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THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH.

SUNDAY, OCTOBER -5, 1879.—SEVENTEENTH…

MINERA.

OVERTON.

RUABON.

[No title]

TUESDAY.

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IRON AND COAL.I I

AGRICULTURE.

CONDENSED LIST OF THE QUESTIONS.

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CONDENSED LIST OF THE QUESTIONS. Elementary Stage. — Describe difference between a sandy soil, a loam, and a clay soil. What are the principal substances found in the soil, and which of these do plants require ? Why do we grow crops in rotation ? What is the composition of milk, and why is it such good food ? Give a good course of cropping f, a rich loam soil, and a bad course of crops for a sandy soil, and state your reasons in each case. Of what does the inorganic matter of plants consist ? How does the plant get it, and why is it called the ashes of the plant ? What are marls ? How does a soil lose its phosphates? As soil consists largely of hard solid matter, how is it that plants are able to feed upon it? Why are soils improved by exposure to rough and cold weather in winter ? How is it that cattle, sheep, and horses are warm, and by what means is this warmth kept up? Why do some animals fatten better than others when using equal supplies of food ? Advanced Stage.—In what respect does the food of an animal differ from the food required by a vegetable ? What is meant by saying that land is sick of a crop?" Give an example, and describe how it may be remedied. What are the special advantages 'arising from autumn cultivation ? Can a soil contain all the food necessary for producing good crops, and still be unable to give it to plants as food ? If so, why is this, and how may it be overcome? Describe how lime and farm-yard manure may be used for a crop with the best results. Seeing that a, cubic foot of sand weighs about 110 pounds and a cubic of clay weighs about 80 pounds, why do we call sands light soils, and why do we call clays heavy soils ? State what are the causes of the difference. How do you account for the variations observed in the ashes of plants ? How does drainage of the land increase the quantity of plant-food ready for use in a soil ? What are the "reduced phosphates," and what are their actions in the soil ? How are lands fertilised by irrigation, and how should the supply of water be regulated ? What changes does the blood undergo in its passage through the body of animals? Describe the changes which food undergoes in its digestion by a bullock and a horse, pointing out any differences. Honours Examination.—In what way does climate influence the system of farming, and also the quality of the meat and corn produced ? Give instances. Trace the various changes which take place in a plant's growth during the time its supplies are drawn from the soil and the air. How does the condition and use of fertilisers and the character of the seed render some root crops less able to withstand frost ? How do soils retain manure ? Describe the formation of nitre in soils, and describe fully the process of germination. How does the blood of an animal receive fresh supplies of nutriment ? How does the breathing of foul air (arising from deficient ventilation) affect the milk produced, and the cheese and butter made from it ? How may the milking char- acter of a cow be improved; how may the flow of milk be made more permanent; and its character rendered more suitable for buttcr and cheese making respectively? What lessons may be learned from the syst-nuof farm- ing known a* "The continuous growth of cvru," and what are the e3s2ntils for its success ? Such are the questions each of whieh auunt of :-n answer being given which entitle the candidate to an equal number of marks. As it is probable that there may be readers of this column who wish to acquaint thomselves with the principles of agriculture, but who are uncertain as to what books to study, it may be servicable if I suggest a few suitable text books on agricultural science, so that intending students may utilise theiii time during the approaching winter in preparing for the next May examinations. There is now a considerable number of works published relating to the science and practice of agriculture and to farming operations, so that seme direc- tion is necessary to decide which are most suitable for the wants of different students, according as they intend to prepare for the elementary or the advanced course and as to what particular branches of agriculture they are inclined to take up. The following books will be suitable to study for the elementary course in agriculture :—" First Principles of Agriculture," Is., by Professor Tanner (Maemillan and Co., Bedford-street, London); "The Principles of Agri- culture," 2s., illustrated, by Professor Wrightson (W. Collins. Sons and Co., New Bridge-street, London) Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology," Is., by Professor Johnstone, sixth edition (Blackwood and Sons, 37, Paternoster-row, London); Agricultural Chemistry," Is. 6d., by Professor Sibson (Geo. Routledge and Sons, Ludgate-hill, London). There are also several small elementary works by R. Scott-Burn on soils, manures, crops, live stock, and farming economy, pub- lished by Crosby, Lockwood and Co., Stationers' Hall Court London. An Agricultural Hand-Book for Schools is in preparation, and will be published shortly by Bradbury, Agnew and Co., Lombard-street, London. The following books will be suitable for the advanced course and for teachers' class-books :—" Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology," fis. 6d., 11th edition, by Professors Johnstone and Cameron (W. Blackwood and Sons, 37, Paternoster-row, London); "Farm Crops," two vols., 13s., by Professor Wilson (H. Ailnutt, 6, Fetter-lane, London); "Outlines of Modern Farming." live vols. bound together, by R. Scott-Burn (Crosby, Lockwood and Co., Stationers' Hall Court, London) Manual of Agriculture," by R. Henderson (W. Blackwood and Sons, 37, Paternoster- row, London). Those students who qualify themselves by private study for the examinations, and who do not reside near any science classes, may make arrangements for attend- ing to be examined at any central place most convenient by giving previous notice. Agricultural education is a matter that is bound to come to the front more prominently than hitherto, to receive the attention that it deserves, seeing that it is included, and properly so, in the programme of sub- jects for investigation by the Royal Agricultural Com- mission. 27th September, 1870. FFEmI. IT was stated on Tuesday that on Sir Robert Peel's estate in the Midlands there are 7,000 acres unlet. A LARGE number of sheep which were landed at Liverpool from America this week were affected with disease, and there is great anxiety in the town to know whether on this account the Government will prohibit the^import of live sheep. THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS.—Mr. John Roberts, of Saltney, writes as follows :—" A very fine week up to September 21st for harvest. I never did more harvest work in one week. I tried a load of sheaves of wheat through the machine on Saturday that were cut three weeks. The corn was not fit for grinding. It will now have to be stacked and do the best we can for keeping it, and trust to future weather, frost, &c., for thrashing. The time of year is gone for drying wheat outside. I am still of opinion that wheat sown just before the frost, and was out of light for 14 weeks, will be in most cases the best samples, and will be a fair crop. A large quantity of wheat will be unfit for grinding for bread, being altogether blighted. Beans are still doing well." THE CORN TRADE.—The 2 £ arJc Lane T^xvresa says- Cool autumnal weather has prevailed during the past week, but the carting and stacking of wheat and barley have been somewhat delayed by intermittent showers. Most of the wheat has now been cut in the southern and midland counties, but a good breadth of spring corn has yet to be reaped. The yield is admittedly an exceed- ingly bad one both of wheat and barley. Various estimates of the deficit have been put forward, but it is pretty generally allowed that the wheat crop of this year will fall short of an average by something like 30 per cent. This means that home requirements between now and next harvest may be expected to absorb sixteen 'or seventeen million quarters of foreign produce. Samples of home-grown wheat at the country markets have again been exceedingly light, and the price was also 4d. per quarter less than that of the preceeding week. At Mark-lane samples have likewise been few and inferior, but sales have been made without difficulty at an advance of 2s. per quarter on the week. All descriptions of foreign wheat have improved fully 2s. per quarter on the week, business being exceptionally heavy."

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