Welsh Gazette and West Wales Advertiser

Cardiganshire County Council. SOUTHERN MAIN ROADS COMMITTEE. A quarterly meeting of the Southern Main RoaJls Committee of the Cardiganshire County Council was held on Tuesday, Jan- uary 19th, at Llandyssul, when there were present Councillor Beynon Evans (chairman), presiding; Councillors E. J. Davies, W. Dav- ies, Thomas Evans, Daniel Evans, Thomas Jenkins, James Jones, T. G. Thomas, Tho- mas Watkins, William Morgan, and David Jones, with Mr. H. C. Fryer (clerk), and Mr. David Davies (surveyor). Stone Breaking. When the Surveyor's summary of expen- diture came up for consideration, some of the mewdbers complained that he was using his machinery for breakiTTg stones at a time of 9 the year when he ought to be rolling.—The Following resolution was passed:—" That tho Surveyor he instructed to complete the stone breaking by the end of October in each year, uid have the stones placed on the roads and "ólled down by the 30th April at latest." Road Widening. The committee appointed to inspect the roaa near Warren Farm, Cardigan, with a view to its being widened, presented its re- port.—After consideration, it was decided to reoommend the Council to widen the road at a cost of R 16. State of the Roads. The Surveyor in his quarterly report, said that the roads in his division, were in good condition.—Mr. E. J. Davies took exception to this statement. He. had travelled that morning 15 miles over the road from New Quay to Llandyssul, and could not help characterising that road as being in a dis- graceful state.—It was decided that Surveyor be instructed to clear the turf for at least 15 feet from the side of the road where it would admit of it, and keep the water chan- nels clear on the sides of the main road from New Quay to Llandyssul. Classification of Roadmen. The Surveyor brought in a report classify- ing the roadmen for the purpose of re-arrang- ing the wages. He recommended that all Ifoadmen, with three exceptions, be placed in the first-class, and that three only be placed in the second class.—The Surveyor's report was adopted and it was decided to pay the flame wages as were paid in the Northern Division. Registration of Motor Cars. The question of assigning to dealers in mo- tor cars within the county general identifi- cation marks under the Motor Car Act, 1903, Was discussed. It was decided to recom- mend that the letters C.C.C. should be added to the index mark E.J." and that the annual fee to be paid by the dealers be one guinea per annum. (The Northern Main Roads Committee have decided to recom- mend that the annual fee be two guineas.)— The County Council being also required un- der the Act to mark dangerous corners and cross roads, it was decided that the Surveyor bring in a report on the matter.—For pre- cipitous places, the committee decided to re- commend that the Council adopt mainly the positions chosen by the Cyclists' Touring CUufc. Aberayron Light Railway. The matter of the proposed Lampeter to Aberayron Light Railway was down on the agenda, and the committee adopted the fol- lowing resolution:—" That this Main Roads Committee is strongly in favour of the con- struction of a Light Railway from Aberayron to Lampeter, being of opinion that the dis- trict traversed by the line is urgently in need of railway facilities, and that the railway, as proposed, will be a material benefit to all classes of the community, and give a great Impetus to the trade of the district. And that a copy of this resolution be forwarded to' the promoters and the Light Railway Commissioners." (A resolution to the same effect was adopted by the Finance Committee which met at Lampeter on Thursday last.)

Cardiganshire Educatfon Committee. A SCHEME DRAFTED. A meeting of the Cardiganshire County Education Committee was held on Thursday at the Town Jaall, Lampeter, when there were present Councillor ivioigan Evans (ciiairman), presiding: Aiuermen L .M. Williams, Rev. ,W. Griffiths, and J- C. Harford Councillors Vaughan Davies, M.P., Robert Ellis, David Davies, William Davies, Daniel Jenkins, Thomas Evans, D. C. Roberts, E. J. Davies, E. H. James, and James Jones, with Mr. H. C. Fryer (clerk). A draft scheme for the constitution of Education Committee under the Education Act, 1902, was submitted. Certain amend- ments were made, and the scheme now pro- vides, among other things, that the com- mittee when complete shall consist of forty members, appointed by the County Council, including persons of experience in education and persons acquainted with the needs of the various kinds of school* in the County. Of the furty appointed members of the commit- tee thirty shall be members of the Council, and such members shall be appointed so as to secure,, as far as possible, the adequate repre- sentation of all parts of the county. Tho remaining ten members, of uliQin at letist three shall be uomeh, aiwill be called "Se- lected Members" and shall be appointod by the Council either from their own Board or from outside as follows:—Two members re- presenting Uni varsity Education; two mem- bers representing Intermediate Education: three members representing Elementary Edu- cation three members representing Teehnr- cal Education. The term of otnee of mem- bers of the committee shall be three years cxcept that the first members, instead of being appointed for three years shall be appointed each for a term of office ending on the next .rdinary day of retiroment of councillors, The quorum of the Committee shall be one- fourth of the number of the whole Commit- tee. From the date of this scheme the Co.unty Governing Body constituted under the Welsh Intermediate Education Act, 1889, for the county shall cease to exist and all powers, duties, property, and liabilities of the County Governing Body under any Scheme made under the said Act of 1889, fifcall be transferred to the Council, and re- ferences in any Act, scheme, or instrument to the County Governing Body shall be con- strued as references to the Council. All matters relating to the exercise of the powers so transferred shall stand referred to tile Committee in like manner as if they Wore matters relating to the exorci?e by the ¡ Council of their powers under the Education Ast, 1902, and subject to the provisions of the flame Act, the Couaoi' -ry?v to the flame Act, the Couaoi' to the Committee, with or without restrictions or conditions, any of the powors so transferred In lika manner, as if h" were of the under the Fdnrat^n Act 1<1. 'It was the floliomo PY}t to fhe Bo?" *r its approval. It vas 'solved that npprcr>tion be >n*de to Fd'-c^tion to put off day from April l-pt to Sep- fj £ rv<H»r 24th, r*-m»rts f"om Unions up- fen Mr. n. T TV ^'t's r ri nf tnspec- ''tn., of thi- «'* «ol I". r",w. having ,t j;Jj the consiceraticn of them • postponed.

