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SCIENCE NOTES.-1
SCIENCE NOTES. -1 A FUlfCB inventor, we are told by Engineering, lias made i.se of a rubber tube as a core on which to mould pipes of cement and sand. To make a con- tinuous conduit in the ground a trench is dug, and at the bottom of this a layer of cement mortar is placed. On this rests the rubber tube, which is surrounded by canvas and inflated. The remainder of the trench is then filled with cement mortarL and as soon as this is get the rubber core can he deflated and removed for use elsewhere. It is stated that 6in. pipes have been made on this plan out of hydraulic lime and sand, at a cost of about 22 cents per yard." EXPLOSIVES are generally said to be useful for drawing down rain. It seems that Nature is reversed in Austria, however, where a vine-owner is recently said to have successfully applied them to ward off approaching storms from his vines. The district in question is Windisch-Freistritz, in the JBacher Mountains, where very distinctive hail-storms pre- Tail, and the enterprising grower planted a battery of mortars on each of six projecting peaks covering his land. When a black cloud came up all the batteries were fired simultaneously by signal, where- upon the cloud opened like a funnel and expanded until it disappeared. A VBRY curious theory lately revived is that the sap of a living tree ebbs and flows in some way in sym- pathy with thetides of the ocean. This idea comes irom Italy, where a grower of vines and other fruit trees, who is also a chemist, has been experimenting in this direction. He says that no tree should be lopped or pruned except during the hours of ebb tide. He has taken 14 years to come to this conclusion, and now always acts upon it. The result is his trees and Tines have developed beautiful foliage, bear splendid crops, and are quite free from the attacks of the in- sects which devastate surrounding properties. < IT is an ill wind that blows nobody good." The loss of the Gangoot has been the cause of the making of an important and interesting test. With a view to disproving certain statements that had been made to the effect that the transverse partitions in ships were of little use when they had never been tested under water pressure, the constructor of the General Admiral Apraxine, a Russian coast-defence ship of 4126 metric tons displacement, obtained permission to put 500 tons of water into the vessel. The level of the water was 20ft. above the upper keel, but the bulging of the partitions was very slight, and the leakage of no importance. This is, it is stated, the first experiment of the kind performed in any country. IT will doubtless sut prise many to learn that the dealers in human hair do not depend on chance clippings here and there, but there is a regular hair harvest that can always be relied upon. It is esti- mated that over 12,0001b. of human hair is used annually in the civilised world for adorning the heads of men and women, but principally the fair leX. The largest supply of hair comes from Switzer- land, Germany, and the French provinces. There is a human hair market in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, held every Friday. Hundreds of hair traders walk up and down the one street of the Tillage, their shears dangling from their belts, and inspect the braids which the peasant girls, standing on the steps of the houses, let down for inspection. If a bargain is struck the hair is cut, and the money paid on the spot. ONB of the most interesting of submarine craft now being equipped is that of Simon Lake, of Baltimore, designed to creep along ti e bottom of the ocean and And old wrecks, &c., says Fairplay. At a recent test she remained two hours beneath the surface, and guests enjoyed themselves on board, smoking cigars, sc. The plan of communication with wrecks is in having the bow compartment so filled with air tho.t the air pressure will equal the pressure of water from the exterior and prevent its admission. Of course, only drivers in their armour are to be in this air chamber. Some of them tested it the other day, and say that they kept the door open for half an hour from the vessel, but no water entered, and thus access Bud; egress to the hull of the craft is easy. The vessel is named the Argonaut. A MACHINE has been invented which is composed of exquisitely graduated wheels rubbing a tiny diamond point at the end of an almost equally tiny arm, whereby one is able to write upon glass the whole of the Lord's Prayer within a space which measures the two hundred and ninety-fourth part of an inch in length by the four hundred and fortieth part of an inch in breadth, or about the measurement of the dot over the letter i in common print. With this machine anyone who understood operating it could write the whole 3,567,480 letters of the Bible eight times over in the space of an inch-a square inch. A specimen of this marvellous microscopic writing was enlarged by photography, and every letter and point was prefect and could be read with ease. SOME experimenters have lately brought out interest- ing facts about the circulation of air in the soil. It appears that considerable oxygen is absorbed by the roots of plants, and the supply of this oxygen is maintained by air penetrating through the minute interstices of the soil. When the ground is covered with water, or when the molecules, or grains, of soil are dissolved in water and packed into an immense mass, then air cannot circulate below the surface, and vegetation suffers. The experiments referred to show that lime or salt in the soil solidifies the earthy mole- cules and prevent them being dissolved and packed by the action of water; hence the importance of lime in keeping the ground open and permeable for the circulation of both air and rain water. A STRONG combination of steel tubing manufac- turers has been perfected at Toledo, Ohio, and tho new corporation will absolutely represent 90 per cent, of the tubing output of the United States. The consolidation is called the Sheltiy Tube Company,, and is capitalised at 5,000,000dol. under the pro- vision for iron and steel plants in the Pennsylvania statutes. The combination, it is stated, is in a position to make a big bid for foreign trade, as the St efel patents are a part of the assets. The minimum,out- put of the combined mills is 50,000,000ft. An arrangement is to be in force, however, by which tubing for different purposes will be made at. different mills, one taking the bicycle tubing, one ti e Government work, one the flue work, &c. It is ex- pected that the amalgamation will also undertake to produce steel billets by the open-hearth process. A DISCOVERY is reported from abroad which, if it prove genuine, should afford a solution of a difficult problem. While making experiments with the Rontgen rays, a learned prefessor discovered certain black rays that issue from the vacuum tube and pass through the human body. The photographs produced by means of these rays, which have been sty led "critical rays," are not the same when taken of a living body as when taken of a dead one. Photo- graphs of living hands show the skeleton, as in the Bontgen photographs. A dead hand, however, ap- pera in fun, showing all the fleshy integument, whilst the bones remain invisible. It is thought that i by means of these rays it can be ascertained whether a person is really dead or not. THE American Weather Bureau have flown a new cellular kite, present,pg■ a 8Hrface of 7Q e fwj{. to the Wind, to a height of lj The frame- work is of spruce fir, 3oin«d by wires, not nails, and covered with white muslin as durable as bluck Bilk. The kite is rectangular, like that of Har- grave, the Australian, but the construction is diffe- rent and superior to his. The kite carries an ane- mometer and a meteorograph weighing 2!lb. in all. Very fine steel wire, weighing 51b to the mile, is used for the string. For a height of one mile, three miles of wire are required, and the toUlweI(?ht of the wire and instruments for ° f 7000fr is about 251b. The wire is cut inlengthsof /000ft and after each thousand is reeled out. the fl.gh is arrested, until the inclination of the kite isi deter mined by looking through a telescope at a scale on p inner surface of the lite. When a kite has risen above the under currents of air, it is out or danger till it descends into theoMigain..The wire is paid out by a small engine.
