Pioneer

Labour to Fight Both Merthyr Seats. SEE PAGE 4

Pontardawe Tribunal Soenes. "ASK ME THAT ONE ABOUT THE GERMAN PRISONERS. About 60 conscientious objectors appeared at the Pontardawe Military Tribunal on Tuesday to appeal for exemption. A ca-owd had as- sembled at about 10.30 a.m. outside the Council Offices where the Tribunal sat, and on enqury it was eHcited that the cases would be tried m private This decision of the Tribunal was Greatly resented by the pnolic, and immediately every applicant signed a petition demanding a public hearing. This was presente d to the Tribunal and they therefore re-considered tiiear decision and condescended (?) to allow Messrs. Tom Jeremiah and Griff Davies to enter the Court on behalf of the public. This, again, was not good enough for the applicants, so they held a meeting in one of the ante-rooms, and when the door-keeper called out the name of the first applicant on the list, he was sweetly informed that the conscientious objecto,?r ?(? ?ntiouslv demanded a public h?? and that unless this w?s granted, not a smle ?ap. Pli?. would appeal. The Tribunal again c?- suited amongst themselves, and came to conclusion that nothmg less  conclil,s'on hearing would satisfy the wicked api>iu,aut^ Ihis was the first of a number of such Ek6 successes bv the lift a Tits. The feeling am- ongst puhÜc and claimants was bv this time vorv warm indeed. The first apphcallt was Wm. Bavies After .receiving several questions -he stated that he was not clever enough to ar- gue but nevertheless was not prepared to serve the country in the prosecution of Wal". Thomas Davies opposed war lxci lie re- garded it as wrong and unmoral Mi John Edwards (a Labour member of the. Tribunal): "If a/ruman attacked vour sister with a stick wouldycu defend her Applicant; "I w«uId friend her, but would not kill." Many others lol lowed who defined their con- scientious objections c'early. but when one. youn" «- lad seemed in father a difficulty to ex- presshimself. John Edwards remarked in Welsh "You prove to me that you are no- thing out a shirker."—This was met with howls Dron the audience. John Lewis based his conscientious obj ection on religious grounds. He quoted a number of the savings of Jesus Christ which were opposed to war He therefore regarded war as evil and un-Chri^tinrj, —The Rev. Evan Davies: H If you faunti a wounded soldier dying on the would yon help huu ? —Applicant: « Mv conscience would forbid me to do any- iik: to help that man to again go and kill other men The soldier was wounded as a result of war which was a sin. and so he could not participate In Evan Dav- ies: But supposing you found a. ninn drunk r 1 ci MO • d von hel" him P"—Applic- ant: < r' r ■ i"K ."—Rev. Evan Davies: But drinking is 'also a sin. "-App,liciq,,nt: -I There is a vast difference between a wounded soldier and a drunken man. I could endeavour, to convert the drunkard from his sin. I could not do the same with a soldier because even if T was allowed by law to do so, be would stir; be compelled to go on sip-,ni-n!g. -R,ev. EVOM Davies: "But you could teach Germans it, sn. fill bv aiving them a. good høat-I -;T1( A That would not Tie the Livingstone won the pagans bv preaching to them the teachings of to love one another, etc., whereas t'iieT could not be won by fighting with them." —Tlii« rrpplicant's case was a-e-cerved with ar)- ]fl'ause. Thomas Jones said lie opposed militarism in peace time as well as war time. and objected to war as lie regarded human life as sacred. Moreover, he was not responsible at all for this war, as he had no vote, and was not consulted in it.John Edwards: "You had no voice in makino- laws before war. yet you ar<& subject That's a differ- to thoSt hnvs"-Applieant: "That's a differ- cut thing. Th#s present Act involves the issues of life and fioath, and so I oonscientiously object to it." David LI. Jones was asked if he belonged to any religious denomination.—He said Yes." —Rev, Evan Davies: How often do you ap to chapel: once a-year perhaps, is it?"—Applic- ant "I may be going there as often as you do." (Loud laughter.) Tom Evans said that as a Socialist of life- long standing he believed in International So- ltdaritv and the Brotherhood of Man, and also believed in the sanctity of human life. He said he would follow the dictates of his conscience rather than the commands of Governments.— Mr. John Edwards: You are a miner; and coal is used to further the purposes of war. Why don't you down tools ?"-Applicrant: "I was occupied in the coal mine before war broke out. and therefore I am following my usual occupation. Moreover, coal is an essential pro- duction in peace time. Coal is not necessarily a war material."—Rev. Evan Davies: "Will you accept R.A.M.O. or other non-combatant service?"—Applicant No.Rev. Bran Da- vies: Why?"