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MONARCHS AND THEIR MURDERERS.
[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] MONARCHS AND THEIR MURDERERS. By LADBROKE BLACK. AN AMERICAN CRIME. In dealing with the assassination of Alex- ander II. of Russia I stated that the Anar- chists were not organised until after the failure of Soborieff's attempt in 1879. Lest there should be any misunderstanding on this point, it would be as well, perhaps, to state that this remark refers to the secret organisa- tion of that section of the Anarchists who carry their creed to the logical conclusion of force. In one sense the Anarchists have been organised ever since 1869, when Bakunin, one of the apostles of Anarchism, with a body of his followers, entered the Conference of the International Working Men's Association held at Basle. Since then, from time to time, these doctrinaire Anarchists or Indi- vidualists have held regular conferences. The last, I believe, took place at Rome, within a stone's throw of the Vatican. But these doc- trinaire Anarchists must be distinguished clearly from their more advanced brothers and sisters who seek to spread the faith by murder and terror. The English owe their freedom from this species of atrocity to the distinction they make between thought and action. An Anar- chist who attempts to propagate hie doctrines by ordinary philosophical arguments may live out a peaceable existence in England; but on the Continent, where the terror inspired by the dread doings of the Central Committee of Combat has bitten deep into the heart of the official world, this distinction is not admitted. A doctrinaire Anarchist is looked upon as an enemy of organised society, and as such is hounded from place to place by the police and their army of spies. It is small wonder that, under these circumstances, men and wo- men are driven from the passive into the active ranks of Anarchism—that from simply believing organised society to be wrong they grow into thinking it right to use every means to destroy that society. Educated persons, who in their ordinary life are quiet and good and inoffensive, have been forced by police persecution into honestly holding it to be a moral duty to murder the rulers of the world. After Bresci's assassination of King Humbert of Italy that criminal decadent received hun- dreds of letters and telegrams from people of every grade of society, congratulating him on what he had done and lauding his heroism. On the other hand, it would be wrong to ascribe to the secret machinations of the militant Anarchists every one of those crimes that have been committed in their name. I have made inquiries here and abroad, and I am almost satisfied that the assassination of President McKinley by the Polish Anarchist who gave his name as Czolgosz was not the result of a plot by the secret societies. I use the word" almost," for it is sometimes im- possible to trace the handiwork of the Cen- tral Committee. They work so ingeniously, sometimes employing through their innu- merable agents men who never even suspect that they are being made to do the work of others, that it is a matter of great difficulty to say whether such-and-such a criminal was in- spired from headquarters. To this day the American police, who possess probably the finest detective force in the world, have been unable to make up their minds on this point. The unfortunate wretch Czolgosz, it will be remembered, declared that he was inspired to commit the deed by Miss Goldman, the cele- brated Anarchist lecturer. Mies Goldman, when interviewed on the subject after the crime, at first declared she did not know the man, but then went on to remark that she scarcely remembered anything about him ex" cept that he had a pale complexion. When pressed to explain how it was that she knew that the man with the pale complexion was the man who killed the President, she an- swered with the somewhat unsatisfactory re- tort, "I guessed it from the newspapers." Miss Goldman played no part, either active or passive, in the death of President McKin- ley, but the fact that she knew Czolgosz and attempted to disguise her knowledge might argue the existence of some carefully-hatched plot against the President's life in which Czolgosz was to play the leading part, but of which Miss Goldman had only heard the merest rumours. There is another matter also which requires some elucidation. Czolgosz, when he fired the fatal shot, had the revolver hidden be- neath a handkerchief which was tied round his hand. A man is supposed to have con- fessed to the police that he had tied this handkerchief for the assassin. He must, therefore, have known about the crime, and, acquainted as I am witE the workings of the Central Committee, I maintain that it is quite conceivable that they employed a long chain of agents, who culminated in the man who tied the handkerchief and Czolgosz. But this is the merest surmise. Whether Czolgosz was a tool in the hands of other and cleverer men, or simply a fana- tical lunatic acting under the influence of his own unbalanced judgment, the fact re- mains that.his deed was hailed with salvoes of <• • r.s and the wildest expressions of en- thusiasm by all the Anarchist societies throughout the United States. A group of Anarchists at Mackeesport celebrated the event with feasts and singing, and the names of Bresei and Czolgosz were acclaimed as those of men who had liberated the world. And this meeting was but a counterpart of similar gatherings elsewhere. The story of the crime must be so fresh in the m:innry of everyone that it hardly needs retelling. President McKinley had been at- tending the Pan-American Exhibition at Buffalo, and on September 6th, 1901, he a great speech, setting out America's new world