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A CURIOUS illustration of the passage from a state of barter to the use of money is found in the fact that pieces of cloth and knives having been used as in some measure a standard of value, so the earliest Chinese coins were made to resemble pieces of cloth or knives. There are two principal kinds of coins— tn9 pu coins, roughly representing a shirt, and the too coins, which are in the form of a knife. too coins, which are in the form of a knife.
GREATER BRITAIN.
GREATER BRITAIN. PBRITA PS the most precious sword in existence is that, of the Gaekwar of Baroda., Its hilt and feeltrari encrusted with diaxnonds. rubies,, and emeralds cftud it is valued at £ 120,000. The Shah of Persia fjos- I Besses a sword valued at £ 10,000, There are some j costly swords in India, and both the Czar and the j Sultan possess jewelled sabres of great price. The j most valuable sword in this country is tpe that wws presented to Lord Wolseley. The hilt is set with brilliants, and it is valued at E2000. j THE Commission appointed by the German Govfcrni- j ment to study the plague in Bombay, and which j commenced its work under the presidency of Pro>- feasor Dr. Gaffky last March, has published the results of its labours in several numbers of the Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift. The report is a very elaborate and exhaustive one. The most interesting part is that which deals with the inquiries made into the respective merits of Yersin's and itaff kine's anti- plague inoculation. Yersin's serum inoculations irt Bombay do not appear to have been as successful as those which he previously carried out in cases of plague at Amoy. Dr. Roux was; however, preparing a yet stronger. serum at the Paris Pasteur Institute, and it was hoped that it might prove more efficacious.. On the other hand, Hafikine's inoculations appear to have been very successful, although the prutection against plague afforded by them is by no means absolute. Haffkine's method consists in adding a weak solution of carbolic acid or essenee of mustard to a virulent growth of plague bacilli, thereby destroying the microbes their products, however, which remain, possess a remark- able protective power. The vaccine may also be pro- cured by heating the plagues-cultures to 65degs. C. for one hour, or during twe hours to 51degs. C. This j method of heating appears to yield the best vaccina. It is impossible here to enter into further detaila of this valuable report, which forms a most important contribution to the scientific literature already exist- ing on plague and its dissemination. Tmll sacred fires of India have not all been extin- guished. The most ancient which still exists was consecrated 12 centuries ago in commemoration of the voyage made by the Parsees when they emigrated from Persia to India. The fire is fed,five times every 24 hours with sandal-wood and other fragrant materials, combined with very dry fuel. This fire, in the village of Oodwada, near Bulaar, is visited by Parseeii in large numbers during the months allotted to the presiding genius of fire» SIR WALTER SEND ALL, who has just been ap- pointed Governor of British Guiana, is still in Cyprus, where he has been High Commissioner since 1892. He will remain in the island for some little time longer, so that it may be well on into the new year before he takes up his new duties in George- town. Sir Walter has done very well in Cyprus, where the official conditions are by no moans com- fortable, and he has been .greatly aided in many ways by Lady Sendall, who is ■ very clever and popular. ONE of the Australian geologists has lately made some interesting observations on what resembles a tidal action of the ground water in the sandy region in the interior. The water rises and falls at regular daily intervals, and the oscillations appear to be too great to be explained as resulting from the .daily variations in atmospheric pressure. THE Earl of Shaftesbury is passionately fond of music and amateur theatricals, and in Australia has acquitted himself with credit in at least one opera. Shortly after his succession, when on a voyage to India, in 1886, he was the promoter and soul of the dances held by the passengers, and made himself immensely popular on board by grinding out waltzes and polkas from a barrel-organ. TIIB inmate of the ParramattaAayJum, Now South Wales, who alleged that he was Sir Roger Tichborne, has been examined by doctors appointed for that purpose by the Government. They have reported that certain marks and peculiarities on Sir R. Tich- borne's body do not exist on that of Cresswell, the man in question. AT the last meeting of the Royal Colonial Insti- tute, Mr. E. P. Gueritz read a paper on "British Borneo." Mr. Gueritz stated that the dawn of British influence in Borneo commenced in 1842, when the late Sir, J. Brooke took those steps which led to the offer, and his acceptance, of the Itajahship of Sarawak, which—formerly part of the Sultanate of Brunei — extended, with recent additions, from a little orer one degree north of the Equator to five degrees north, and had an estimated area of 50,000 square miles with a coast-line of some 400 miles. The lec- turer paid a tribute to the admirable system of government inaugurated by Sir J. Brooke, and car- ried out by his successor, the present Rajah, by which native custom was adhered to with modiilca- tions where the laws of humanity demanded and explained that the administration was carried on with the assistance of native headmen in each dis- trict, the result being a prosperous country and a happy community, affording an object-lesson to those who were called upon in later years to administer neighbouring countries which, one by one, uatue under British protection. The reason given by Mr. Gueritz for the atc-mce of popular know- ledge of Sarawak among the commercial community of London, as compared with that of the native States of the Malay Peninsula, Labuan, and North Borneo, was her inability to compete in mineral wealth