—Applicant: I shaslll accept no service at all under military orders. By ac- cepting non-combatant service I should become a juart of the military machine, which I oppose." —air. John Edwards: "Supposing your mana- ger informed vou that the coal at your col- liery was being supplied to the Navy, would you clown tools? "—Applicant: "No, because it is impossible to differentiate. If downing tools was a iogioal, then a refusal to pay taxes and a refusal to eat food would be quite as logical." Howell J. Griffiths said he derived his con- sedentious objection from his religion. His Sun- day school teaching was against his accepting any service for the purpose of killing." Trevor Williams said he regarded war as a sin He conscientiously objected to taking any part whatever in militarism.—Mr. John Ed- wards: "Supposing your mother was attacked bv a German, what would you do ?"-Applicant: "I would defend her as far as possible, but my mother would rather die than that I should itill anyone. William R- Alexander said he conscientiously objected to ail ronnis of warfare, as they were inconsistent with the teaching ot Jesus Christ. This applicant stated his ease with some feel- ing, aiict the manner-he answered the questions put to him evoked loud applause.—The Chan- man strongily objected to tne demonstrations, and said tiiat he would not contisue the pro- ceedings unless the public was excluded. He asked those present to withdraw, but one got up and said. I propose we do not go out," and thereupon went up to the applicant and sat by his side. The place was now in an up- roar. Mr. Tom Jeremiah shouted out that no worse Prussianism was to be had than that which the Tribunal had manifested that dav. Mr. John Edwards was heard to say something about God, and Mr. Jeremiah replied, "Youi have no God; you are an hypocrite!" Mr Toi-n 1 Evans then denounced the Tribunal as not giving; fal' play. When an applicant comes on to state his case," he said, "you badger and bullv him with silly questions, and when you fail to trap him, clever politicians that you are,1 you call him a shirker. You are nothing but blackguards and hypocrites." When order was at last restored, the Chairman continued the proceedings: After the next application was heard, Mr. Griff Davies. protested against Colonel Pearson remaining with the Tribunal when considering the decision. He contended that this was ille- gal. Colonel Pearson then withdrew with the public. The next applicant was John L. R-ees. He I said he opposed war from various standpoints. Oil economic, political and moral grounds. As a conscientious objector, however, he opposed war on lI10ra,1 grounds. "Let us take the principle on which the war of the land is bia,seld," he said. J. might have deepest ani- mosity against some members of the Tribunal, or even against Colonel Pearson, the military repre..sentative, but if I killed them I would be arrested as a criminal and hanged. If as, a ncmuc of the Miners'- Federation. I urged the Federation lodge to murder, and if by a. majo- rity vote this policy was carried -out the whole of the members would be made subject to the provisions of the law. Therefore, from this legal standpoint, what is wrong for one man is wrong for a body of men Apply this to the whole nation what is wrong for a solitary individual cannot be right for the majoriJW of the na,tion to do. Therefore, under these conditions, I can have nothing to do with this or any other wax.Mr. John Edwards: "You are a miner, andtessist the Navy?"—Applicant: "Yes. that may be; but if every miner held the same views as myself, not a ingle ounce of w«>'»W be El,cb,DtH} th< .j t ;o war woiiUt be speedily terminated." (Loud cheers.)— Mr. Edwards: But we have not come to that yet "—Applicant: Unfortunately that is so; but I follow the principles of a man you once followed—the late Kedr Hardie." (Applause.) He advocated down tools on the part of the workers of' all nations. I still continue to advocate that point of view. and will continue that point olvile?.IV, and will continue to do so whilst I have life in my body. God speed that day !"—Rev. Evan Da vies: 'I sup- pose you are willing to eat the food brought here under the protection of our great Navy?" —Applicant: "That is so: I did not ask for the protection of your great Navy, and if all wor- kers held my views we would not be encumber- ed with smell a monstrosity."—Rev. Evan Dav- ies "Will you assist in R.A.M.O. work?"—.AJ* plicant: "No; beea use thereby I would be- come a part of the military machine. The war machine has its manifold functions, one be- ing to kill, another to' succour; and if men did not succour war could not be carried on. The Chairman, and the Tribunal protested strongly against the applause which followed the applicant's replies, and it was some time before the proceedings could go on. When the name of Nun Nicholas was called, a titter of anticipation went round the room, for Mr. Nicholas is undoubtedly one of the nUlst popular and active Labour men in the district. Needless to say, their anticipation was fully justified, for immediately on making his statement he challenged the Tribunal to ask questions. He had a solitary one from Mr. Wynd'ham Lewis, the Clerk of the Local Coun- cil. The question was: What do you define morality?"