The Welsh Coast Pioneer and Review for North Cambria

LEGAL HINTS FOR SMALL HOLDERS. BY c "LEX Parliament has in recent years devoted Hot a little attention to the occupiers of ag- ricultural lands. The Small Holdings and Allotments Act, which was passed last Ses- sion, and will come into operation on Janu- try 1 next, is one of a scries of measures to make the cultivation of the soil more attractive. Only last year an Agricul- tural Holdings Act was passed. This Act, which applies to small and big holders, ia one of the shortest of the series—its clauses number but ten—but the changes it intro- duces are so important that everyone con- nected with agriculture must make it his business to understand them. Parliament has been good enough to give everyone plenty of time in which to complete this task, for the Act, which was passed in 1906, will not come into operation until 1909. To ?>oint out the salient features of the existing aw affecting small holders is the object of this article, and therefore the Act of 1906 does not strictly come within its scope, but it may be useful, when we have finished with the law as it stands at present, to glance at some of its provisions. What class of tenants come within the description of small holders ? In the Small Holding and Allotments Act, which will come into force at the beginning of the New Year, a "small holding" means "an agri- cultural holding which exceeds one acre and does not exceed fifty acres, or, if ex- ceeding fifty acres, is at the date of sale or letting of an annual value for the purposes of income tax rot exceeding £ 50." Perhaps the nearest approach to a definition in any A.ct now in force is to be found in the Allot- Sents and Cottage Gardens Compensation for rops Act, 1887, where an Allotment" is defined as any parcel of land of not more than two acres in extent, held by a tenant under a landlord, and cultivated as a garden or as a farm, or partly as a -garden and partly as a farm." Speaking roughly, the various Agricultural Holdings Acts, from 1883 onwards, apply alike to small holdings and big. Compensation for improvements is the ohief benefit which these Acts were intended to confer upon tenants. No tenant is al- lowed to deprive himself of the right to Claim compensation any agreement which be may enter into wiCh that object is void both at law and in equity. The improve- ments for which compensation may be claimed are divisible into three classes. (1) To improvements of a permanent nature, inch as the erection or enlargement of build- ings, the making or renewal of permanent fences, the planting of orchards or fruit bushes, and the laying down of permanent pasture, the consent of the landlord must be previously given. (2) A tenant who con- templates effecting an improvement by means of drainage must inform the landlord of his intention in writing. This gives the tenant and the landlord an opportunity of agreeing as to the terms on which the improvement xhaH be made. If no agreement be arrived at, the tenant may proceed to carry out the improvement, in which event he will become entitled to compensation in respect of it. It II possible that the landlord, recognising the necessity for the drainage, may prefer to do the work himself. This is a contin- {fency for which the law provides. If the andlord does bear the cost of the improve- ment, he is empowered to charge the tenant interest on the amount he spends. (3) Im- provements of a less permanent character, such as those produced by the application of purchased manure to the land, and the con- sumption on the holding by cattle, sheep, and pigs of corn, cake or other feeding stuff not produced on the holding, may be made without the consent or knowledge of the landlord. This is how the law stands at present un- ter the Agricultural Holdings Acts. The .llotments and Cottage Gardens Act, 1887, which, as we have seen, applies to occupiers Of lands not more than two acres in extent, puts the matter rather differently. It should be borne in mind that the tenant of an al- lotment," whether attached to a cottage or not, cannot claim compensation under the Agricultural Holdings Acts. He can claim only under the Allotments and Cottage Gar- dens Act, under which, upon the determina- tion of his tenancy, he is entitled to com- pensation, (1) For crops, including fruit, gTowing upon the holding in the ordinary course of cultivation, and for fruit trees and fruit bushes growing thereon, which have been planted by the tenant with the pre- vious consent in writing of the landlord, (2) For labour expended upon and for man- are applied to the holding since the taking of the last crop therefrom in anticipation of a future crop, (3) For drains and for any outbuildings pigsties, fowlhouses, or other structural improvements made by the ten- ant upon his holding with the written consent of his landlord. How does the tenant set about the busi- ness of establishing his claim to compensa- tion ? If the landlord and tenant are un- able to agree, they must refer the matter to arbitration. It may, of course, happen that the parties cannot even agree as to the appointment of an arbitrator. In that event if the case comes within the Agricul- tural Holdings Act, 1900, the Board of Agri- culture may appoint the arbitrator. The Srocedure under the Allotment and Cottage hardens Act is simple. If the landlord and tenant cannot agree in the choice of an ar- bitrator, one or the other may apply to the local Justices, who thereupon must appoint one of themselves with no interest in the holding, or some other competent and dis- interested person, to undertake the task of settling the dispute. The award of the ar- bitrator is final. If the arbitrator finds that the tenant is entitled to compensation, and the landlord