I Cardiganshire Winter I Assizes. ALLEGED FALSE IMPRISONMENT. ACTION AGAINST A POLICE SERGEANT VERDICT FOR PLAINTIFF The Court resumed business on Wednes- day, there being only one case down for hearing. Mr. Justice Walton took his seat at eleven o'clock and the Hall was crowded. It was an action brought by Mr. James Thomas, woollen manufacturer, residing at Wernant Factory, Lfcxnybytner against Police Sergeant William George Morgan, stationed at Llanybyther. Plaintiff claimed 1100 damages for assault, false imprison- ment, and malicious presecution. Mr Denman Benson and Mr. Stanley j Griffith Joines,appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr S T Evans, K.C. M.P, and Mr. J Lloyd Morgan M.P., instructed by Mr J W Nicholas, Carmarthen) appe £ f&fi for the defendant. < SPECIAL JURY. The following gentlemen were sworn on the Special Jury:- Messrs. T Davies, Pantybeudy Hall, Llan- geitho; Edward A L Powell. Nanteos; S Yon Davies, Lampeter; Dd. Davies. Velin- dre; J J Bonsall, Fronfraith; T Richards, Pentreehon; Rufus Williams, Aberystwyth; J S Morgan, Bow Street; J Jones, Henryd, Lampeter; Inglis Jones, Derry Ormond; J W Stephens, Glanolmarch, Cardigan; G D White, Aberystwyth; Rod. C. Richards, Pen- glaise, Aberystwyth. For the defence it was denied that defen- dant arrested plaintiff as alleged. On March 21st plaintiff committed a serious assault on Mary Evans. Blaenbidernyn, Llanybyther and defendant contended that he had reason- able cause for believing and he did believe that the woman was in a very critical con- dition of health in consequence of plaintiff's violence. He accordingly arrested plaintiff in order that he might be dealt with accord- ingly to law. He denied that plaintiff had suffered any damage and submitted that he had acted without malice and in bona fide belief that he was discharging a public i duty as a police officer. Before the opening of the case Mr. S T Evans objected to one of the gentlemen of the jury, as he was a cousin of the confiden- tial clerk of the plaintiff's solicitors.—The Judge allowed the objection, and allowed the juryman his guinea. Mr Stanley Griffith Jones, having detailed the pleadings in the case c\ Mr Benson ad- dressed the Jury, and said that plaintiff was a woollen manufacturer, and owner of Wer- nant Factory, Llanybyther. Adjoining the plaintiff's property was a little cottage known as Blaenbidernyn in which resided a Mrs Mary Evans. An arrangement was made between Mrs. Evans and plaintiff that a gap should be left in the boundary fence, by which Mrs. Evans agreed to pay plaintiff a sum of one shilling a year. While payments were being made, all was well, but when the payments ceased Thomas exercised his rights and stopped up the gap by laying across the fence some barbed wire, The mater" was then put in the hands of a lawyer from in- formation received, plaintiff's son went over .the land and found Mrs. Evans with a file trying to remove the barbed wire. Plain- tiff protested and she asserted that she was right and sent for the defendant, who ia a police sergeant at Llanybyther. Defendant visite dthe place and Mrs Evans resumed the operation of filing the wire. Plaintiff who told her that she must not cut the wire, reached over the fence. Mr Benson argued that if defendant who saw the allegett as- sult-on Mary Evans that the plaintiff had any felonious intent he would have arrested him on the spot, but instead of that he al- lowed three days to elapse and then illeg- ally arrested him without a warrant. The charge he preferred against the plaintiff being a misdemeanour and not a felony, Plaintiff, Mr James Thomas, then went into the box, and said that he was a weaver and owned Wernant Factory. Adjoining the Factory there was a small cottage cal- led .Wernant owned by Mrs. Evans, Blaen- bidernyn. Between the two properties there was a boundary fence. An arrangement was made between him and Mrs Evans, that she should pay him a shilling a year for a gap in the fence for a cart to pass. She ceased to pay, and told him that he could shut it up. In two years after Mrs. Evans instruc- ted her lawyers to write to him. In March, 1903, Mrs Evans came toWernant Cottage with Mr Morgan the policeman. She had a file in her band. and he saw her filing his wire. He asked her to leave it alone, but she continued until he pushed her off, She went on the window sill and fell down quiet- ly. He did nothing more but remained there until a doctor arrived. Mrs Jones and her :vd took her to the house, and Morgan sent for a doctor. At the time he pushed her he was on his own property. After the doctor came, plaintiff went home. The first time be heard anything more was on the 24th March He was taking goods to Thos. Lewis, factoryman. The policeman came up. Witness said Good day to you," Morgan replied that he wanted to see him saying: "I want to see you; Mrs Evans is worse than I thought she was. You must come with me to Newcastle Emlyn." Witness was in his ordinary clothes, and asked Morgan to allow him to go home to change, but Mor- gan said Oh, no you are good enough for Newcastle Emlyn" Finally the policeman