with the vast tin deposits of the peninsula. Her coal mines were worked by the Government of 1 the country instead of by a commercial company, and her great rivers had not been thrown open to those whose object would have been to work planta- tions by means of companies floated through the English market. With a population of 300,000, in- cluding many tribes of a warlike nature, the pro- pensity of head hunting among the Dyaks had been successfully coped with, while the Malays were prosperous. Trade, which was generally carried on through Chinese merehants, included exports of tago -flour (of which 15,481 tons were exported in 18!:ltj), gutta, indiarubber, beeswax, birds' nests, qu;ck- silver, tobacco, rice, rattans, and coal, the last- named being worked in two localities, viz., at Sadong (whence the export was 16,973 tons last year) and Brooketon, in Brunei Bay, with an expert of 5316 tons. Last year's returns showed the value of imports and exports as 3,701,394dols. and 3,557,868dole. respectively. Missions had long been established in various parts, and were doing much good through means of their schools. Although without harbours of importance, and bars presented obstacles to the entrance of any but light-draught vesseb to all but the Rejang and Sarawak rivers, ber water-ways were navigable by trading boats into the far interior. Mr. Gueritz drew attention tothepecutinr position of British Borneo with respect to the two great trade routes of Europe, with China and Japan, and of our Australian colonies with the Far East, not only on account of the harbour accommodation afforded, but chiefly through the inexhaustible supply of coal which was present in Brunei Bay. With those coal measures, and its position with re- gard to our trade, Brunei Bay should become an im- portant centre for British shipping, which would te- ceive further inducement by the increased trade that would ensue on the completion of the railway now being constructed by the Chartered Company, having for its terminus the settlement of Spong, some i>0 miles inland, and an objective in Cowie Harbour on the East Coast. The section now under construction would result in the opening up of large areas of planting-land, from which, owing to dilEcuItits of transport, planters had hitherto been excluded. Another benefit would be the prevention of traffic in arms aud munitions of war through the native State of Brunei, which served to divert considerable trade from North Borneo, and at the same time furnished the means of causing disturbance among the inie- rior tribes. The local trade between Borneo and Singapore would be revolutionised by the establish- ment of Brunei Bs, as a pert of call for ocean-going vessels. Attentionwu drawn to the territory as a field for the planter, and reference made to its suc- cfta in regard to the production of tobacco, the an a I of which was being extended. Coffee and coccannts were receiving considerable attention, while manila, emp, and rhea had also been planted, and gambler ° a small extent. An experiment in tea-planting /?na<*e on a considerable scale. The 6 ?7ernnQ6nt geologist pointed to an wS h ^Ti6r0U* gravel in the DarTel B"V district, which had led to the formation of a com- W operation, with a dredger..Samples of eoa«e gold had recently been obtained by Chinese, and difficulties of access having been overcome by the formation of a road, the in- dustry wpulj&tend to the prosperity of the 'country Petroleum was being exploited by an influen,i- I I company with a large capital. The climata a pleasant one, and, with reasonable care, healthy.
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WHEN ent feoeives a letter which is dull be sho:i lie it. H"
! WILLS AND BEQUESTS. ^
WILLS AND BEQUESTS. The exeentors of the wilt, which bears date Juns 16. 1897, of Mr. Henry Chaytor, of Witton Cutlet Durham, J.P. and D.L., who died on June 19 last, aged 85 years, leaving personal estate of the value of £ 146,049 7s. 3d., are his great nephew, Sir William Henry Edward Chay tor, of Croft Hall, fourth baronet, Colonel Henry Hutchinson Trotter, of Bishop Auckland, and Mr. vVilHam Hill, of Poles- I worth, Warwick, colliery manager, to the two last named of whom the testator bequeaths ELAM each; to his nephew, Daroy Chay tor, £ 20u0; to his nephew, Drewett Ormonde Drewett, bf Riding Mill, £2000; to Ralph Nelson, of Bishop Auckland, £ 500; to the testator's butler, William Turnbul!, and to his housekeeper, Mrs. John- son £5()f) each; to his servants, Mary Turnbull, Mary Meek, and Mary Johnson, EVO amh to his servants, William Gent, Willian Bell, and Thomas Bell, £ 100 each; to Ellinor Chaytor, £ 400; and to Dr. McCullach, of Bishop, Auckland, EM. Mr. Chaytor devised all his real estate in trust for his great aephew, Sir William Henry Edward Chaytor, during his life, with remainder to his first and other zone successively in tail male, and with remainder to the brothers of Sir W. H. E. Chaytor successively, and their sons in tail male, and the testator bequeathed his plate, pictures, furniture and household effects, and horses and carriages to his Baid great nephew. He bequeathed the residue of his personal estate as to one moiety thereof to his nephew, John Clervaux Chaytor, of New Zealand, and as to the other moiety to the children of his late eldest brother, and to the children (other than the eldest son) of his late nephew, Sir William Chaytor. The trustees may carry on the testator's mining, manufacturing, and other businesses and may increase or diminish them, or the capital engaged in them, or may sell or con- vert them to an incorporated company. The late Mr. Henry Chaytor was the fourth son of Sir William Chaytor, the first baronet. By his will of February 10., 1897, Mr. John Edward Lea, of 11, EIsworthy-road, Primrose-bill, and of the firm of Wertheimer, Lea, and Co., Circus-place, Finsbury, printer, who died on November 10 last, appointed as sole executor his nephew and partner, Charles Herman Lea, and bequeathed to him, from his share in the partnership