fails to pay the amount award- ed within fourteen days of the day on which it is ordered to be paid,^ke machinery of the County Court is brought into play. The sum awarded is recoverable after the man- ner of an ordinary County Court debt. An arbitrator must not be dilatory. He must have his award ready within fourteen days of his appointment. An extension of time may be agreed upon by the parties, but the period must not, in any event, ex- ceed twenty-eight days. The proceedings are free from costliness as well as delay. The justices are charged with the duty of trying to find an arbitrator who will give his services gratuitously. The justices shall in all cases in which it is practicable obtain the consent of the arbitrator to act without remuneration, and in any case in "which it is impracticable to obtain such consent they shall direct that the arbitrator shall be paid such moderate sum as they consider will reasonably remunerate him his time and ex- penses "—-such are the words that impose this pleasing task upon the justices. As to the question of costs the arbitrator has an absolutely free hand. He may order the landlord and the tenant to bear the costs, including his own remuneration, in such proportion as he pleases, or he may direct that they shall be borne by one of the dis- putants, or he may declare—a power which, of course, he is likely to exorcise only if he is acting gratuitously—that none shall be paid by either side. Another notable feature of the law affect- ing agricultural holdings i3 the restriction of the landlord's right to distrain. The Agricultural Holdings Act, 1883, limits the landlord's right to distrain to one year's rent. If the landlord is generous enough or careless enough to allow the tenant to get" more deeply in arrear, the law declines to assist him. Another provision for which the tenant has reason to be tiuiiiiiuu j c any compensation for improvements hns bem found to be due to him, he is entitled to set off such compensation against the rent duo. The landlord, in these agreeable circum- stances, can distrain only for the-balance. What is scarcely less important is the pro- tection that is afforded to property on hold- ings that does not belong to the tenant. Ag- ricultural and other machinery which has been hired by the tenant under a bona tide agreement is exempt from distress, and so is live-stock of all kinds which, being the bona fide property of some person other than the tenant, is on the holding for breeding purposes only. Not only is this protection of valnc to the actual owners of the machin- ery and the live-stock—it is of much ad- vantage to the tenant, who, ty virtue ot J tt, finds no difficulty in hiring. Upon livc- stoc taken in by the tenant to be fed the lan;. <rd has a right to distrain. The right, however, is a limited one, being confined to the amount due by the owner of the live- stock to the tenant for the feeding. Nor does the limitation end here. The right to distrain on the live-stock arises only when the ut> r property on the holding is^LsuiU- cient for the purpose

A LLANDUDNO WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANT'S AFFAIRS. At the Bangor Bankruptcy Court, to-day week, before Mr Registrar Giynne Jones, the public examination was resumed of James L. Mayger, wine a.nd spirit merchant, JL<-andudno. Mr Jones (Messrs Chamberlain and Johnson) ap- peared for the trustee. peared for the trustee. Questioned by the Assistant Official Receiver (Mr Tobias), the Debtor said that he had been unable to supply an account as required for the year 1906. He was unable to account for the year as ho had no books available for that period. The bank books and ledgers might furnish some information." The debtor was questioned as to certain pay- ments alleged to ha.vo been made immediately before the tiling of the petition. As to. the pay- ment of J650 to Mr Burgess, of Glan Conway, he explained that it was a loan made six or eight months previously. That was the only trans- action he had with Mr Burgess. The Assistant Official Receiver: Why did you arrange to pay this particular sum knowing that your liaiblities were so heavy? Debtor: I don't know why. It was a regular thing, and I wanted to clear it oiL. Can you give any account showing your trans- action with Mr Burgefs?—Yes. Proceeding under crow-examination, Debtor said that the payment of JB2 4s for cycle repairs re- ferred to his son's bicycle, which was still on his premises. His wife claimed' all the furni- ture in his house. After questioning the debtor a6 to certain payments he had made, the Aesist- ant Official Receiver remarked: Why did you make payments to creditors when you were pressed ? Debtor: I don't think I did so. They must have been post-dated cheques. The Assistant Official Receiver: In the con- dition you were paced, you seem to have in- vested all you had in local property, and as a consequence you are landed here? Debtor: Yet, I could not realise. The Assistant Official Receiver: The question now is whether you were not under the circum- stances guilty of rash and hazardous specula- tion. Debtor: I am not the only one. Others specu- lated with me, but they were stronger financially, and they eou'd bear the loss. Assistant Official Receiver: But it was a most hazardous thing to go in for those shares? Debtor: I was with experienced men, but they are in the same boat, and they are astounded that they have not been successful. Assistant Official Receiver: The result of all this is that the burden has fallen on your credi- tD rfi ? Debtor: Yes. The Registrar paid it was somewhat un- fortunate that the debtor had been unablo to file an account for 1906 as he had done for 1907. The examination would, however, be closed subject to the signature of notes.