policy. Afterwards he held a reception in the Temple of Music. As usual, he had to shake hands with a long line of enthusiastic citizens. Among them a well-dressed young man approached and held out hie hand. As the resident grasped it the other fired two shots at him, one of which entered his breast and the other his abdomen. Eight days later the President died. Czolgosz, m a confession made soon after arrest, declared that certain words of l-iss Grid man's had burnt into his brain, and had determined him to (kill the Presi- ) dent. He had hung about the Exhibition f' om September 3rd in the hope of finding n; opportunity. On the fourth day he found 1" chance, and took it. "I killed President I eKinlev because I have done by duty. I don't believe that one man should have so r¡11Ch service and that another man should 've none." Nine days after the President expired Czolgosz was tried, found guilty, and sen- tenced to death. Though at first he seemed Inclined to wish to incriminate Miss Gold- 1 '"in, at the end he frankly took the blame n himself, and actually in the death chair ¡ ;;1dly gloried in his crime. That last scene y, a probably one of the most gruesome exe- cutions ever witnessed. On October 29th, 1901, the death chamber a' the State Prison of Auburn, New York, ^as prepared. A certain number of witnesses bad taken tlieir seats at one end; fronting them was the fatal chair, and in an adjoining rOOIn was the electric switch-board, under the control of an electrician. Shortly after seven, 11 a signal from the chief warden, Czolgosz as brought in, guards on either side holding is arms. He stumbled as he entered, and ha^6^ *°r support he received he would i Vl0 fallen. As hie was urged forward wards the seat of death be again stumbled
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Ton-Pentrej Police Court.
Ton-Pentre j Police Court. Monday.—Before the Stipendiary (Mr. Arthur Lewis), Alderman Richd. Lewis, Alderman Wm. Morgan, and Mr. T. P. Jenkins. TEMPORARY TRANSFER OF LICENSE Mr. 0. Matthews, Pontypridd, applied for a temporary transfer of the license of the Adare Hotel, Tonypandy, from the present licensee, Mr. Dobson, to Mr. E. A. Bell. The application was granted. OLUB STEWARD CHARGED WITH DRUNKENNESS. Jeremiah O'Flynn, the steward of the Hibernian Oluh, Tonypandy, was sum- moned for drunkenness. Mr. D. W. James, Tonypandy, defended. P.O. Preece said that lie saw defendant at 11 o'clock on 26th February hopelessly drunk. The charge was vigorously denied. On oath, defendant said that on 26th February he was given a lialf-holiday. He went to' the Hippodrome early in the evening, but not liking the performance, he went out with some friends and went to the White Hart Hotel. Here he had a few bottles of Bass," and was quite sober when he went to the club premises at 10.30 p.m. He had nothing to drink at the club, and on leaving the club he was accompanied by several of the com- mittee of the club. J. Brooks, hairdresser, said defendant had had a drop of drink, but he certainly was not drunk. The Stipendiary: How do you judge whether a, man is under the influence of drink or not? Witness: He would talk rather louder than usual, whilst he would stagger more than his usual balance." Thomas Giles corroborated. Cross-examined by Inspector Williams: .You have a reason to be here?—Certainly, sir. And Mr. Brooks?—Yes. Mr. James: I don't know what reason Inspector Williams suggests. The Stipendiary: The reason is that, as officials of the club, it isi to their interests to have a sober steward. The case was dismissed. CHARGE AGAINST PENTRE PUB- LICAN FALLS THROUGH. Herbert Davies, licensee of the Queen's Hotel, Pentre, was summoned for permit- ting drunkenness and supplying a, drunen man named William John (48), collIer, Treorchy, with beer. Mr. A. T. James appeared: to defend. P.S. James said that about five minutes past nine on the 29th February, in com- pany with P.O. Neyland, he visited the hotel in question, and in the bar saw John in a very drunken condition, staggering between the table and the counter. He staggered against the mantelpiece, and afterwards gulped down a, quantity of beer from a, glass measure. The landlord was standing behind the counter, with his hands in his pockets, looking at the drunken man, whilst Miss Gillett, a, barmaid, also stood behind the counter and laughed at the man. When asked to account for the condition of John, Davies made no reply, and seeing that no attempt was being made to turn the man out, witness ordered him out. Later, witness told the defendant that he would be reported. P.O. Neyland corroborated. Herbert Davies, the defendant, in the witness-box, said that he had only held the license of the Queen's Hotel since Nov. last. Previous to, that he held the license of the Half Moon Hotel, Carmarthen, one of the leading hotels in that town, and previous to that held the license of the Greenfield Hotel, Ystrad. During his tenure of these licenses, no conviction had been recorded against him. Witness denied that the man was drunk, or that I he (witness) stood behind the counter looking at him. Corroborative evidence was given by Blanche Gillett and Lizzie Howells, the Stipendiary intimating that it was un- necessary to call further witnesses, as the case against defendant was not sufficiently strong, and he would be given the benefit of it. BREACHES OF COLLIERY RULES. Samuel Holter and Gwilym Ellis, light- carriers, employed at the Cambrian Col- liery, Clydach Vale, were fined 20s. each tor opening their lamps whilst in the mine. Wm. Perks, who had a, match in his possession in the same mine, was fined 40s. Mr. W. Kenshole, Aberdare, prosecuted. DRUNKS. John Parry, Blaenyewm, 10s. Richard Stephens, Tonypandy, 158.. Richard Price, Gilfach Goch, 10s.
