.5' In the foregoing note the military critic of the Times" describes the distinctive fea- tores 'of' Foch's strategy, as again disclosed in the American offensive, and finally gives more than haHi a hint that the movement is not concerned primarily with the immediate and local results, important as these may be. but form a co-ordinated part of a much wider scheme. It is reasonable to conclude ,t-hat the American First Army, which em- braces the bulk of the Republican regular I forces, and is under the personal direction of General Fetching, the commander-in- chief. is destined for a. more ambitious role than that of the pinche)r out," with French co-operation, of the St. Mihiel salient. Ludendorff and his colleagues esteem so highly this army of 250 000 Americans, most of them of the class of our old "contemp- ti'biee, that for weeks they have been gravely preoccupied with the nature and terrain of its mission. They, we may be -are, will regard the outburst south of Ver- dun as worthy of the gravest consideration. By Friday evening it was officially an- nounced that' the Americans had captured 11,300 prisoners and 60 guns. and that the Allied pincers. which had then their points at Combres and Yigneulles, lefb only a six mile gap for the German garrison to slip through. Thiaucnurt, the junction for the light railways laid from Met/, by the Ger- mans, had been seized eanly on Thursday. so that it had become evident the Ger- mans would have to retire in hot haste to prevent being caught .like iets in a trap. This achievement of the Americans, vary- value with the degree of its com- pleteness, wiill have a depressing effect on the Germans in the held aiid at home. The soldiers, especially, wild appreciate the sig- nificance of the loss, once for all, of a strong- hold that," from the outset of the war, had been marked out as the chief jumping off pkce for an army advancing upon Paris from the east, via Metz. The uncovering of the Verdun front, wfiieh profiles the natural path of entry into Lorraine, is incidentally an advantage the importance of which may only be* fully disclosed in the light of future developments. Verdun and Met-z are rival bastions of great strength, which frown at each other across I the frontier, as delimited after the war of 1870. They are only twenty-four mites apart. and between them lie the battlefields where the w wad. decided in tht» autumri of 1870. It tfas into* Metz that the army of Bazaine was forced by the en- circling movements of the German armies directed by Moltke* and it was in the en- v deavour to break the ciroie that. McMahon fought the battle of Sedan, where his army was defeated and he was wounded, and Napoleon III. made a prisoner. Metz, left to its garrison under the war ■ conditions of 1870, would probably have held out for months, for nature had granted it the essentials of a formidable, citadet-an eminence in low-lying country and two great rivers enclosing it on three sides like a deep' wide moat—but Bazaine's (Large and demoralised army brought, not access of strength, but hundreds of thousands of mouths to eat up the stores. The subse- quent surrender was dictated, not by gun- fire—though this was destructive, directed oil the closely huddled host of soldiers and civilians coiiiined in a narrow space—but bv food dfficuities. Republican France con- cluded that political and dynastic con- siderations also influenced the decision, deemed Bazainc a traitor, and afterwards sent him to penal Servitude for a long term of years. • Fifteen years ago the writer, at the dawn of a summer's morning, set out from Metz in company with a body of Germalt troops to see the battle of Gravelotte re- fought under modern conditions', on the same terrain where the French in 1870 lost in the terrible combat in which they came so near winning by the valour of the rank and file. The mimic battle, made as real as German thoroughness demanded -tfie artillery crashed through the woods and tise infantry forded rivers regardless of consequences—was meant as a rehearsal for the events of to-day, but even the most far-seeing of the German generals never contemplated the possibility that their an- tagonists on the ancient battlefields would not be French but Americans. Thiaucouri is only ten miles away from Gravelotte, and hardly more ha half that distance from the German frontier. Metz. a city fortress set upon a lofty promon- tory, overlooking the Meuse and the Mo- selle, which flow languidly below, can be seen from the hills surrounding Verdun. It 11 as jf we looked to Llandilo from the sum- mit of Town Hill. The area around Metz is rendered sacred by the memories of manv sanguinary battles. In it dlt:' fate of the third French Empire was decided, ?t. Privat. Rezon- Ville. ?