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THE GRAMOPHONE. SOME OCTOBER RECORDS. We have received' the following records from the Gramophone and Typewriter Company, Ltd.: — VOCAL. "Flower Song" (Carmen), Evan Williams. "Mother o' Mine" (Tours), John Harrison. Pagliacci (Leoneavalla), Francesco Cigada and La Scala Orchestra. Dai Campi Dai Prati "Mefietofelc" Boits, John Coatea. "The Birthday Song" (Korbay), Madame -Susan Strong. "Tlle Minstrel Boy" (Moore), Edward Lloyd. Die Junge Xoune (Schubert-'Liszt), Madame Susan Strong. I'm a Roamer" (Mendelssohn), Robert Radford. RED LABEL RECORDS (Vocal). Rondel de l'adieu (I. de Lara), Monsieur Renaud, ac-companied by d'Orchestre, Paris. Mignon (Thomas), Comm. Fernando de Lucia, with Milan Orchestra accompaniments. Lohengrin (Wagner), Marcel Joumet. La Forsa Del Destino (Verdi), Celestina Boninsequa. CARUSO AND MELBA RECORDS. Ah Mimi tu piu, "La Boheme" (Puccini), sung by Caruso and Scotti. Mad Scene from Hamlet (Parts 1 and 2), Madame Melba. Charmant Oiseau, "La Terle du Bresil," and "The Old Folks at Home," Madame Calve. Per vali, per bosche, sung by Madame Melba and M. Gilibert. Undi all azzuro spazio, "Andrea Chevier" (Giordano), sung by Caruso. INSTRUMENTAL. "The Broken Melody," 'cello acena with orchestra, spoken and played by August van Biene. Fire Music, "Die Walhure" (Wagner), Coldstream Guards Band. The October list is full of variety, and com- prises band, songs, quartette, duet. piano, vio fin and 'ceilLo pieces. A number of tihe famous "red label" records, togetihor with SODfgs al.J duets by the celebrated Caruso, Madame Melba, and Madame Calve, have been submitted for outr inspection. Duets by Caruso, Melba, and other operatic "stars" stilt find many pur- dhaeerg at j61 each, but the 12-inch records of tfbese great artistes have been reduced to 126 6d at wihich prioe we pronounce them oheao. The red label records are chiefly troo of famous Oontinicrital singers. When one conqptre3 their voices with thoae of our English singers tSie lat tor seem hau-d and metallic in comparison. They lack the richness of tone and vivid colour- ing 80 characteristic off Italian and German artistes. To hear Caruso and' Marcel Journet is to hear the greatest operatic singers of the dey, and at prioes within the reacih of the most modeist purse- Mr Edward Lloyd's rendering of "The Min- strel Boy" is a perfect perfonmarnce. Men- delssohn's "I'm a Roamer," suing by Mr Rao- ford, is a remarkable buffa song, and i3 an abao luto foat of vocalisation; in fact we have heard nothing like it before- Mr Jdhn Co a tc.8 Kings Boito's song with fine dramatic power, and fully maiinitaina his reputation as one of our best English tpnckrs. Mr John Harrison is e- preisented by two .records- The Flower Song in "Carmen." is probably^one of the best recox's of the song ever made in English, and Mr Wil- liams' high C is worthy of Caruso himself. This well-known tenor is to be complimented upon his performance. Miejs Susan Strong is introduced for tihe fhst time to the puiblic by means of the gramophone. To the majority of our remdea-s sho is probably unknown, but a few seasons ago this gifted so- prano made a stir in Wagnerian roles at Covent Garden. Her voice is of intensely beautiful timbr, and !he.r rendering- of one of Sohubert's most romia.rka.ble songs is one of the finest examples of English dramatic singing ever yet produced. A feature cif her Birfiid'ay Song is the remarkably fi-,e accompaniment by the com- poser himself. Sig. Francesco Cigada and tihe fanions La Scala Symphonv Orcfhestra nerform their allotted parts in the well-known Prologue (Pagliacci) in Loomoavalia very beautifully. Tho orchestral passages are playod with perfect precision and deligihtful expression, whilst the great baritone singer renders Tonio's song' in masterly fashion- The prologue is for the first time reproduced in full upon two records. Quite a remarkable record 113 that in which Augusta van Biene, the actor musician, gives t'he scene from the famous play in which he has appeared so many times- He speaks in- troductory lines which leads to the playing of the well-known melody whioh he renders with a toudhrng expression. The climax is most dramatic and proves cf the most remark- able effects recorded. This record should1 certainly not be overlooked- The Fire Muisio in Wagner's "Die Walhure" makes up one of the grandest musical pictures Wagner car wrote, and is splendidly executed by the Cold- steam Guards. Local a<Teinits for Gramophone Recoris:- Banger—Mr Nevrae?. LhncPudno.-Belll's Music Warehouse. Coliwyn Bay—Mr Fleet. Rhyl. —Mr Che-t"ai11.