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MONARCHS AND THEIR MURDERERS.
slightly, this time on the rubber-covered plat- form on which the chair rested. There was something so boyish about Czol- gosz at this moment, so I have been told by an eye-witness of the scene, that tho&e who were there to watch the end could with diffi- culty restrain their feelings of pity. He car- ried himself proudly erect, but the intense pallor of his cheeks and the quivering of his chin told the real physical state of his feel- ings. In taking his seat he looked at the wit- nesses in front of him with a calm, steady stare. The guards were busy buckling the straps round legs and arms. While they were so engaged, Czolgosz did a thing unparalleled in the grim history of electrocution. He
MONARCHS AND THEIR MURDERERS.
addressed the witnesses, speaking in a per- fectly calm and unmoved voice "I killed the President, he said, "because he was the enemy of the good people, the good working people, and I am not sorry for my crime." He could say no more, for at that moment the guard seized his head and pushed it back on the rubber head-rest of the chair, drawing the leather thongs across his forehead and his chin. As the straps were tightened round the jaw, he mumbled aloud, "I am awfully sorry I couldn't see my father." These were the last words of the wretched being who had thought to create a new heaven and a new earth by committing an abominable and an atrocious crime. The guards stepped back, the warden raised his hand, and 1,700 volts of electricity were passed through the chair. The un- fortunate man's body suddenly became stiff and erect, the straps creaked under the pressure, his hands clenched; for five seconds he, remained thus, and then the current was slowly reduced, to be turned on again with full force for two or three seconds. At the end of this period Czolgosz the Anarchist was dead, and those who witnessed the terrible scene—for an execution by electrocution is most ghastly to witness—hurried out almost overcome by their emotions. Since the great outbreak of Anarchism in 1894 the laws dealing with the propagation of this dangerous doctrine have become more and more severe with every crime committed. The police forces have been enormously in- creased, and all over the Continent detectives swarm in their thousands. There is hardly an Anarchist who is not known to the authorities. His every movement is watched and commented upon. If he lives in France, and takes a fancy to go to Italy, the fact is telegraphed all along the line upon which he must travel. As soon as he reaches his des- tination he is shadowed, and if a very sus- picious character is sent back. He is re- garded as a sort of leper, from whose com- pany every man shrinks. He is trampled upon and persecuted without mercy and without pity. The ordinary laws of every country except England are suspended where he is concerned, and, harsh though his treatment may seem, it is doubtful whether any other course could be adopted. It is the defence of organised society against the forces of disrup- tion and terror. I remember one terrible case that came to my notice. A certain celebrated Russian Anarchist, Prince Nakachich, who had been concerned in a plot against the Czar, just managed to escape from his native country before the emissaries of the law arrived to arrest him. In his absence he was condemned to death. With his wife he fled to France, and there, on the pretence that he was manu- facturing bombs, he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. At the expiration of that period he was expelled the country and took refuge in Italy. There also the order for his expulsion was promulgated, but he man- aged to hide himself in the slums of Rome. When two months later he was discovered and arrested he was dying of consumption, hastened by starvation. While in hiding his wife had given birth to a son, whom she w as carrying in her arms when his arrest was effected. The Prince himself was carrying a cage containing two little white mice. I do not iknow what their end was, but I have told enough of their tragic story to enable the reader to understand what these enemies of society endure for the sake of-their cause. But though the police and their gangs of spies may hunt down Anarchist after Anar- chist, they have never yet discovered those persons who form the Central Committee of Combat-that dread organisation which holds Europe in the bondage of terror, and lurks like the spectre of death behind the thrones of her Kings.