consented to plaintiff to take the barrow to Mr Lewis' Factory, and accompanied him to the Factory" Mr Lewis tendered plain- tiff an overcoat, but plaintiff said that he would go to his son David. The policeman accompanied him all the while. He had lived 19 years at Llanybyther and knew evei-ybody there. He was taken through the streets to his son's house ,where he got some clothes. The policeman said that he (plaintiff) would have to walk to Pencader, but he replied that he could not, and finally a trap was hired and they drove to Penca- der. They then took train to Newcastle Emlyn, and the policeman took him to the police station. He was there opposite a cell, and then taken to a room occupied by the Sergeant. He was there for about two hours, and taken before a magistrate, and bailed out until the following Wednesday, Mr Thomas Jenkins becoming a security. Plaintiff then stated that he was taken be- fore the magistrates on two more occasions, and remanded. On the 8th of April and 29th April he was discharged. On the 8th of Mav he received a County Court sumnpions, from Mary Evans in respect of this assault, and P.C Morgan gave evidence. After that plaintiff issued a writ on the 8th of July. Ho owned the Factory and employed nine men. He attended fairs to sell goods, and owing to theqe proceedings he missed Port Talbot. Neath and Brvnaman fairs. Beaides missing these faira he had paid E20 to hit isolicitqrs for defending. Apart fren pec- uniar ydamage he met a large number of nniary damage he met a large number of friends on his wav to the police station, Pnd and that was mo e than anvthing. He heard of Mrs Evans' death in August. An irrrueut was b-id and he did not attend. P.C. Morgan sent up asking him to attend the inquest, but he dîif do Cross-examined hy Mr P T Eva ,F; ^he^e 1,!I been a dispute all aln-a aMut, t'14> Pe was ri vi, ghterV Mrs. li'v"n.¡¡ lived J1"t: t." {iryoTf "Jt1.p,p,v". at the police court said he cptaintif) P-Ad to I her touch the fence and I will make you lie down for a very long time." He did not tell Ifrs. Evans touch the fence and I will t hurt you." In reply to the Judge plaintiff said that he pushed Mrs. Evans with an open hand. John Evans, son of the plaintiff, said that he was home on the 21st March. He saw Mary Evans coming with her son to the fence. She began to file it, and witness went out, and stopped her. She then sent her son to go for Morgan, and she went back to the cottage. His father at the time was not present. Wit- ness went back to the factory, and saw the constable came up. Witness and his father went up, and the constable asked what was the dispute. Mary Evans said that she was going to cut the wires, and his father told her that she sHould not, as the boundary had been settled in the County Court. Mary Bvans again said that she was going to cut Je wires, and his father then pushed her off whilst filing the wire. He pushed her with an open hand. Mary Evans was stand- ing up about a yard between the window and the wire. She then stepped back to the window sill, and slipped down. Mar- garet Jones and her son picked her up, and assisted her home. He did. not hear his father say if you touch it I will kill you." P.C. Morgan advised his father to let her cut the wire, and enter her into the County Court. His father (plaintiff) replied that she should not. He did not hear his father say if you touch those wires I will make you lie down." His father was a little ex- cited, and Mary Evans seemed very deter- mined and excited. Cross-examined: It was a slight push. She sat comfortably on the sill, and slipped down. She did not appear very ill. Ben Jacobs, Porthrnyd, Llanybyther, in the employ of plaintiff said that he saw Mary Evans visiting Wernant on the 21st March. He was in the window of the Fac- tory, and saw outside Morgan, James Tho- mas, and his son talking together, but he could not understand them. He saw Mrs. Evans filing the wire, and saw Mr Thomas push her She €hen went back to the win- dow and fell down Cross-examined: He saw her sfEting on a stool and carried tnto the house but thou- ght she was not hurt. Mr J H Evans, clerk to the justices at Newcastle Emlyn said that he was present on the 28th March, 1st, 8th and 29th April. He produced the minute book with the charge. The charge on the 28th March was was that of causing grievious bodily harm by striking Mary Evans with his fist. The magistrates discharge plaintiff on an objecton^ raised by his solicitor (Mr Wm. Davies). Strictly perhaps, there had been no adjudication by the magistrates as to I whether the plaintiff's offence was a felony or not. Sergeant Morgan was a highly in- telligent officer, and witness had an impres- sion that the Sergeant had told the magis- trates that ao warrant was necessary for the arrest of the plaintiff as he thought a felony had been committed by him. Mr. Picton Jones, a clerk in the employ of the last witness who wrote down the charge on the minutes on the 28th March produced the minute book, and said the defendant had told him lie thought that the charge was to be one of felony and not of misdemeanour. He