UNiVERSITY COLLEGE OF NORTH WALES. MANSION HOUSE MEETING IN SUPPORT. The Lord Mayor of London (Sir Wilflaam P. Tneloar) has consented., as one of the last aciff of his memorable mayoralty, to place the Man- sion House at the disposal of the friends and g nive. I supporters of the University College of Nort.h Wales. Bangor, for the purpose of holding a public meeting to promote the fund for tne erection of the new college buildings. In accordance with Marbsion House custom, the Lord Mavor will probably presidte at the meeting. Lord Kenyon. president of the < ol- lege; Sir Harry Reichel, the principal. and. several distinguished supporters of the institu- tion are expected to speak-

I THE NEW REMEDY. For Loss of Flesh and Weakness. Increases Weight I-lb. per Week. Costs only a Few Pence. It you are thin, weak or debilitated 1rom any cause, oar if you suffer from indigestion, ner- vousness, or palpitation, a certain yet perfectly and invaluable remedy which can lie dbtained for a few pence is Dr. Cassell's Tab- lets. Tiheoo tablets build flesh and create nerv3 force and bodily (Strength in a manner that surprise^ everyone who taikes thom. They eihould bo jivon to children for rickets, weak cheats, or defective nourishment, and taken by- adults far any form of nerve and bodily weak- ness- Stout people may take them without &ear off inorep.ss of adipose tissue because of their extraordinary uower of absorbing fat and con venting it iruto sowid. healthv flesh, blood, bone, and muscle- Ask your dhemist for Dr- Caseall's T'^biota, at tenponoo-halfl)eany.

LLANRWST PETTY SESSIONS. PROSECUTION BY THE CONWAY RIVER CONSERVATORS. The fortnightly sessions were held at Llan- rwst on Monday, Col. Johnstons presiding. The other magistrates present were Dr. T. E- Jornes, Messrs L. W. Jeilif Pettit, John Black- wall, J. R. Williams. E. Mills, and W. Hughes. A FISHERY PROSECUTION. Jdhn Ca&sy and John Lovell. botih. residing iu Scotland-street, Llanrwst, were charged at the instance of the Conway River Board of Comservatoirs for being in possession of a gaff with the alleged intention to kill salmon on the 22nd September last. Mr R. O. Davies appeared to prosecute, and' Mr E. Davies Jones defended Casey, the other man not putting in an appearance Mir Davies said that on Sunday morning, the 22nd September, one of the river watoh,-rl% was proceeding in tihe direction of Plas Tirion pooii, which formed part of the Conway river, when he saw the two defendants. The watcher hid behind a bush and saw both men standing on tihe bank by the riverside. Lovell jumped down, and Casey proceeded to the hedge and out from it a huge stick, which he handed to Lovell. Afte-r waiting some time the otther water bailiff oame along, and Casey evidently saw them;, and he sra..id something to his partner- By tho time the watchers got u/p to them,, tihey Sound a piece of the stiok lying in the water, and the otihar end on tihe bank- When asked what they were doing tihe defendants said they were simply playing by the riverside. Both men were searched, but nothing was found upon them,. Tibia men then went away, but later on t'he watchers eeardhed about, and found' a huge gaS hanging on the branches ctf a bush about five yards away. It was quite wet. and appeared to have just oonne out of the water- The watchers alto noticed two salmon in the pool close to tihe bank, and one of them bore a soar near too tail, evidently caused by the poinit of a gaff. Robert WiMtajns, one of tho watchers, said he isaw Lovell throw turf into the river to dis- turb the fish. When questioned the defendants said1 they were only intendling to orctss tihe river to gather nuts. It was impossible to orons iho river at this point, as the water was between eight and ten feet deep. Hughes. witness's mate, found the