—-Mr. Nicholas replied that "moral- ity was an ever-changing relation between man and man, and consequently should bii as un- tramimeiiled as possible."—Mr. Lewis replied: Nicholas: "Yes, for it is far better than the Nicholas: "Yes, for it f:a.r better than the present morality of civilisation." In his gene- ral statement, he pointed out that as a lecturer on Political Economy, etc.. that war could never hope to benefit the whole of the community: true. it would benefit a small section for the time being, but ultimately even that temporary benefit would be discounted. He stated that this ground alone should be sufficient, and for that reason he was an anti-militarist. He hoped he would continue to do so, and that lie would never backslide on such a great principle, as certain inen-ibeirs of the Tribunal had. This raised a furore, botn from the audience and the Tribunal. Mr. Nicholas coolly remarked that he mentioned no names, but nevertheless he said in answer to Mr. J. Edwards' pro- testations, If the cap fitted, they could wear j. He again asked for questions, and re- ceiving none, he was forced to conclude that the Tribunal, like other mortals, must suffer from the effects of a hearts dinner. His parting shot was aimed at Mr. Joseph Thomas (checkweigher, Tarreni Colliery), who been persistently putting the same ques-! tion to other applicants, namely, "Are you prepared to guard German prfeoners?" Nun, seeing it was rathefr a pity that he was not asked this question, said in a very coaxing voice: "Come on, Joseph; ask me that one about the German prisoners." Even Colonel Pearson had to laugh. A few more appellants were heand, and when the Clerk announced that all was over, lix- mediately the audience made a tirade OR the Tribunal—some denouncing them for the way they had,cenducted the proceedings, and others demanding the decisions there and then, and asking for appeal forms. Eventually the Court was cleared, and the applicants adjourn- ed to the T.U.E.L. Hall, where they held a meeting.

Bargoefl's Ureal Welcome to Wø 0. Anderson, M.P. r LOCAL PRUSSIANISM HUMILIATED. On Friday evening last, at the Workmen's Institute, the energetic and able member for the Atteroliffe Division of Sheffield, addressed a crowed meeting held under the auspices of the Bargoed Branch of the Independent Labour Party. During thevreek the district has been agog with the expectation of excitement and this was heightened as it was. to be a trial of strength between the forces arrayed under the opposing flags—" Free Speech" and Repres- sion." Long before the meeting opened, the hall was crowded; indeed, so great was it that hundreds were unable to gain admission. The public had been invited to attend the meeting to decide once for all that" patriotic" Bargoed was not going to permit "seditious" meetings of this character to sully its fair name. Hand- bills. without the printer's name appended (what magnificent courage !) had been placed in tradesmen's windows to give proof of their pa- triotism, I suppose, and tradesmen who claim exemptions on account of the indispensability hurriedly left then businesses to join their "pa- triotic" confreres, who must, judging by their conduct, have just left the tap-room. The weary toilers had been button-holed as they wended their homeward journey, and invited to say No" to these seditious gatherings. But La- bour knew .its friends, and its enemies. There was no mistaking their attitude. They expressed themselves in no uncertain manner. They said to themselves, "Is not this he who presided so ably over the Bristol Conference ?" Is not this, he who has championed the cause of the soldier and his dependents, the invalided war- rior. and his cause in and out of Parliament? .Free speech we still have left, and f airplay is not dead yet in Bargoed. We'll 'do our bit' here and stand by the side of the stalwa,rts." And rigliA nobly did Labour stand solid, deter- mined, immovable. Councillor Morgan Jones presided, and in his r -N I' oi r in brief opening remarks referred to the attitude which the party hndtal,cen with respect to the war. They had opposed the policies which lead to wars, and were content to wait that the fu- ture may judge as to the correctness or other- wise of this point of view. He also referred to the attempts made by the circulation lying leaflets which tried to prejudice the public mind against those who seriously tried to prepare the public for soime of the problems which will and must be faced when the war is over. Mr. Anderson, on rising to speak, was given a magnificent reception, and indicated that a small minority of those present intended to op- pose his views. He was, he said, accustomed to much more serious opposition in the House of Commons, and was confident that neither he, or the Independent Labour Party to which lie belonged, had cause to be ashamed of the stand it had taken. The speaker indicated that he intended to deal with the question of Military Conscription, .and showed how we had experi- enced a very large measure of Economic Oom- pulsion, to be followed, if the forces of reaction Vould bring it about, by Industrial