capital, E6000, and his share in the partnership business is to be madeupto one- third. He is also to have the option of purchase of the leasehold premises occupied by the firm in Circus- place, and the testator bequeathed to him further E1000. He bequeathed to his nephew, Leonard Lea, JMOOO; to his nephew, Alfred Lea, &6000; and to his nieces, Cecilia Lea Cooper, Annie Elizabeth Badock, Edith Lea, and Gertrude Lea, E5000 each. He bequeathed his leasehold house in Elsworthy-road and its furni- ture to his niece, the said Annie Elizabeth Badock, and he devised his freehold house at Watford to his niece Gertrude Lea. He bequeathed a55 amongst 10 persons in the employment of his firm, and he left the residue of his property in equal shares to his ■aid three nephews, Charles Herman, Leonard, and Alfred Lea, and his said four nieces, Cecilia Cooper, Annie Badock, Edith Lea, and Gertrude Lea. The late Mr. Lea's personal estate, has been valued at E44,393 99. 4d. I j The executors of the will, which bears date Oct. 16, 1896, of Mr. Robert Choules, of Stoneleigh- terrace, Coventry, J.P., wine and spirit merchant, a director of the Northampton Brewery Company (Limited), who. took an active part in public affairs ■in Coventry, are his widow, Mrs. Louise Choules; his son-in-law, Robert Brewin Bowlby, of Swindon, brewer; and John Pierce Ward, of Coventry, bank cashier, to the two last-named, of whom the testator bequeathed £ 50 each, and to Mrs. Choules £ 400, his furniture and household effects, and the income during her life of his residuary estate for the main- tenanee of herself and of their unmarried children, Subject to the life interest of Mrs. Chou'.es, the •state is to be in trust to apply the income of £ 5000 for the benefit of the testator's son, Henry Angus Choules, and to pay the income of £ 2000 to the testator's sister Elizabeth. The ultimate residue is to be in trust for his daughters, Ellen Mary Choules, Emily Louise Bowlby, and Alice Choules, but as to > £ 3000 each upon special trusts for them. bi r. Choules, who died on June 25 last, aged 60 years, left personal estate valued at £ 38.700 4s. 2d.. j Mr. Thomas Wingfield, of Bath-st., South port and for many years of Bolton, wine and spirit mer- chant, formerly a member of the Bolton Town Coun- cil, and 40 years ago a wine merchant in Birkenhead, who died on May 28 last, aged eighty-six years, left a will dated Jan. 25, 1893, of which his sons, Thonins JBowland Wingfield, of 43, Dorset-st., Bolton, wine merchant, and Frederick Wingfield, of 94, Castle-st., Bolton, wine merchant, are executors, probate having been renounced by Knill Freeman, to whom, for the executorship, the testator bad bequeathed E50. He bequeathed to his eon Thomas the balance to his credit with the Manchester and Salford Baak at Southport, to his son Charles Borlase his balances at Manchester and County Bank and the Manchester and Liverpool District Bank at Bolton; and to his son Frederick The balance to his credit with the Preston Banking Com- pany at Southport. Mr. Wingfield left his house, Belmont, at Bolton, and its furniture to his daughter Ann Philis Mary; his house, Seabank, at South. port, and its furniture to his daughter Winifred and his two houses in Bradford-terrace, Bolton, i. with E300 in trust, for his niece, Ellen Culshow. He left three houses adjoining the Prince of Wales in Bolton and the houses OpposIte, in trust for his son Charles Borlase, and he left the Prince of Wales, in Mount-street, Bolton, and the Globe, on Egerton-green, to his sons Thomas and Frederick, charged with the payment of £ 120 a year to their brother Charles Borlase on. condition that for 21 years he,does not directly or indirectly engage in the wine and spirit trade in Bolton. Mr. Wingfield left the residue of his property amongst his children, His personal estate amounted in value to £ 11,859 9s. 5d. j. Leaving personal estate, of which the groFS value has been entered in the Principal Probate Registry at E355,114 10s. and the net value at P-29,464 13.1. 1 ld, Mr. John Gardner S) kes, of Breck Houp, Poulton- le-Fylde, Lancashire, and of the firm of James Sykos and Co., Dale-street Liverpool, licensed victualler, wine and spirit merchant, and brewer, who died on August 10 last, aged 50 years, appointed as the executors of his will of June 24, 1897, with a jodicil of the same date, his brother, Thomas Bailey Syker, of 13, Huskisson-street, Liverpool, wine and spirit merchant; his brother, William flarold Harrison Sykes, of 9, Curzen Park Chester, i'wine and spirit merchant; and lis sister, Klien Porter Svkes, to the last-named of whom the testator bequeathed £ 100 for distribution among the women servants at Breck House, and he bequeathed to h;s coachman JS50. His furniture and household effects are left to his sister and his two brothers. Having regard to the charges on his estate, which consists largely of licensed property, as to the realisation of which the will gives instructions, the tedtator pIS"- poned the distribution of his estate for ten jears from the date of his death, and he ordered that annuities should be paid during ten years as follows, j viz.: To each of his said two brothers a year, to his sister £ 500 a year, to his nieeo Constance Marion Molyneux Sykes £ 200 a ieir, to his nephew James Norman Molyneiii gvkoi; j E100 a year, to his nieces Coralie Nora Molyneux Sykes and Elsie Alberta Molyneux Sykes, £ 100 a year each, to his nephew Alan Robert Molyneux Svkes £ 100 a year, to his manager Joseph Neill £ 150 a year, to Alice Beatrice Clarke of Poulton-le-Fvlde jE80 a year, and to his bailiff Edward Blackburn, o whom there is a legacy of E50, an annuity for 10 years of 212. At the expiration of the period of 10 years sums of £10,000 each are to be paid to the testator's said two brothers and to his sister, E3000 to Joseph Neill, £2000 to Alice Beatrice Clarke, and 9350 to Edward Blackburn. The ultimate residue of Mr. Sykes's estate is then to be in trust in equaj shares for all his nephews and nieces and for Harold Percival Dennis Sykes.