gaff hanging on a branch. In cnosa-examination the witness sai dgie was watdhing the defendants for nearly half an hour. Thos. Hughepi, another watcher, corroborated, and in reply to Mr E- Davies Jones he said it was not a very extraordinary tJhing to find gaffs along the river Conway- For tihe defence, Mr Davies Jones said that Casey was a man who had urifortunatelv been in trouble -W.,ore on several occasions, but his conduct on this occasion was that of an inno- cent man. Neither of the watchers stated that they saw Casey with a gaff, and the only thing was that it was suspicions. The Bench decided to fine Casey J31 and costs, or in default one month's imprisorum j .it, and Lovell C2 and costs. The usual advocate's fee was allowed. Mr Davies Jones: May I ask for time to pay on behalf of Casey? Cod- Johnstone: No, I don't think so. Mr Davies Jones: I am asking the Bench in general. Tha Chairman, after consulting his brotihor magistrates: No. Mr Davies Jones: Is that the decision of the majority;, because I dton't think there is a ma- jority. Are the Bendh unanimous in refusing time ? Col. Jcih.r,stone: No, it is by a majoritv. LIFE IN SCOTLAND-STREET. James Rowland! Rowland Rowlands, and Henry Davies, all hawkers, residing in Scot- land-street, were (summoned1 by Supt. WooJJam for bemg drunk and disorderly on the ..3rd September. Davies was the only defendant who appeared. Supt. Wooilam said that -on the night in question he heard a row in ScotlamJstreet, and! proceeded tihere- He found the three de- fendants theire stripped and fighting with twc; young men named Daly and Fury. There -is a disgraceful row there, and a crowd .of about 200 people had collected. Witness had great difficulty in getting the three defendants to he house. One of them had committed a very sciricus assault on a Mrs Daly, who waa lying u'noofloc.iolV3, and MO had to be carried into the 'house. Stic remained unconscious for some timo. The Bench fined Davies 5s and costs, and ordered the other two to pay 10s and costs each. DRUNKENNESS. Jeremiah Jackson, Scotland-street, was rum- moned by the superintendent cif the police for being d'runk and disorderly on Saturday, the, 28th September. Defendant did not appear- The Superintendent said that a cut 11-15 p.m. be saw Jackson drunk in Denbigh-street. He fed down, and Constable Hecate started him Ihome. In Plough-street witness had occa- sion to go up to him again, and he then be came very disorderly, and us{'d' very bad lan- guage. Replying to the .magistrates the Superintendent said this was defendant's 11th apptarailoo, and he had been plaoed on the blaok list. A fine of 5s and costs wis inflicted- P.C. Holgate charged William Owen, River- terraoe, witih being dfrunk and' disorderly on the 28th September in Narrow-street, and Ae wa3 ordered to pay a fine cif 2s 6d and costs. David Jones, Narrow-street, was also made to pay a fine of Is and costs for being drunk and disorderly on the 30th September. OBSTRUCTING THE POLICE: HEAVY PENALTY Pet-er Casey, Scotland-street, was SLIrOrrtoneO by Supt. Wooilam for obstructing tihe police w'hi'lst in the execution of their duty on the night of the 28th September. Supt. Wooilam said that whilst persuading a defendant, wiho had been previously convicted to go home. Casey came up and interfered- told Casey to allow the man to go home I quietly, and told him to go as well- Casey ;hen drew out of his pocket a filbert thick stick about a foot long, with a huge knob at 1-iie end' of it. He held it at witness, and in A threatening attitude said he would split h;8 head. Witness prepe/red to meet a blow with his own stick. It wal a moot formidable wea- pon, and the obstruction waig vory serious. Defendant, who did not appoar. was fired £ 5 aird ocsts, or in dofaullt one month's imprison- ment.