also said that he had heard that the legality of the arrest was going to be questioned. Dr Evan Jones, 'Llanybyther, said that he examined Mrs Mary Evans on the 31st March, particularly with regard to a blow. There was no bruise nor swelling. She suffered from bronchitis also rupture. She said it was of ten or twelve years stand- ing. She moved her left arm without pain. There was no sign, of collection of blood on the lungs" or between the ribs. He was pre- sent at the County Court proceedings, and after the blow described by Sergeant Mor- gan there would have been a swelling. Mr. Shipley Lewis, Llandilo, coroner, for the district, said that he had held an in- quest on Mary Evans on the 22nd August. Mr Wm. Davies, solicitor for the plaintiff said that not a word was said by Sergeant Morgan on the 1st of April that the charge was one of felony. He raised his objection that the prisoner had been brought before the Court irregulariy and had been arrested without a warrant and charged with mis- demeanour. Cross-examined: Witness said that he re- membered travelling with Sergeant Morgan from Llanybyther to Lampeter o nthe 8th April and not a word was said about the charge being one of felony. If anything was said b ythe Sergeant about felony it was not during the hearing of the case. This concluded the case for the prosecu- tion. For the defence Mr S T Evans submitted to the Judge that ther was no case to sup- port the charge of malicious prosecution and the Judge said the plaintiff must prove malice on the part of the defendant in the I absence of reasonable and probable cause for I the prosecution. Mr Evans then addressed the Jury and pointed out that not a word had been said of any malice or a bad feeling between the parties. Sergeant Morgan stated that he saw Plaintiff giving Mary Evans a violent blow with his clenched fist under the left brest. Later on he was told by Dr Thomas that she was dangerously ill and might die at any moment. Having heard tliis, and knowing that the plaintiff was going to Aberdare on the following day lie arrested him as he did not know when plaintiff would return if the woman died. He charged kim with causing grievious bodily harm with intent, which was felony, and, therefore, no warrant jvas re- quired. The charge of misdemeanour was put down on the minute book under mis- apprehension by Picton Jones. He bore no malice whatever against the plaintiff. John Evans, Blaenbidernyn, Margaretta Jones, Pencarreg, Dr Thomas, Llanybyther, Constable Johns, Pencader, Sergeant Har- ries, Newcastle Emlyn gave evidence in sup- port of the defence. „ Counsel having addressed the Jury the Judge summed up and submitted these four questions: Did plaintiff strike Mrs Evans a blow, which was or appeared to be likely to cause her serious injury. Had defendant on 21st March when he arrested plaintiff credible information that Mrs Evans had suffered serious injury from the blow. Did defendant when he arrested plaintiff believe or suspect that plaintiff had caused grievious bodily harm to Mrs Evans with intent. Did defendant act maliciously in prosecuting plaintiff for felony on 17th April. The Jury who retired at 7.0 o'clock gave a negative answer to first two questions and affirmative to the 3rd fixing the damages £ 20 if the Judge held that Sergeant Morgan had no reasonable or probable cause for be- lieving or suspecting that the plaintiff had committed a felony also a negative reply to last question. Verdict for plaintiff £ 20 with costs. [This report appeared in a portion of our issue for last week.]

NEW QUAY. Entertainment.—An interesting tea and entertainment was given to the Towyn Band of Hope children at Towyn Vestry last Wed- nesday afternoon in last week. I* the even- ing the following programme was gone through:—Solo, Miss ZetG. Parry; recit&- tion, Mary Evans; duett, Misses Meda Jen- kins and Nellie Rees; recitation, Evan Os- wald Davies; duett, Anna and Ethel Rees; dialogue, Evelyn Davies, and party; selec- tions on the gramophone, Mr. J. P. Davies, Cambrian House; song, Miss Kate Rees; recitation, Nellie Catherine Jones; song, Naomi Jones and party; recitation Tom song Arena Rees; best story, Evan Oswald Davies; chorus, Asbas Choir; impromptu speech, Evan Tom Evans; song, Mr. Jno. Walters; best drawing, 1 Evan Tom Evans; 2 Tom Jones. The Rev. W. Aerwyn Jones and Mr. T. Wallis Thomas adjudicated.

RUBBING EASES PAIN. ACCIDENTS & AILMENTS. The 0 O.E.P. Ellimaim ok. Bo FIRST AID in ACCIDENTS & AILMENTS. HYGIENE OF THE ATHLETE, MASSAGE, Ac. 256 pp., Illustrated. Price it. post free throughout the World, stamps or postal order (Fortign stamps acceptcd) 9\' upon receipt ol booklet covers or sight oi fcilJs showing purchase of 3 bottles of ELUMAN't Universal Embrocation, alli the, or one 219 er 4 bottle. ELLIMAN'S EMBROCATION. For Rh-iotmtls-sn, Lumbago, Sprains, Bruises, Prwh Cuts, Sore Threat trom Cold, Co'd at the Cbf-Jt Neorjljrla frctr Colt11, C! H- ba i oJ htfore 3rvk(n, C(ii-ns when Pnlrfvi, tr.-mp, Stlff. Foref-M of 0-> Limbs n r- CycHrijj, Football, Rowley, &c. 1 feottl'n. S.d i if, 2.0. 0 rLUAlA.V. bOHS & Co.. Slough. England.