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j AN ice-breaker has been built at Copenhagen fo? the Russian Government, by whom it is to be used at Yladivostock in cutting a passage for vessels through the ice north of the district. The per- formances of the ship beat all previous records, a, thickness of 22ft. having been cut through for over a mile. The steel-plating used in building the hull is fin., lin., and lin. thick in different parts. The engine horse-power is 3600. M Tiizities Perkins—you know Perkins entered into an agreement with his wife soon after their marriage twenty years ago, that whenever either lost their tem- per or stormed, the other wae to keep silence.' "And the scheme worked?" "Admirably. Perkins has kept silence for twenty years." WHAT in the world ever became of Watter's left ear ?" They could never tell exactly. He was centre rush in the Tearems, you know."
:CRACKERS FOR CHRISTMAS.
CRACKERS FOR CHRISTMAS. 't WHAT is the difference between a widow and her bonnet ?-One takes on and the other taken off. WHY is a eow's tail like a swan's bosom PBecau8. it grows down. Wniitt has a lady the best of it?—Whett she c6n* qaèrs (concurs).. WHAT river in Bavaria answers to the question. Who is there ?"—I-eer. WHY is the Hebrew persuasion the best f-Botlaus i it admits of no gammott. My flrst of anything is half "I 1. My second is complete, And so remains until once more My first and second meet. Semi-circle., WHAT is that which in the past was to-morrow and which in the future will be" yesterday" ?-To- day. To what question has it been always impossible to answer anything but yes ?—What does yes spell ? WHAT English word of one syllable, by taking away the first two letters, becomes a word of two gyflables ?-Plague (ague). WHAT English word of one syllable becomes shorter by adding a syllable ?—Short, THE cat did my first, with a curl of her tail, When the game she bad made quite secure By means cf my second, and not of my tvhole, As you will agree I am sure. Pur-chase. WHY did Adam, when alone, find the day very long ?—Because it was always mourning (morning) without Eve. WHY is a cabbage run to seed like a lover?—Be- cause it has lost its heart. WHAT is smaller than a gnat's mouth ? Its tongue. WHAT is smaller than a mite's mouth ?-What it puts into it. WHY is a lark like the Bank of England?— Because it issues notes. WHY is a msipof Turkey in Europe like a dripping pan ?—Because there is Greece at the bottom. WHY is a pleasant story like One letter of the alphabet thinking, like another bearing a torch, and like another sirging ?-Because it is A-musing, D-lighting, and N-chanting. WHY is a dinner on board a steamboat like Easter Day ?—Because it is a moveable feast. WHY are young ladies fond of tall gentlemen ?— Because they like Hymen. WHAT is the bachelor's last folly ?—Marriage. My first and fourth have the same sound; My second and fifth alike are found; My third and sixth are both the same And a foreigner my whole doth name. Tar-tar. WHY is a mouse like a hay rick ?-Because. t lie cat'll eat it. WHY is the letter S like a battery furnace ?— Because it makes hot shot. WHY is a spendthrift with regard to his fortune like the water in a filter ?—Because he soon runs through it and leaves many matters behind to settle. WHY are birds sad in the morning?—Because their little bills are all over dew:. WHY are all ladies a little off their head ?"— Because there is a B in every bonnet. WHO never cries in vain ?-The bellman, because he always gets a shilling for it. WHY is a drover's goad like the county of Berks ? —Because it runs into Oxon and Herts. WHICH is the most valuable a 10-pound note or 10 sovereigns ?-A 10-pound note because when you put it into your pocket you double it, and rben you take it out again you see it in creases. WHY are people born deaf always good ?- Because they have never erred in their lives. WHAT snuff-taker possesses a fuller box the more pinches he takes ?-Tbe snuffers. WHY is the letter A like honeTBuckle ?-Bëcause a B follows it. SPBLL enemy in three letters.—F 0 E. IF the poker, shovel, tongs, and fender cost E.1 18s. 6d., what will a ton of coals come to ?—To ashes* TWICE name a creature formed for use, Man's too much slighted frieDd Myself I next must introduce, And with my country end. My cruel total then appears, A stain on history's page; S&d source of many a mourner's tears, In every clime and age. Ass ass-i-nation. My first communicates knowledge; my second is a receptacle; and my whole contains my first. Book-case. WHY is a whisper like a forged bank note ?—Because it is uttered but cot aloud. IF all the seas were dried up what would everybody say ?—We haven't a notion. WHAT coin is doubled in value by deducting its half Half-penpy. WHAT celebrated mountain, if reversed, with the addition of one letter, would become an Ionian island ?-Etua, Zante. WHAT most resembles a woman ?-A great girl., IF I desire a person to stand upon a chair, how shall I make him come down at the first call ?—-By not calling him again. WHY is an omnibus a safe place in a thunder- storm ?—Because it has a conductor. WHAT tree bears the most fruit for Covent Garden Market '?-The axle-tree. WHY is the letter E like London ?—Because it is the capital of England. WHY are watches like grasshoppers ?—Because they move by springs. 5 ( IF you were to see a John Dory asleep, what fish's name would you say to awake hiiii.?-Stur geon. EKE Adam was, my early days began I ape each creature, and resemble man I gently creep o'er tops of tender grass i Nor leave the least impression where I pass, Touch me you may, but I can ne'er be felt, Nor ever yet was tasted, heard, or smelt, Yet seen each day if not, be sure at night You'll quickly find me out by candle-light. ShadouK BY what process could you make a tea-table into food ?-If you take away the T, it would be eatable. WHY are the actions of human beings like gi-e it rivers ?-BecauLxe we see the course they take, but not the source from which they spring. WHY is it certain that Uncle Toui's Cabin W IS not written by the hand of its reputed author cause it was written by Mrs. Beecher's toe. PTOVE that a negro slave could not be caught if li ran away ?—Because he would be sure to keep da,, li at all times. WnAT is that from which you may take away the "whole," and yet have "some" left ?-The word wholesome." WIIEX is a judge like high-water at Liverpool?— When he is Mersey-full. WHY is the inside of everything mysterious? — Because we can't make it out. 1. i, LOOK in the papers—I'm sure to appear, r Look in the oven-perhaps 1 am. there, Sometimes I assist in promoting a flinie, Sometimes I extinguish—now, ladies, my name. Pujf. WHY is coal one of the strangest of articles of commerce ?—Because it always goes to the cellar. WHAT is the way to make, thin babies fat?—Throw them out of the window—they will be sure to come down plump. WHAT lock is that which no burglar can pick?—A look from a bald head. I AM no sweep, yet oft you see On chimney top my form, Where I still keep my place on high, In spite of wind and storm. « Curtail me-on the earth I stand, Most useful I am sure, The source of dainties to the rich And profit to the poor. Curtail again, though one before, Now many I shall be; Curtail again, and still but one, A hundred you shall see. Cowl,—cow,—co,,—C Why can rabbits never be enfranchised ?—Because their burrows are not big enough. I AM a good state, there can be no doubt of it, But those who are in are entirely out of it. Sane,—insane. WHIN is a policeman like a good Samaritan ?- Whou he comes out of some area. WHY are sentries like day and night?—Because when one comes the other goee. WHY is a kiss like a rumour ?—Because it goes from mouth to mouth. j m'inV 'J
,AMERICAN HUMOUR. -_.