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CAPITAL AND LABOUR. MR LEVER'S ARGUMENTS AGAINST SOCIALISM. INTERESTING ARTICLE. The following article, written by Mr Lever, the well-known soap magnate and one of our keenest men of business, will bo read with m. terest at this time. Mr Lercr is a Liberal in politics, and one of the largest employers of .labour. The article is a long and closely rea- sonfed statement in which Mr Lever exposes the Socialist attitude towards capital and labour, He points to the miserable pittance which would result to each individual in the United Kingdom if all capital were confiscated and then passes on to the benefits labour has received during the last thirty years through the operation of natural forces and of its trade unions. He adds: "The Board of Trade returns show that labour has received 20 per oent. increase in wages, accompanied by 25 per oent. decrease in the cost of oamtmodities, which means for every 20s paid in wages thirty years ago there is now 24s paid, and the commodities tha.t cost 208 thirty years ago now cost 15s, a solid gain of 9s per week for labour. So we find that by peaceful processes, working in the ordinary way, labour has- secured benefits solid and sub- stantial, more surely and probably more lasting than it would have secured by confiscating the capital of the country and all the implements and means of production. Therefore, we may adduce from this that labour has received the whole of what labour has created, and tha.t any attempt to enrich any one section of the com- munity at the expense of any other section is not iliikely to be successful. We can only im- prove the well-being of the whole nation by im- proving the well-being of every section of the community." OBJECTION TO SOCIALISM. Mr Lever's objection to Socialism is tha.t it would attempt to benefit some at the expense of others. "You ca.nnot increase the wealth of the coammumiity or of any class permanently by any method of confiscation or redistribution whatsoever." "How did capital come into existence?" he asks. "Suppose we just imagine our earliest ancestors. They would be living on roots, on fruits, and on seeds that they gathered. They would have no cultivation; they would also be living on the game they were able to trap or capture, or the fish they could catch. Let us suppose a community of 100 of these ancestors of ours living in this way. Every member would have to gather in for himself or herself; they would have to be constantly at work, iust as the birds are to feed themselves and theiir young. And now we will imagine tha.t ten men and women of this hundred offer to make spades for the purpose of digging up the roots, another ten offer to make bows and arrows, and another ten offer to build boats to go fishing, and an- other ten offer to build huts for protection from the weather, on condition that in exchange for the providing of these implements of produc- tion by these forty people they should receive clothing, food, and shelter as consideration from the sixty who would be using the impleonents of production they were going to create. IMPLEMENTS OF PRODUCTION. "The sixty remaining would find that with the aid of these implements of production they could obtain for the whole community of 100 more food and clothing and better shelter with less labour to themselves than they could under the old conditions have provided for themselves alone. That is to eay that with the aid of these implements of production they were able to make enough for themselves and the other forty who created thef06 implements and that not- withstanding that they now produced for the whole community they had more leisure and less exhaustion for themselves than when they worked without implements for themselves alone. And being better off under this system they would adopt it permanently, a.nd in future their community would be conducted on these lines. This would then be the first introduction of capital—the implements of production—and some members of the tribe would permanently devote their lives to the creation of these im- plements of production, and receive their return in food, shelter, and clothing. Therefore, you see that capital and the imple.ments of pro- duction must have had a. very long history. And what do we find to-day? We find that the production of wealth and its distribution js most general a.nd most equal where capital i81 most plentiful." AVERAGE INCOME. "In the United Kingdom the productive capital per head is two and a. haltf times that of the Continent of Europe, and the income per head averages double. In the United Kingdom the capital is five times that of Italy, Spain, and Portugal, and the income per head is increased in proportion again. In England, capital is twelve timea tha.t of China and India, and the income per head is thir- teen times tha.t of China and India. In England labour itself is only 4 per cent. of the productive power, and capital is 96 per oent. of the productive power as represented by machinery; that is, labour represents 4 per cent. of the productive power and machinery— in other words, capital—represents 96 per cent. In Spain labour is 24 per cent.; in Italy labour 34 per oent.; and in Portugal labour is 42 per cent., and consequently we find that the productive power of four Englishmen is equal to that of twenty-four Spaniards, thirty-four Italians, and forty-two Portuguese, and it is probably equal to sixty Chinamen and Hindoos, and that wa-ges are proportionately higher in England. Therefore, this extra earning power, just as in the caee of our first forefathers, when it was provided by bow and arrow, has been provided by capital. When this fact is grasped I venture to say that workmen will cease to rail against capital, and will view capital as the friend of labour."