-J MACBYNLLETH I The Rate Collectorship.—The deadlock as 1 to the appointment of a. rate collector in suc- cession to Mr. Lewis Williiams, Maehynlleth, has now been removed, the Local Government Board having stated that the order vesting the guardians with the appointment had not been rescinded, and the Urban Council had therefore no right to make the appointment. Dovey Fishery Board.—The quarterly meeting of the Dovey and Glaslyn Fishery Board was held at Barmouth on Thursday last, under the presidency qf Mr. R. O.Jones," Festifliog. An application was submitted from three fishermen from Southport to put stake nets on the river Dovey. The applica- tion was declined as illegal. A small com- mittee was appointed to meet Mr. C. E. Fryer, superintending inspector of fisheries, to oonfer respecting the proposed by-law for altering the close season for rods in the dis- trict and the pollution of the Mawddach. The river watchers reported the rivers to be in good condition, and the spawning season very satisfactory. It was resolved that the river watchers be instructed to take out all diseased fish and bury them. The Clerk re- ported that no nomination of a representa- tive member was received. The report of the auditors upon the accounts of receipts and expenditure for the year 1903 showed a balance in hand of £233 19s. 6d., which was apportioned a aWBtg? "Polgelley. 00 17s. 3d., Machynlleth, £85 Is. 1<1.; Towyn £21 4s. 3d. Llanbedr, £15 18s. 6d.: Portmadoc, JE32 lis. 2d.; Maentwrog, £27 txs. 5d. The Clerk reported that there was an increase in rod licences of £62 14s., but a decrease in net licences of £15 6s. 8d. A Lively Parish Meeting.—A stormy par- ish meeting was held at Blaeapant Church, Uwchygarreg, on Tuesday evening in last week in reference to the Machynlleth Rifle Range. The Rev .T. Griffiths, The Forge, asked Mr. Rees what Ee meant by saying at the County Council that he lite mem- bers of "Uwchygarreg." Did he say it in an offensive spirit r Mr. Rees replied that he did not make the remark in an offensive spirit. Mr. Griffiths said he thoqftt it was rather impertinent of Mr. Rees to come there to address the meeting on the subject. There was some uproar, and Mr. Rees asked for the withdrawal of the expression. Mr. Gri- ffiths said he would not withdraw, and there was further uproar, and then Mr. Griffiths withdrew the remark. Mr Rees gave a re- sume of the movement which led to the es- tablishment of the rifle range, after which Mr. Campbell objected to tke raage because the firing tooulace over a main road, and submitted a proposal for a range alongside the z'oad. Mr. Griffiths proposed a reaolu- tion that the meeting protest against the action of the County Council and the War Office in supporting the present range. The resolution was put to the meeting, but there was considerable confusion in the voting. It was stated that 30 voted for the resolution and 14 against, but the clerk MM Parish Council fctated that the majority of the Uwchygarreg people had voted against the resolution. The proceedings then terminated— Mr. F. M. Campbell, Brynllwydwyn, writ- ing to us in reference to this report says "A resolution was proposed condemning the cross shooting. Color Sergeaafc Phillips Jones counted the show of hands from the platform with the sanction of the Chairman, and declared the result to be 30 for the re- solution and 14 against. Some contend that the figures should have been 39 t# 14. the majority consisting of 27 Uwchygarreg re- sidents and 12 from Penegoes and Darowen. The minority included 3 from Machynlleth."

THE CONFLICT OF RACES IN MACEDONIA. By L. VILLARI. It is not easy for people who have always lived in Western Europe to realiso the hopeless confusion of divQrs raopg and religions which obtains throughout the greater part of the Balkan peninsula. In Western Europe we have well-defined groups of nationalities —Anglo-Saxons, Frenchmen, Germans, Italians—which only overlap at the extremities, in such regions, for instance, as Alsace-Lorraine and the Alpine valleys, where two races come into conflict. But as we move towards the south-east we find large countries inhabited by two or more hostile peoples, not dwelling apart in separate areas, but scattered all over it, and intermingled, though not 1 amalgamated, in tho same provinces, towns, and villages. When religious dififerenees in- trude themselves as well, they help to make confusion worse confounded, and tho bitterness of race hatred still more bitter. European Turkey is peculiarly unfortunate in this respect, for in a comparatively small aie i we have no less than six races, all of whom can be said to be JUere or less indigenous to the soil—Turks, Greeks, Bul- garians, Serbs, Kutzo-Vlachs or Roumanians, and Albanians. To these we may add two more peoples, who, although not exactly indigenous, nevertheless form important com- munities—the Armenians, who are practically limited to Constantinople so far as Europe is concerned, and the Jews. In many parts of the country, and in most of the towns, all these divers races are represented. There are, of course, many districts where one particular race really is predominant, and it would not be impossible to divide up the country into provinces based roughly on national lines; but the exceptions are every- where so numerous that it would be extremely difficult to say where the predominance of one race ends and that of another begins. Even as regards statistics of the various races, it is impossible to find out the numbers of each one with any degree of accuracy. The figures vary by hundreds