AMERICAN HUMOUR. "You will probably take in the -r-ace@-?" 11 No, said the melancholy man. The races are more likely to take me in." I VK been looking at the chainleas bicycle and I ow 't can poesibly become popular.' Why so? "There's no way of telling at a glance' whether it is highly geared or not." WALKER: "The trouble with bicycling is that it does not develop the arms in proportion to the legs." Wheeler Yes, it does, ff you will only use one of those little two-ounce hand pumps to inflate your tyres.' Miss DASIILSIGH George Hamby is very original isn't 1 .t" MissHapgood: » I never noticed it. What has be done that was originalF Miss Dashleigh • He handed me a box of candy last. night and didn't say Sweets to the sweet.' ATTORNEY: Have you formed or expressed an opinion concerning this case?" Venireman "No, sir. I haven't formed or expressed an opinion about anything for eighteen months. I'm the janitor of a woman's club." I CONSIDER it an insult," said Miss Passeigh. You don't refer to that immense bunch of roses?" I do. It's a birthday remembrance, and the card on it eays,' May each of these beautiful flowers repre- sent a year of your life. SHE: "What is the first requisite of a good lawyer?" He:" That he be a gentleman." She: I must decline the attentions of a man who would elose the doors of any honourable profession against the members of my sex." Is there any chance for work here ?" asked the tired wanderer over the back fence, and keen anxiety was depicted on his features. There's not a stroke of work in the town." "Then I'll winter here, mum." You have basely deceived me; you told me when yo;z married my daughter that you had money coming to you." Well-I meant the money I would get by marrying her." "THBRE are things in this world more valuable than money, my son/' "I know it. That's the reason I want money to buy them with." MRS. BRIGHTLY My son was a chief wrangler in college." Mrs. Parvenu: "And mine was chief tackier. How gratifying it is." "Is there anything worse than an old infidel?' Yes; a young infidel." IffUSBAND Well, dear, did yon notice that I came home early last night ?" Wife: "Yes; and I noticed in this morning's paper that the new apparatus for heating the club rooms would not be in working ordtl before to-nioht." You kin talk about your slick un's an' your geni'ses said the old forty-niner, "but that there Dick Lobber could make monkeys out o' all of 'em. There never was nobody as smart as him, an' if he Was livin' these days I'd bet my pile he'd own the sugar trust an' have all the present owners work in' for him at day's wages. After we'd scooped out 'nough dust to make life easy, Dick and me an' some of the rest of us went down to Frisco jist fur a leetle I recreation. Maybe we didn't have it. The first night at the theatier Dick insisted on singin' The Star Spangled Banner,' an' preferrin' that to the bark of his forty-fours, they let him cut loose. Dick had a voice as strong as a highed-keyed locomotive whist le an' as sweet as a prima donne's. The crowd jist went wild an' there was nothin' of the show but Dick's singin' after he started in. At the hotel he played poker with the landlord fur our expenses and then cleaned him out o' his bank roll. Next night the boy got on a leetle J too mnch spread o' canvas, called on some of the first families of the city, inchidin' the mayor, cut a Chinej man's hair, sent a cabman to the hospital, j opened champagne tat the hotel, by shootin' the tops off 0' the bottles, an' wouldn't go to bed, 'cept in the bricjal .phamber, where he sung all night.. Next mo^nin' Dick kim downstairs in a black suit an' white cravat, as handsome a lookin' a feller as you ever see. When the landlord showed him a big hill o' damages fur breakage an' bustin' the repertation of the house, Dick straightened up, and looked insulted, an' said in a freezin' way Don't you make a dis- I pount fur ministers ?' Durned if he didn't, an' he inade the bluff stick, too, by lettin' on to be sorry an' hopin' the matter would be kept quiet. If Dick I hadn't tried to take a battery single-handed in the war he'd be president." I "CHOLLY'S in disgwace at the club again," said Willie Wibbles. "Deah! Deah! You don't say so. He's always in twouble, isn't, he ? It was. only iawst week that he came out without his twousahs w-olled up. It's worse this time." How!" "This morn- ing he forgot to bwush and comb his chwysauthe- mum." "Now confess, McBride, do you hold yoar wife on your lap as much now as when you were first married ?" asked Barlow. Well, Barlow," replied McBride, to tell the truth, I believes she sits onl me rather more now than then." "You know that he's rich, now," said the pioneer business man of an inland town while they were-sit- ting about his office stove discussing a former resident who fills a very important public position. "Yet?, 'I Bill's rich. We used to call him Billy. When be first came here hung out his sign as a lawyer, be WHS so bright and busy and willing to work that I threw everything his way I could. I had a lot of tough old accounts that I didn't think worth very much, but Billy was a screamer in the collection line and I con- cluded to give him a chance at them. So I made out a schedule of all these notes and bills and made half their value over to him. Now, Billy,' I said, I hu.lf, of each one of these accounts belongs to you. I call that a liberal percentage. See what you can do with them.' It wasn't long till some old customers who had quit me, began to come back and I made up my mind Billy must have been fixing things np with them. So I drops into his office one afternoon. Yes, he had been doing VfirJr well with. the account A better than he expected. 