COWLYD WATER BOARD. A REJECTED SCHEME. A special meeting of the Conway and Colwyn Bay Joint Water Board was held a.t the Guild Hall, Conway, on Friday afternoon, Mr Hugh Owen presiding, and the other members present were: Dr. R. A. Prichard, Messrs George Bevan, John Williams, Rogers Jones, D. O. Williams, Edward Roberts, John Williams, Colwyn Bay; William Davies. Hugh Hughes, and J. Dicken, together with Mr T. E. Parry (clerk), Mr C. F. Farrington (representing Mr T. B. Farrington, engineer to the Board), Mr R. S. Chamberlain (solicitor to the Board). Mr F. A. Delamotte (engineer to the Conway Corporation). THIRTY-TWO LEAKAGES. It was. reported that the extraordinary traffic by heavy motor oa.r and steam traction engine over the main road between Dolgarrog and Porthilwyd had caused no less than 32 leakages in the main under the roadway. Mr C. F. Farrington, assistant engineer, eta-ted that the least depth of the pipe under the road- way was 2ft. 8in., which was quite sufficient for ordinary traffic. The Board, on the motion of Mr J. Dicken, seconded by Mr W. Davies, decided to send to tho Aluminium Corporation, who arc the owners of the works in connection with which the traffic is carried on, and aieo to the contractors, Messrs Bott and Stenitt, an a.ocount of the cost already incurred in making good the damage, and an intimation that any further damage would also be claimed for. THE RAINFALL. Mr C. F. Farrington submitted the report of his father, Mr T. B. Farrington, who was absent through illness. The report stated that the raiinfali for the month of August was 6.10 inches, against 10.10 inches in the corresponding month of last year, being a decrease of 4.00 inches. The rainfall to the end of August was 39.30 against 54.80 inches for the sa.me period of last year being a decrease of 15.50 inches. The lake was below overflow level during the whole of the month, the lowest being 7 inches on the 1st a.nd 5th. Rain fell on 18 days against 14 days in the same month of 1906. The rainfall for the month of September was 1.50 inches against 2.00 inches in the correspond- ing month of last year, being a decrease of .5C inches. The rainfall to the end of September was 40.80 inches, against 56.GO inches for the 5a,me period of last year, being a decrease of 16.00 inches. The lake was full for the first ten days, and was below overflow level for the remainder of the month, the lowest bein"- 8 inches on the 30th. Rain fell on two days against the same number in the corrcfiDondin0- month of 1906. e A REJECTED SCHEME. Correspondence printed in the minutes indi- cated tnat the Board have dec-lined to consent to tne scheme of the North Wales Power Gom- pany, who proposed to build a new dam pome distance lower down the valley of the Clwvd. to increase immensely t.he area of the Jake pro- viaed the Boa,rd would consent to sell their rights in the lake except the right to take a given quantity of water. The Board went into committee to. consider commumcationo from the Local Government Board respecting t.he proposed new pipe-tine" to Co.wyn Bay and other matters connected with the water rights. Mr R. S. Chamberlain, the Loara s solicitor, was in attendance.

Mr C. Hart Merriman, of tihe Department of Agriculture, has prepared a consensus of re parts from many sources containing evidence far and against tliC sparrow. 0- these 168 a-e in 'the favour, 857 are against it, and 43 are neutral- Because 'a fortune-teller told them that their son would one dUy be a great poet, Mr and Mirs Oliver Browne, of Trenton, New Jersey have decided to obripten the child Loingfellow Milton Tonuyaon Burns Browning Browne-

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THE REVIVAL OF THE SHOULDER SCARF. It is quite extraordinary the present oraze for the shoulder scarf, says the "Tribune," Paris, correspondent. Last year we had with us these pret,ty details of the feminine toilette, but they did not achieve any very marked suooess; nov#, however, these scarves have come to us in serious spirit, and they have come to stay. It is very necessary in this connection to give a word of warning; the wearing of shoulder scarves successfully is no siropo matter. Thero are women specially mado-or so it would seem —for the purpose of carrying a trailing scarf across their arms, just as in the days of our great-grandmothers there were women who were born to carry a. shawl—gracefully. A long scarf, of the order .now so fashionable, makes great demands on its wearer; it must be accompanied by a suitable gown of the "picture" order, and the wearer must have in heTself some "picture" elements, otherwise a crepe de chine or chiffon scarf Jooks merely ridiculous. I have seen transparent scarves drawn tightly across the shoulders of ladies of uncertain age, and the result was not good. Neither can these fluffy affairs be carried with hope of success by the tailor-made girl. It requires a tall, slender woman of graceful movements, a woman who unconsciously con- veys the impression that walking exercise is foreign to her, and that it had never been necessary for her to ask the price off anything. The description is, of course, so-merwhat ex- aggerated, but vou know what I mean. The transparent scarf is anathema. when it looks as if it might be expected to be of any possible use. CRESTS NOT FASHIONABLE. "In aristocratic circles here it is no longer considered fashionable for ladies to embellish their note paper with the family crest," reports a Parish correspondent of the "Gentlewoman." Only thoeo 'who have no ancestors' will probably continue to do so. But in the place of the dis- carded crest there will be a motto, a device wherein the lady makes, so to speak, a kind of public confession of what is uppermost in her mind. I have seen several of these devices, and truth compels me to say that they reflect but little credit on these ladies' ima.ginati.ve faculties. The mania of airing one's ideas in this fashion is not a new one. Tho vogue existed many years ago, a.nd was much favoured by those who practise self-advertisement. Thus, one lady's notepaper was headed 'Wagner and Beethoven,' which, by the uneducated, was sometimes taken for the name of a firtm."