Conscription. This measure, he saiS, had been foisted upm the country upon the flimsiest of pretexts, and in the hope that it would outlive the war. It had been skilfully engineered and planned by a policy of dividing the workers into married and ingle.,iattested and unattesed, and by ar- ticles in the press which smiled the public into believing that there were millions of shir kers, etc. Posters were circulated stating that only those who attested would have any hope of exemption under the Derby Scheme. The Derby figures, which had since been proved to be purely imaginary and unreliable—in- fact, guess work—had been used to induce Parliament to pass the Military Service Act. The cry was now going up that there are .shirkers hiding in mines, munition factories and on ralways. And why ? Because the Derby figures were figments of the imagination. To try to justify them the military authorities had used everv con- ceivable means to rope in men who were physi- cally unfit and suffering from various disabili- ties in order figures. Then another result was that married ta- testeid men were called up much earlier than expected, because it was proved beyond ques- tion that the Derby figures could not be justi- fied. In consequence, there is considerable dis- satisfaction throughout the country. The spea- ker pointed out that he had tetter after letter to prove how men who had been accepted by the doctors had broken down in the service: And now the "Morning Post is anxious to press on for Industrial Conscription. Ho warn- ed his audionco that this was desired that they may be ordered and dragooned just as the authorities thought fit. This way led to in- d-Listii-lal revoflution. The Oonisicriptionist appe- tite was whetted, and seemed insatiable. Mr. Balfour had pointed out that there was a short- age of labour to deal with naval questions, and Lord Selbourne had warned the country against the danger of the shortage of labour for agri- cultural purposes. In spite of these warnings they still cry for further doses of Conscription for us. The speaker asked if it was possible at one and the same time that we should be a, great military naval and industrial power. He warned us and the militarists that we i-nust have a sense of proportion, and that there were limits which we could not exceed. In military matters the days of great dramatic victories were gone, and mechanical power was now the great asset of war. All the valour of our men was held up by the i-akiiig fire of machine guns An interrupter essayed to speak, but the speaker retorted, The men at the front have no jingoism and :8.0 flag-wagging." He further indicated that there would be great and press- ing financial problems to face. That we would have to face a debt of two thousand three thousand million pounds in addition to our or- dinary expenditure. Where was it to come fromtP The proposal would probably be made that it be met by indirect taxation, taxes which the con- sumer did not always realise he was paying. What were the Party's proposaLs P They were what they had advocated before—the nation- alisation ot mines, railways, shipping, and since it was deemed fair, to conscript a man's energy and life, why not conscript wealth and estates r In the old pre-war days money could not be obtained for feeding necessitous school children, housing and such like beneficent reforms. It was imperative that the nation should secure the means whereby it could again make our country a happier and greater home for its teeming millions ef hungry toilers. Thoughtful people are now exercising their minds on these grave problems; and it is for us to see that those broken in the wars are not permitted, as in the past, to live upon charity, to sink ex- hausted upon the steps of our workhouses after having given up their homes, their health and lives in the service of their country. What is the offence of the I.L.P. ? It is that it will not say what was wrong before the war is not untrue now. It stands for a new means of settling international questions—a juster, saner and a nobler tribunal to appeal to than the ar- bitrament of war. The interests of the workers of the world are identical. Militarism is op- posed to these interests and over-rides all con- siderations of humanity and hrotherhod, which are the watchword of Socialism. Several questions were asked the speaker at the close of the speech, but "John Barley- corn" was amongst the patriots and wanted to be heard. Then when the earnest men wanted to speak, John wanted to sing and— well he sang. The Chairman criticised the machinery of the tribunals because the machinery set up makes it necessary that a trader given a. hear- ing in private with regard to his business ar- rangements has to divulge to competitors his most private affairs. At the close many new members were anxious to join the local branch, which shows the suc- cess of the meeting. A highly successful and encouraging result. "Whacked to a frazzle!" is the general verdict brought in against the local "Prussians," and they carried home more than they hoped to do.