'Then I suppose you can turn [over something to pie, Billy? I'm a little pressed for money just now.' There's nothing to turn over,' answered Billy, coolly. I've only been collect- ing my half. There was no use trying to get. it all; you know that.' But I don't underitand: Of course you don't. You're no lawyer. I am one. If you care to pay for an opinion in the matter, Fit giv e it to you.' A dread of being laughed at kept me quiet, and I guess Billy knew that it would." "Do you think football is a dangerous game? asked the young woman. Yes," replied Mr. Blykins, promptly; "I do. It was the cause of my son's I' getting a black eye the other day." Is he a member of an eleven ?" No. He got into an altercation with a young man from another college-aborttlie merits of their respective teams." I I "I KNOW a tree," said the farmer to the learned professor, what never had a leaf or bud, and yet they's nuts on it." "Astounding, sir, astounding! No such. remarkable tree has ever been found by the bdtaniat. What is it ?" A axle-tree." IT looks like rain to-day," said the affable milk- man, as he dumped the regular quart into the pitcher. It always does," said the woman, and the milk- man drove off wondering why some people take such gloomy views of everything. I FIRST NEIGHBOUR All that my daughter seems to lack in music is time." Second Neighbour: Heavens and earth, man she thumps that pianr nine hours a day. How much time do you want het to have ?" IT can't be true, Mrs. Bellarney, that your son is a prize-fighter ?" Yes, it was that or football, and I couldn't let the poor lad go wheie the danger is so great." 111 TOLD her I talked to her as I would to a aister." What did she say ?" She said if that was the case she wondered how my sisters ever got time to eat." HAVE you the inspiration of the muses to-day ?" asked the caller of the attic poet. No, but I've seut out for a quart." IF there be anything in the world I hate," said the proud plutocrat, it is being patronised.' '■ There's nothing I like better," said his acquaintance, wh'o keeps the corner grocery. n "JACK and Julia are surely engaged-" What tiaakes you think so ?' He brings her chrysanthe- mums now instead of roses; a chrysanthemum, you know, will last a whole week." Hit: A bird in the hand IB worth two in the bush." She: "Yes; if it is pretty enough to go on a bat. DHE "You say you are sure that vou love me, buf how do you know you are sure?" në: Wasn't jour father elected president of the bank yesterday ?" Old Golfer: How many holes have you made?" New Golfer (who has not reached the first green): Not more than four or five, and I put the turf right back. ^HK L M°NTRAKY SEX—PARSOI* JOBNSO* So dis little chile am a gal. Do de udder one belong toe de contrary gex ? Mrs. Jackson Yais, pahson dat's a gal, too." PJSRALTOII used to be very fond of saying there is no such thing as perfection in life." Yet. But that was before he bought his new bicycle." a 1
HOME HINTS.
HOME HINTS. POITRIKB DZ MOUTOK ACT CAPRW is a breast of mutton braised, served in piquante sauce with capers. PYRUS JAPONICA JILLT.—-Peel the Japan pears as thin an possible, throwing the fruit into a basin of cold water to keep it from discolouring. Allow for each pound of fruit three pints of cold water, put the fruits into a preserving-pan, bring them quickly to the boil, and let them boil for one hour until quite loft. Strain the water from the fruit, pressing out the juice only. Weigh the water, and allow a pound of the best cane sugar to each pound of water. l'ùt die sugar and water into a clean preserving-pan, and boil quickly, stirring constantly after the sugar it. melted. When a little dropped on a plate jellies pour at once into hot jelly-moulds or gallipots. Cover while hot with white pasted paper, and store in the usual way. A nice jam can be made as well of the pears—for this they must be cored—allowing a pint of water to each pound of fruit, the water and fruit being weighed together. Allow as for the jelly a pound of each-the fruit and sugar. Put on to- gether in the preserving-pan, and boil until a little lellieff quickly on a plate.- Gardeniiig Illustrated. GERMAN CHRISTMAS CAKE.—The yolks of six eggs, half a pound -of fresh butter, half a pound of pul- verised sugar, and three quarters of a pound of flour. Beat the butter-and sugar to a cream; add the egga well beaten, and then the flour, and a tablespoonful •f vanilla extract. Roll the mixture, which will be stiff enough for the purpose, between -,your hands, and form into cakes the shape of the letter 8. Ice with a thread of icing before baking; bake in a very hot oven. These cakes are easilymftde, and are not only good to eat, but are good to look at. ECONOMICAL Purr PASTRY.—Mix a pinch of salt.. lib. fine flour, a tablespoonful of baking powder, {4b. butter, cut into pieees the size-of nut?, just enwgh water to make a ifrm paste, and a squeeze of letnon juice. Put it on a floured board, and- roH out to about 18in. long. Fold in half, turn over and -roll out again. Repeat till you have rolled it lightly four times. This is a capital paste for-meat p:es, sausage rolls, or fruit tarts. DKESSBD CARROTS OR TURNIPS.—Cut four carrots, turnips, or parsnips, or two carrots and "parsnips, into small squares boil slowly forseven or eight minuWe; strain off the water; add pepper and salt to tokete. Stir one ounce of butter with half an ounce of flour into a saucepan. Add half a pint of milk on stcck, stir until it boils pour this on to the vegetables, and simmer gently until tender. Arrange nicely on a hot dish, and serve quickly.-Rural World. POLISHING PIANO KEYS.—Ivory keys are now polished by first liberally wetting a cloth with methy- lated spirit, then rubbing whiting on till a thin paste is formed. Taking the keys in hand one at a time, they are turned face downward and rubbed brifikly fco and fro till a fair polish is gained the surplus is wiped off the key with a piece of rag, and the final polish imparted by giving an extra rub on a wash- leather pad, which has been previously sprinkled with dry whiting, or, better still, some putty powder. Celluloid keys are polished in a similar manner, except that, instead of whiting and spirits, finest grade pumice powder and benzoline are used. 