WELSHPOOL AND LLANFAIR LIGHT RAILWAY. ANNUAL MEETING. The Earl of Powis presided over the annual meeting of the Welshpool-Llanfair Light Rail- way, at Welshpool. The report for the year ending December 31st, 1906, showed that the gross receipts of the line, which is eight miles in length, amounted to J62967 16s lid, an increase of E46 17s 4d. Of this sum 60 per cent. was taken by the Cambrian Railways Company for working expenses, leaving a net revenue to the Light Railway Company of L1175 10s lid. The Chairman eaid he was glad to report a still further increase during the first portion of the current year, and hoped it would continue. One of the criticisms levelled against the com- pany had been that they could not carry timber of any length, but during the pas-t, year that difficulty had been overcome, and they had carried timber in the rough in lengths varying from 46ft. to 72ft. in length, and with an aver- age of 60ft. They hoped now that the bulk of the timber would now come down the line, instead of being hauled down the roads. They were not able to recommend the payment of a dividend at present, but they had met i' I charges for intereot on debenture loans and mortgages, and also the instalments in redemption of de- benture stock and loans by local authorities. If the big companies had to do that they would not be able to pay the dividends to ordinary share- holders they now paid. Eventually this w'culd lead to the good of the shareholder.

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On Monday, over 1000 Sim'Jay school teach- ers and officer^ from various parts of Denbign- gTaire aeoeroifoled at a ireosption given bv the Mayor and Mayoress 01 Wrexham (Councillor and' 1\1'1"3 Hughes) at the Victoria Hali Wrexham, to iiicnt Mr G. H. Archibald!, < t. toils ion lectaror of the Sunday Scihooti Union.

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A tenancy rrom year to year can, in the case of an agricultural holding, be deter- mined only by one year's notice to quit. That is the rule, but the landlord and ten- ant may agree in writing that a half year's notice shall be sufficient. If the landlord desires to get possession of only part of tho holdings he is at liberty to give a partial notice to quit. He must, however, state the purpose for which he requires the land. The objects he is entitled to have in view are the erection of labourers' cottages, the pro- viding of gardens to existing cottages, the creation of allotments for labourers, the planting of trees, and the obtaining of brick earth, gravel, or sand. His notice, if it specifies one of these purposes, cannot be ob- jected to on the ground that it applies to part only of the holding. The tenant's right to compensation remains the same, whether the notice to quit applies to the entire hold- ing or to only a portion of it. Yet not quite the same, for if the withdrawal of part of his holding depreciates the value to him of what he continues to occupy, he is entitled to bo compensated for the loss. Let us, in conclusion, glance at some of the provisions of the Agricultural Holdings Act, which, as already mentioned, will come into operation in 1909. In the first place, there is an addition to the improve- ments for which compensation may be claimed by the tenant without the consent of the landlord having been obtained to the making of them. Repairs to buildings, be- ing buildings necessary for the proper culti- vation or working of the holding, other than repairs which the tenant himself is bound to execute'' is the important addition to the improvements which the tenant may make after merely giving the landlord no- tice of his intention. Further, compensa- tion is payable to the tenant for what the Act calls unreasonable disturbance." A landlord who terminates a tenancy with- out good and sufficient cause and for reasons inconsistent with good estate management," or who compels the tenant to leave the hold- ing by making an unreasonable demand for an increased rent, must make good to the tenant the loss or expense he unavoidably incurs in connection with the sale or removal of his live-stoek, produce, implements and household goods. Another striking provision of the new Ag- ricultural Holdings Act is that the tenant, regardless of agreement or custom, may fol- low any system of cropping he pleases. This provision has, in the interests of good husbandry, been the subject of much criticism, but there is another clause in the Act to which nobody, certainly not a sportsman, will be inclined to object. A tenant who has not the right of shooting over his holding is entitled to be compen- sated for damage done by game to his crops, growing or reaped. If the right to kill and take the game is vested in neither the land- lord or the tenant, the landlord is entitled to be indemnified against the tenant's claim by the person to whom the right does be- long. The new Small Holdings and Allot- ments Act makes a large number of altera- tions in the law affecting small holders, but they are much too numerous to be men- tioned in the present article, the main ob- ject of which is to explain the law now in force.