of thousands, according to the views of the persons who have compiled them. One thing, however, can be stated with certainty the actual division of Turkey into vilayets does not correspond in any way to the division according to race. On the contrary, it was expressly designed for the purpose of placing the warring elwnsents into conflict with each other as much as possible, so as to govern then more easily. When we speak of Macedonia we usually mean the three vilr.yets of Pal on ic a. Monastir, and Kossovo, which correspond in some sense to the Macedonia of the ancients. But in mode/n times the name Iras no real signifi- cance, either ethnically or as an administra- tive division. There is no race which may be called Macedonian, for in that region we find fcalf-a-doz^n different races intermingled. If we try to divide it up according to the predominance of each, we ma.y sa.y roughly that the northern and eastern pert of the v'layet of Salonica, the north-eastern part of tkat of Monastir, and the southern part of Kosscvo are inhabited chiefly by Bulgarians. South of Salon;ca and Monastir the Greek element predominates; west of Momstir. ki the ncrth-west of Kossovo, and throughout "the vilayets of Scutari and Yoaunina, the population is almost wholly Albanian. In the north of Kossovo, as far as Uuskiib, there are Servians. But, as I have said, the various raees everywhere overlap, and we find Bulgarians at Salonica, Greeks at Ueskiib, Servians at Ochrida, and Albanians at Sevres. Over the whole country two othc- races are scattered about—the Turks and the Kutzo- Vlachs. The Turks are all Mohammedans; and of the Albanians, from one-third to -three-quarters, and a small proportion of the Bulgarians, Serbs, and Kutzo-Vlachs, are also of that religion. The rest all belong to the Orthodox Church, save a small number of Roman Catholic Albanians. The Turks, to whom for all practical purposes all the other Mohammedans not of Turkish race may be assimilated, altkough not a majority, constitute the strongest element of the population. The army is composed exclusively of Mohammedans, and the Govern- ment, in spite of the presence of a few power- less Christian officials, is entirely in their hands. Above all, every Mohammedan can carry arms, whereas for a Christian to do so is a crime. Seme of the worst atrocities have been, and are still, committed in the periodical searches for arms in the Christian villages. The Turks, as I have I'L; 1re scattered most or leas all over tho eouutty, but there are several large patches of therr, such as the cnH round Yoiiidji-Vardar, round fceivia (between Sf.lonica and Mrr.r-'ir), and rre about Ues'.uh. A considerable r.iin;! er of village- are h>.K- Vlohamuiecum and ha.f-c hrisoian. in e' try hwlJ. if tJ strong lh. e eix.e» •- Ab a rule, ti t are u \i\<c plains and tl t i.ristiaus in the hi„n!au«V.. It is easy to it !n this state of ..If:"lrh that the Mohammedans will almost inevitably persecute the Christians, for to differences of race and religion are added village feuds, disputes about the ownership of this plot of land or the i ight-, of pasture on that, quarrels caused by jealousy, and so on. Where a single village is mixed the feeling is exceptionally bitter, especially if the Mohammedans are Pomaks, i.e., renegade Bulgarians. The Mohammedans cannot be said to have any definite political views beyond a desire and determination to maintain their predomi- 1:.)t, position in the country. This even the mere educated and progressive Turks would never abandon unless forced to do so. They, too, suffer like the Christians from oppression and grinding taxation, and their privileged position consists in the right to plunder and outrage their Christian neighbours, and force them to labour on their farms for nothing. From the Mohammedans who are identified with the Turks we must distinguish the Albanians. These people, who are supposed to be the last remnants of the ancient Ulyrians, the original inhabitants of the Balkan peninsula, are in many ways a fine race- sturdy, brave, hospitable, and independent. But owing to an utter absence of education, at least as far as concerns the Mohammedans, they have remained in a state of primitive barbarism, and, in dealing with their Slavonic and Greek neighbours, are capable of the greatest cruelty. As I have said, they occupy the whole of the vilayets of Scutari and Yoannina, and parts of those of Kossovo and Monastir. In Kossovo they are continually driving back the Serbs, whom they despise and persecute unmercifully, so that many districts which were formerly Servian, and, indeed, formed the nucleus of the great Servian Empire of the fourteenth century, have now become almost wholly Albanian. This movement has been hastened by the emigration of Serbs into the kingdom of Servia and by the immigration of Albanians from that country into Kossovo. The Turkish Govern- ment has found intho Albanians a most useful instrument of oppression against its Christian lIbàiects. Any future settlement that is made for Macedonia, will have to provide for the exclusion of the purely Albanian districts from the scheme, as what is suitable for Greeks and Slavs and Kutzo-Vlachs would not do for the Albanians, whether Christian or Mohammedan. The Christians, unlike the Mohammedans, are divided by race into a number of rival nationalities with distinct nationalist aspira- tions, of which the most incompatible are those of the Greeks and those of the Bulgarians. This quarrel has for over ],000 years been one of the chief political features of Balkan politics. From