I The Rhondda Tribunal. I I GERMAN REFUSED PLACE IN THE I ARMY. The lihondda Tribunal under the Military Service Act opened on Monday morning to "judge fairly" the conscientious objectors. It was presided (werby Mr W. P. Nicholas (Clerk to the Rhondda Urban District Council), and Mr. D. L. Treh^rne :t»as military represen- tative. The cases were heard in public, and there was a large attendance. The public had no opportunity to express their feelings. The first case was that of a Calvinistic prea- cher. who appealed for exemption on religious grounds, because he considered life to be sacred. —The Tribunal did not think he came under the Act. A student of St. David's Colleage appealed for exemption, oeing a student preparing for Holy Orders.—Canon Lewis appealed for appli- cant as being a very promising young man. Chairman: He might also be a very promi- sing soldier.—Postponed for consideration. Another theological student appealed, and said that it was "after much hesitation that I decided to send in my application, because I do not think this Tribunal is able to judge my conscience. "—Chairman: What would you do if the Germans raided this country the same as Belgium ?—Applicant: I would trust in the faith of God.-—Military Representative: What would you do if you had a rifle in your hand and a. German violated your mother Applicant: I refuse to answer the question bü. cause it, is not applicable to this war; but I know xpy mother would ask me not to kill. She has evidence of my principles the same as I. —When told by applicant what church he was a member of, the Military Representative said that there were a great many men gone to the front from that church, and, of course, you disagree with them ?-Applioant: Yes.—Milit- arn- Representative: You are willing to let others and fight for you and your sort?— Applicant: I did not ask them to go.—Claim disallowed. A teacher appealed on the ground that he was a better preacher of the Gospel than a soldier and I have a conscientious objection to killing. I have to keep my mother and my grandfather.—One month's extension.—Applic- ant What about the conscientious objection p- Chairman: We would have considered the conscientious ground if it had not been over-ridden by the personal grounds. A case came forward where a man appealed for a son on the ground that he had been patriotic enough to allow other men's sons to join the army.—The Chairman said that he would not entertain any case where a man pleads in support of his application that other person's sons had gone. The only son of a widowed mother and sole support of home was asked by the Chairmaia what his conscientious objection wa.Applic- ant I don't think I have the nerve to go and do my duty.—Application refused. When a. widowed mother said that she did not want her owly son to go, the Chairman said. You must pluck un courage, and let your son go. I was reading in the newspaper to—day of a woman who was looking at the Victoria Cross of her dead son."—Three months extension. A theological student appealed on conscien- tious grounds. I object to war as a ministerial student, and I object to war from other points of vietw. "-MilitarN, Representative Who brought this war about ?-—Applicant: All peo- ple. I believe in a Democratic Government, and that they should rule this country; and if tliev did this war would not have happened.- Military Representative: Do you know that there are many workmen fighting for their country?—Applicant: I am not responsible for that; it is their own fault. I object to this war .Member of Tribunal: Thousands of men have gone to defend you and I, and what if they have a conscientious objection to you living here after the wtr?-, Applicant: Thousands of men in this country have gone in theii-ignor- ance, and God forbtd that I add any more suf- lermg to the peoples of Europe. Science has us- | j eci aU its implements for the destruction of life. —Chairman: If you tliink that England was wrong in entering this war, what right have you to enjov the benefits which this Government gives you (-Adjourned for a month and told to undergo a medical examina ti°llt A case came forward of a dentist who was of German parentage, and whose parents were at, present in Bangor, and not interned nor natu- ralised. He stated that lie could not fight in the British Army because he had cousins there in the German Army, and could not kill his own flesh and blood.—The Tribunal showed their "Prussian" spirit in their attitude to- wards the applicant, and stated that they would not sanction his admittance into the boys in the trenches.