'As celluloid varies in quality and texture, it is some- times advisable to try some other polishing materials in order to gain a first-class result consequent lv, we may ring the changes by trying (1) a mixture of'soft- toap, flour-emery, and whiting, thinned out with spirits; (2) pumice powder and turpentine; (3) pumice and milk also an additional cloth- pad? on which may be used sweet oil and putty powder, not forgetting the washleather and dry putty powder for imparting the final polish. Owing to the inflam- mable nature of benzoline it is advisable to use it in daylight only.- Work. MAKING VIOLIN STRIVGS.-ViOlill -strings are made of the gut of sheep and goats, the best from tho got of lambs when they are- of a certain age; hence September is the beet month for- making strings. Fresh guts are always preferred. They ave fifst cleansed by being thrown into wat«r «n<d worked with •the fingers. They are then placed in brine for eight or ten days, scraped on a bench-with wood (sometimes the back of a knife is used), to remove all softer parts, and again thrown into water. They are next placed in earthen pans containing a weak alkaline solution of loz. each of caustic potash and carbonate potash to each gallon .of water, the solution being changed twice a day for seven or eight days. They are then ready for. spinning in the machine, first strings being composed of three or four such guts twisted together. They are usually bleached with sulphur fumes, which also prevents putrefaction, and finally dried in a room heated to 180deg. to 200d,eg. F. After being made up into bandies of 30 and neatly boxed, they are ready for the market. PRESERVATIVE FOR EGGSHELLS.—When eggs are blown, a solution consisting of 6gr. of coirosive eub- limate (a deadly poison) and loz. of spirits of wine should be blown into each One. Then the shell' Can be turned so that the solution touches everv part of the internal skin. The, -,eolutiott can readily be put into and taken out of the egg by meons of a glass blower" provided with a bulb. Oil of clover, rniied with'water, is almost as effective asthe above poison, and certainly more agreeable. Some collectors wash the outside of the eggs with a weak solution of gum arabic, but the outsides are best untouched unless very dirty, when water may be used carefully and sparingly. RECII:KS FOR LIQUID BOOT POLISH.—(1) Boil together in a pipkin lpt. of linseed oil, lb. of mutton 2 suet, Ilb. -of beeswax, and a small piece of resin. 2 When the mixture becomes milkwarro, apply it with a soft hair brush. After two applications the boots will become waterproof. Great caution must be observed in mixing, as it is very inflammable. (2) Four ounces of gum arabic, lloz. of treacle or coatse moist sugar, ^pt. of good black ink, 2az. of strbne vinegar, loz. of rectified Spirits of wine, ahd lcz. oi sweet oil.' Dissolve the gum in the ink, add ther- oil, and shake together until they arc thoroughly mixed then add the vinegar, and lastly the spirit. Keep in a 'tightly-corked bottle. (3) Three-quarters of an ounoe of lampblack, Idr. of iudigo in fine powder put into a mortnr and mix. Rub them together with a mUci- lage made by dissolving 4oz. of gum arabic in I' pt. of strong vinegar to form a thin paste then add gradu- ally loz. of sweet oil, and stir them together until thoroughly mixed. Then add l§oz. cf treacle, and afterwards, successively, 2oz. of strong vinegar and loz. of rectified spirit, and bottle for use. (2/and (3) are mostly used for dress boots and shoes, and are applied to the leather with a bit of sponge. These polishes ihould be laid on as thin as possible.— Work, AMERICAN AprLE BUTTRR.-rut two quarts of sweet cider in a copper pan and boil it down to three pints. Peel, core, and cut in slices three dozen nice juicy apples, and put them into the boiled-down cider, with a stick of cinnamon, six cloves, and the thin rind of two lemons. Bring, this slowly to the boil and stir well; then boil until it is a thick jam and a little dropped on a plate sets quickly. Pour into hot glass jars, cover while hot, and keep iD a cool, dark place. To COOK SALIFY .-Scrub the salsify to remove all the dirt. Then scrape off the skin, putting them as quickly as possible into a basin of cold salt water. Have ready a saucepan of quite boiling water—salted—with a teaspoonful of lemon- juice, or white wine vinegar; let the salsify boil quickly, and cover, until it can easily be pierced with a fork. Melt a good lump of butter in a saucepan with the juice of half a lemon, well seasoned with pepper and salt. As soon as the salsify is tender,, take it out of the water, and put it into the lemon* juioe. Let it simmer a few minutes; then lay the salsify on a piece of toasted bread, pour over tbw same, and serve as hot as possible. Salsify may' be served with any nicely made sauce—brown or white, -parsley, or tarragon, chervil, also cut through, and then in short lengths. After boiling, dip each piece flour, then in egg and bread-crumbs, fry a golden brown in boiling butter; it is also very nice 8col- loped. BOILEU SPANISH ONIONS AND POTATOES.—Cot and wash four large potatoes, and two large Spanish onions, cutting them in slices. Hare ready a laD" pan half-full of quite boiling water, with a pinch of salt. Put in the onions and potatoes, and boil for twenty minutes; strain off the water, and let them steam closed for ten minutes then mash them with a generous lump of butter, pepper and salt to taste. Put them on a hot dish in a mound. Put some nicely-broiled pork chops round, and serve aa hat M possible.
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Mas. FLUBBHIS has absolutely no appreciation of fun." What has given yon that idea ?" The sober way in which she takes her husband. He's so ridiculons." "WHAT do you mean?" glared the editor, "by saying here that if you can get money legitimately la politios, take her ? Why do you put money in the feminine gender ? reporter.