the days when the Slavs threatened Constantinople, and when a Greek Emperor earned the terrible title of Bulgarok- tonos, or Slayer of the Bulgarians (a title which might not inaptly he applied to the present Sultan), down to the dispute between the Patriarchate and the Exarchate, it has raged. But, whatever historic foundation the Greek claim to Macedonia may have, there is no doubt that to-day the Bulgarian element is the strongest, at all events in the central part of the country, and .the most full of vitality. Some of the larger towns, like Salop.ica, may present a Greek appearance to the casual observer, but the villages all round art4 purely Bulgarian. The Greeks have always claimed to be the sole representatives of civilisation in the Near East, and as long as the Slavs remained ignorant and barbarous no one disputed it. But the nineteenth century has seen the revival of the Bulgarian language, and the Bulgarian people, having once shaken off the thraldom of the Greek influence, have become the dominant people of Macedonia. As, how- ever, the ethnical lines of division are con- stantly crossed by lines based on ecclesiastical distinctions, those Bulgarians who did not join the Bulgarian Exarchic Church, but continued to adhere to the Patriarchate, are described by the Greek party as Bulgoraphone Greeks. As a matter of fact, they are pure Bulgarians, who speak not a word of Greek, and it is certainly not among them that any enthusiasm for the Greek cause is to be found. Individuals, and even whole villages in Macedonia, often change from the Patriarchate to the Exarehate, or vice-versa, and with their change of Church they also change their political nationality. Of late years it is always the Bulgarian element that has advanced, pushing back Hellenism; and even at Salonica Bulgarian influence is on the increase. Not only is thig the case in Macedonia, but even in the Adrianople vilayet, of which the northern part along the Bulgarian frontier is almost entirely Bulgarian. This race is, on the whole, the most solid and reliable in the whole of the Balkan peninsula, and five centuries of Turkish misgovernment and persecution have failed to destroy its vitality and spirit. The Macedonian Bulgarians look brutalised and dejected, but education and propaganda have galvanised them into activity, as has been proved by the hard fight the insurgents have been making. If any race in the world has earned its right to independence and national existence it is the Bulgarian. The astonishing progress they have made, the real political instinct of which they have given proof in the Principality, and their incredible vitality and activity in Macedonia, shew that with time and oppor- tunity they are capable of great things. The Greeks are in a majority only along the eoast, to the south-west of Salonica, and in the southern part of the Adrianople vilayet. But scattered settlements of them are found elsewhere, chiefly in the towns. To them are assimilated the Kutzo-Vlachs, who, although numerous and wealthy, have hitherto had no distinct nationalist aspirations, but were usually regarded as Greeks. Of late years attempts have been made to arouse in them a feeling of Roumanian patriotism, and this, too, has helped to weaken the Greek cause. The Serbs are found chiefly in the vilayet of Kossovo, although even there, as I have said, they are being slowly pushed back by the Albanians. They lay claim, however, to the whole of Macedonia, and pretend that the Macedonian Slavs arc not really Bulgarians at all, but Serbs. But their adherents in the country are very few in number, and there is no chance of their aspirations ever being realised unless they have powerful foreign assistance. The hostility between Serbs and Bulgarians has had most unfortunate cortre- queiiCLS, as it has weakened both parties. Late! j. however, a tendency towards a ra}ipr..c!,<r/i&nt has manifested itself, and there is a chance that the two Slav peoples will co- operate lor the common good. Tho various nationalist propagandas have naturally been fostered and made more active bv the creation of the independent Balkan States, whese frontiers arc in no case con- terminous with the ethnica-1 limits of their populations. Tho ultimate'oinjoct of all these political movements is, of course, to prepare the way for the time when the Turk shall have left Europe, and Bulgaria, Greece, and Servia will be able to annex those districts beyond thtsir frentiers where their kinsfolk foiiii the predominant elon.snt. But for the present nothing further is aimed at than to keep up and propagate national feeiing and the national language, while the immediate object oi the revolutionary agita- tion is to secure a decent government for the country. In spite of the rivalry between the various Christian race! there is among them all a longing for any change,thatowill end the present intolerable state of things. Political agitators) may contribute to. these jealousies, a 7; and the agents of interested foreign Powers may foster them anJ magnify their im- portance but the only thing that the bulk of the inhabitants of Macedonia really want is reform-ge1 sweeping, houed reform.

$Ifce Original Ooco*. aiid oL SpoobiJdtv. EPPS'S being distinguished from all others by its Invigorating nutritious qualities end its delicious flavour. This Cocoa, con- taining as it does all the substance of tho I Cocoa Nib, maintains Its leading position after tbree-quarters of a Century as I COCOA (be best form of Coooa for*very-day use. t" eve"-day u".