—Exempted. I think I should like to do something for my country, but I can't d& any combatant work- I can't kill a man," said an applicant who wanted an exemption from combatant ser- vice.-—Chairman: Are you prepared to go to mun it-ion works or trench-digging ?•—Applicant: Yes —Non-combatant service. (He ta t kille fch by the sword shall be killed by the sword,' and if I take up arms I hold the authorities responsible; it is not the will of God for-me to take up arms," said a conscientious objector.—Tribunal: When did that come to you r-Applicant: That is my own personal conviction.—Chairman Do you think we are right or wrong in our attitude as a na- tion? And if so. why are we wrong?—Applic- ant: Looking at from a national standpoint you are right, but looking at it from God's standpoint it is wrong.—Chairman Why is it wrong ?—Applicant: Because Christ said, "Peace on earth and goodwill towards all men." —Non-combatant service. Non-combatant service for a man who ap- pealed. for exemption from combatant service. A member of the Tonypandy I.L.P. appealed for total exemption on conscientious grounds. He stated that whatever decision the Court came to, he would stick to his convictions at all costs. I will not take any part in any branch of the army, and I ask for total exemp- ti.on.Chainllan: Are you a member of any religious organisation ?-Applicant: No. lama member of the I.L.P.-Tributial: Have you any evidence of your objections to war before the outtbreak of war ?—Yes, I have a few in this court.—Military Representative: Do you know that there are a good many Socialists fighting in the German Army ?—Applicant: I believe that a great number of Socialists in Germany have ooen shot. for refusing to fight, and I esq veiling to t1; the samt- stand hare in this country.—-The tribunal's decision was that "applicant has not satisfied our consciences that you have a conscientious objection."—Dis- allowed. A scientist who is a teacher of scienco at Ton Pentre appealed for exemption on con- scientious grounds.—Ohairnian What work are you willing to undertake?—Work of a nature that will not violate my conscientious scruples.—Chairman: Supposing you were en- gaged in the work of wireless telegraphy, and you received an order from the Commander in Chief at the base to the Commander in Chief at the front to charge the Gei-ii-iinsl"-Applic- ant There is no question there ttf improving the system of wireless telegraphy.—Chairman: Are you not prepared to take part in any ser- vice of value to help this war ?—Applicant: So far as becoming part of this military ma- chine is ooncerned, I am sorry I cannot do so. but surely there should be some scope for my services.—Disallowed- Men that are sparred are not permitted to place their conscientious objections forward, which has given a great deal of disappointment to the persons, but they have been informeu that they are exempt until the starred traded are revised, and then are allowed to appeal on personal grounds.

Unrest at Dowlais Works. MEN REFUS-E COMMITTEE OF PRODUC- TION AWARD. On Wednesday night the Joint Committees of the Iron and Steel Workers met to consider the Award of the Committse on Production regarding the abolition of the maximum in the Sliding Scale Agreement, and unanimously de- cided not to accept the Award as given, and further decided to call a mass meeting of the workers on Sunday afternoon next, at the Oddfellows' Hall, Dowlais, to consider what fur- ther steps should be taken in the matter. The application was forwarded to the Com- mittee on Production in February, but it was only oti Sunday last that their decision was made known, which is as follows:—Men earn- ing 20/- and under SO/- a war bonus of 5 f- per week; 50/- and less than 55/- to be made up to 5 The previous bonus being 3/- to men warning 20/- and under 30/ and 2/- for 30/- and under 50/ The maximum is 43 per cent. on the standard, the standard being an average seU- ing price of rails and tin bars at R4 5s. per ton The present selling price equals 57! per oent., of 12/6 pe. ton above the maximum—in which the workers take no part. There are other outstanding grievances which the firm are trying to shelve, and generally the attitude of the men is such that no one can foretell what may happen on Sunday. Mr.. James Callanan will preside.

ABERCYNON. OPEKETT^.—A very successful operetta en- titled" Midshipmate." was performed by tltt Central Hall Children's Choir a-t the Work- men's Hall on Wednesday last. Hie conductor was Mr. W. Wilton. The following took the chief part.: -Misses S. A. Thomas, Phoebe Owen, M. Williams, K. M. Tilley. E. HaJley, O. M. Davies, Masters T. Roberts H. Beavan, T. Robinson and Mr W. Beaton. The accom- panists were Messrs. R. 0. Thomas (violin) and Mr. R. O. Dobbs (violin).