-ravelotte. are phces ail within gun- shot of one another, and are more or ies? dominated by the fortress, which'?at-ure and the genius of Vaun rendered im- pregnable before the advent of long-ranged guns carrMng high-explosive shells. The poor resistance offered by t^ie defences of Liege, Namur and Antwerp suggests that the greatff glory of Metz has departed, and that the outlying forts with which the ,city is engirdled will in "reality be more formidable than the fortress thev were originally intended only to "supplement. The German expedience at Verdun does not modify the view of the proved lessened im- portance ,of stationary defences of stone. mortar and concrete French heroism in de- fending the. In!! approaches was mainly re- sponsible for the enemy failures. We believe that the American effort south of Verdun should fee regarded as incidental to the resolving of much wider issues than the pmching out of the St. Mihiel salient: that it shoudd be viewed, in order to catch the true perspective, in its relation to the Struggle extending from Lens to Laon and to the main pm pge of Foeh's brilliant strategy, the "fu,li> fruits of which have not as yet been garnered. The man-power of Germany in ths -West is being put to the test, by attaois and containing actions over a front now extended to many scores of xfci'es. and by threats t'o make these continu- ous over the whole length of the line from the North Sea to Switzerland. I The High Command of the Allies know, as 'I we do not. the measure of ,enemy. strength in men and guns m the West. It" is estimated that the casualties of the enemv since the 16th March last amount to no fewer than 1,250,000 (including between' 160,000 and 180,000 prisoners ) and that even after an ample a llowance for the wounded who have been to return to the colours, the net loss is equal to the 900,0C0 of reserves which were grouped behind the lines held by, i-oughlv, -ear's itidifferentl v 2,000,000 men. This year's indifferently trainefl, and asoa c l ass poorly-bodied con- scripts, cannot by the most generous compu- tation do more than hall ma k e up the loss in effectives. And in the meant i me Amer i cans. | British and French conscripts have been streaming torrentially to the front. In former years the Germans, w h en winter called a. pause in the West, have been able to hold their line behind strong de f ences with depleted forces and form new armies to snatch dramatic victories in Serbia, Ru- man i a, Russia. an d Italy. On this occasion thev can hardly dare to venture on a simi- lar enterp r i se. Another resounding blow at Italy would be more than welcome for the mora l e ffect, an d for the same reason a successful thrust" at Salonika, Bagdad, Jerusalem. But the means are lacking, more especially as the Allies, Austro- H uugarian, Turkish and Bulgarian, are practically spent or indisposed to ma k e another effort on heroic lines. Enver Pas ha, the German tool at Constantinople, does not find the new Sultan so pliable as the old, an d the disposition of the Tur k s is to pursue the line of the least resistance in the Caucasus rat her than- yielding- to German pressure—attem p t to j smo k e hornets' nestc in Palestine and Meso- potamia. The Bulgars sre weary of war and of their German masters alike, an d would gladly get out of the struggle with the aid of the Entente Powers, if the latter coul d be in d uce d to forget an d forgive an d make concessions at the expense of Greece, Ruma-tua, an d Ser bia. But this is not a likely contingenc y The ramshac k le Em p ire of the Hap&burgs, which manifests the symptoms of internal disintegration, is too closely welded to Germany to en j oy any real free d om of action. It hasrto listen to the master's vo ice at Ber l in. But the economic an d political strailt is enormous, and every kind of expe dient is being employed to pre- vent a crac k-u p Austrian divisions have been sent to France an d German di visions to the Italian front, tc a d vertise the solidarity of the Central Empires. The- exch ange, however, does not add to the witit' strength on either front, and ? equivalent to the action of the Irishman who tried to enlarge hi^shirt by cutting off the tail an d attaching it to the nec k In Russia events are taking a bad turn for Germany. We are apt fo forget the Immense d i mens i ons of Russia an d the fact that near l y t hree-quarters of a, million German soldiers of inferior grade are still held there as an indispensable garrison to prevent, if possib l e, the German gains entirely evaporating. In the extremi- ties and the. very heart of the Muscovite dominions the Bolshevik power has either tottered to the ground or is tottering. Petro- grad is reported to lie in the hands of anti- Bolshevik peasants Moscow, the last strong- hold of the Leninites, is being 'threatened on ever y s i de, If G'erri an y had any troops to spare they would, be dispatched to Russ i a to conserve the fruits of German penetration. But the situation in the West is too menacing to divert men and gUns t herefrom. Hence the acute worries of Ludendorff and the other Potsdam war- l ords, w h o are called upon to make without 'straw the essentia l bricks to buttress the crumbling fabric of Herman au- thority in man y lan d s.

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