j F'j • Artistic and OoEuniercJ?,! HHunu g g« • o t io '• Welsh Gazett. Brdgs Stive' 1 Abprystwytb

Newcastle Emlyn. EMLYN ARMS HOTEL, FAMILY, COMMERCIAL, AND POST HOTEL, NEWCASTLE EMLYN. j RELIABLE WINES ANB SPIRITS, CHOICE GIGAKS. TWO MILES TROUT FISHING FREE FOR VISITORS AT THE HOTEL. Proprietor runs Mail Coaches twice daily between Hotel, Newcastle Emlyn Railway Station, and Cardigan. WM. REES, Proprietor. ? r n/| 1 //CTG PASTRY COOK, AND • LJf-\ V I Cm O, CONFECTIONER, THE EMLYN BAKEKY, NEWCASTLE EMLYN. CATERER FOR TEA PARTIES AND PICNICS. RELIABLE|FRESH GOODS ALWAYS IN STOCK. QUALITY GUARANTEED ORDERS SUPPLIED BY TANS WITHIN DISTANCE OF 12 MILES. AGE/jr FOR HOVIS BREAD. Scientific Eyesight Testing FOR Spectacles A .1 T-> T\ EYESIGHT TESTING & SPECTACLE FITTING Arthur Frice JJaviest — y NO CHARGE IS MADE FO ADVICE. QUALIFIED OPHTHALMIC OPTICIAN (By Examination of the Anglo American School The Testing is thorough. Cases requiring Medical of Optics, London). Attention are refeerd to an Ophthalmic Surgeon. TIVY HOUSE, (oppBSr NEWCASTLE EMLYN. mrv-jur t T nVH EMLYN STORES, X WJ.VJ. I II IV JL U NEWC ASTLE EMLYN WHOLESALE & RETAIL GROCER. CORN, FLOUR, MIDDLINGS, BRAN, BARLEY MEAL, OATS, die., &c. AGENT FOR THORLEY'S CAKE AND FOOD. BIBBYS LINSEED AND COTTON CAKE, ALWAYS IN STOCK. GROCERY AND PROVISIONS OF THE FINEST QUALITY AT MODERATE PRICES. HOME CURED BACON AND HAMS A SPECIALITY TRIAL ORDER RESPECTFULLY SOLICITED, WHICH SHALL HAVE MY PROMPT ATTENTION' POSTING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. HORSES CARRIAGES AND TRAPS FOR HIRE. TERMS MODERATE. Proprietor: TOM LL3YD SAL Tjrp A TI 0 N Family & Commercial Hotel, k im 1 J V 1 A rn M JL 1 (UNDER NEW MANAeEMEX + Newcastle rLmlyn Good Accommodation. Good selection of Horse and Carriages at shortest notice. ♦ Miles excellent Salmon and Tro Fish'ng on theRiyer Tivy. Bus:meets all I rains. JOHN EVANS, Proprietor. LLANDYSSUL. l Don't Extract Your Teeth. You will want them again. If yououbled with NEURALGIA, TOOTHACHE, or HEADHACE- TRY DAVIES' NERVINE POWDERS Which are undoubtedly the most Effectual Remedy yet discovered for the above complaints. One dose invariably Relieves the most .Eæcruc.1atilng Pain in a few minutes, by acting directly on the Nerves They are Guaranteed free from any dangerous chemicals, and are, therefore Petfictlf Safe and Easy to take. Then Wlty Suffer agony" when you can get Immediate Relief? Thousands of unsolicited Testimonials from all parts of the country. Sold in Boxes 13id. y Chemists or Post Free from [Agents wanted where not represented.] THOS. DAVIES, M.R.P.S., LLANDYSSUL, S. WALES. L. C. FARLEIGH, LLANDYSSUL. Galvinized Iron Tested Oil Storage Tanks and Cabinets. Lar Consumers and Sellers ot Petroleum are now realising the great disadvantage of keeping me in casks. These are some of the drawbacks of storing Oil in Cask", If barrels are much exposed to the dampness, thr sometimes becomes dissolved, thus rendering the Barrels leaky, and also injuring the Oil. The quantity of Oil lost in leaking from Barrels on tap is considerable, and greatly increases therisk of fire, and L. C. Farleigh foreseeing this, has made a special study of Oil Storagfe Tanks and Cabinets, and is now able to supply any class of Tank (tested), to suit various requirements at the very lowest prices delivered free of all expense. A few illustrations and prices given below. rarltgb's improved Patent Oil Cabinets, No Gentleman's Residence should be without a Cabinet. No :t The Perfect System of keeping aII 'DECR/PTION. open THE CABINET is made of tinsed steel with galvanized iron bottom, and is of the very best finish and workmanship thioughout. Being enamelled BRIGHT RED, it is attractive ia appearance, and is unaffected by weather or the oil. It shuts up, and is DUSTFROOF, and owiag to its double lid is entirely free from smell. There is a hinged inside lid on which lamps, etc., can stand when being filled; this lid is perforated so that any overflow runs back into the well of the Cabinet. It can be padlocked. The PU M P is a Sotcepump, made of polished brass, simple in its construction, and cannot get out of order. IT IS SCREWED INTO I'W PLACE, can be easily taken owt for filling the Cabinei from banrel. Its action is so easy that it can be worked with one finger. It will fill a one-galon measure in twelve seconds. The oil can be obtained instantly without stooping down, If the measure or vessel be pumped too full the overflow back into the Cabinet. The amount of ail contained in the Cabinet be seen by a at the MEASURING ROB. A lamp can be filled direct from tIDe Pump by using a funnl, tapered ooion, or h. Capacity. Height. 8iaœeter.. Price.. (Top included.) Ineludmg Crate which m net returnable. 50 Gallons 3 feet 9 inches. 2 feet inches 40/' each. 30 II 3 5 If 1 If 1 Ð II 35A ff 20 a 3 ft, 1 H 1 » 6 tt 32/' SPECIAL mTT PRICES OF Galvanized Circular Oil Tanks, Fitted with Screw Bungs, Brass Taps, and Loose Keys: 30 Gallons 19/6 each. < 50 ff • • • • » 26/6 ft 100 If 32/' ff EXTRA STRONG ditto. made from tae Best Galvanized Sheet 18g Steel Warranted, and tested in every way: Capacity, 100 Gallons 51/6 each. ff 150 If 57/6 ff a 200 f L. C. FARLEIGH has been appointed Whnlesal* Agent lui — H.iyai, DAYMIIHT" I'ETROiiEUM in Cardiganshire, and he would be glad to get your enquiries for same, as he is able to offer you an advatnag- h price and every eonvenicno" as regards Free D'e'locn/ per Tank Wasrgon See., and furthermore (ootaide the Town of fd-uidyxMil.) he supplies the Trade and Factories only. Enquiri es fo;,both Petroleum and Tanks will n rc'vn -,rotnu' :¡;t0n:;0n. L. C. F^RLmGii^