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FARMING NOTES
FARMING NOTES (Dy Professor Wrightson in the Agricultural Gazette.") IIORSE KEEP. It is now the time for taking up work horses from the pastures. We can remember when there was much discussion as to whether our teams should or should not be turned out even in summer, but that was in the days of agricultural prosperity, when farmers met together to argue upon agricultural prac- tice, and enlighten one another upon matters per- taining to farming. There is but little of that healthy debating nowadays. All is bimetallism, Pro- tection. and legislation, and few condescend to inquire how to manage so as to secure a profit. We know that objections have been urged against turning out horses to grass at all, but these objections h,ive ceased to receive attention in the face of dear wheat straw, cheap land, and a cheap ny of rnaflaging every- W thing. As long as horses can earn theii living on grass, and the nights are not too cold, so long will they be allowed to remain out at night at a low cost per week. The mild character of the present season and the abundance of grass will induce even the best farmers to prolong summer keeping late into autumn, so as to diminish expenses to the lowest possible point. Science may inculcate the fact that grass after September loses its nutrient properties, but as long as horses and other descriptions of stock fill their bellies and keep their condition, few farmers will be disposed to take them in and incur all the expense of winter food. While mainta:ning this position we do not forget that working horses should be in good condition in October and November if they are to be kept tat and well-looking in the winter and spring, and therefore the allowance of corn should be increased from It to two bushels per week. We must endeavour in every legitimate manner to keep down expenses and in this we are assisted by the low price of corn. Would that this were not so, but it is well if we can extract even a crumb of comfort out of the situation, bad as it is. It will probably be objected by some that horse keep, such as straw, hay, and oats, are not, after all, so much cheaper than in the good old times. Maize has gone up owing to scarcity, and left middle qualities of oats in possession of the field. There is a natural re- V pugnance against feeding horses on wheat, which may after all be prejudice. Those who wish to try wheat should do so with caution and in small proportion with oats or dredge, which last description of corn proTjes that barley may be employed for horses with- out detriment, in combination with oits. Wheat is said to be too glutinous for horses, and to be liable to produce impaction of the stomach, and this tendency would prove an objection to the free use of wheat as a food for horses. All we can say to inquirers on this point is to act with great circumspection by introduc- ing very small quantities of wheat into mix- tures of horse corn. Still, as barley, maize, and oats are all good for horses, why should wheat be absolutely objectionable ? It is a question -to be solved by practice rather than by the abstract opinions of professors, and we should be glad to hear from those who have tried it. The question of feeding wheat is, we believe, a most important one. We can remember when a sort of pious horror was excited at the idea of degrading the grain which Pro- vidence appeared to have designed for the special use of man. Wheat was a privileged crop which might be garnered on Sundays if such a course seemed to be necessary. It. above all descriptions of corn, must not be wasted. It was the children's bread-not meet to be given to dogs. These worthy feelings have subsided with the price of wheat, and it is now the common property of man and brutes. We do not, how- ever, accept the responsibility of recommending wheat as horse corn, but merely suggest that a few sacks might be got rid of in the stables if well diluted with oats or dredge. Hay may be dispensed with in the winter feeding of horses, and here we can speak from experience. It is an expensive food, and may be well replaced by oat and barley straw and a rather more liberal allowance of oats or maize when it can be bought reasonably. We live in times when foreign oats are tempting at the price, and we believe that there may be some advantage in selling good English oats at a somewhat higher price and buying foreign feeding-stuffs for home use. A KB FRY, OR CLUB-ROOT. It is strange that after the publication of the Royal Agricultural Society's report upon club-root there should have been a widespread visitation of this disease. We have noticed it this year in various districts of the kingdom. That club-root is a ftingoici attack, capable of being produced through infected soil, has been proved by direct experiment, and this fact has caused various writers to recommend the de- struction of all affected plants or remains of plants, and a course of cropping and of tillage calculated to stamp out the disease. It has even been suggested to guard the manure heap carefully, in case infected roots should find their way into it, and this condemns the system of treatment as impracticable. Such extraordinary measures would be exceedingly difficult to carry out on farms, and they would scarcely be likely to succeed unless applied with a thoroughness entailing much trouble and expense. Fungoid attacks appear under certain conditions of season, and often afterwards remain for years in abeyance until again called into destructive activity. Cae year we see a plague of red rust on wheat, another year we suffer from mildew, and we learn to accept such visitations as inevitable, and to be borne with becommg resignation. This ought not to be. After studying the causes, and arriving at the nature of an attack, we should proceed to discover a remedy, aided by all the resources of modern science. How small progress we have made in our struggle against these insidious diseases is only too well known to agriculturists. The recent report of the Royal Agricultural Society helps us but little, for its suggested remedies are given with so much hesitation that they are scarcely likely to arouse attention. Probably deficiency of lime in the soil is a principal cause of club-root, and consequently chalking and liming may be used as a means of prevention. In a field of our own, club-root was apparently successfully stopped by w drilling a quantity of powdered mortar with the swede seed. This was about 14 years ago. No further trace of the disease was noticed in this field until the present season, when it appears on several spots, completely destroying the swedes and rape over several small areas. The remainder of the crop is particularly healthy and vigorous. The previous cropping of this field indicates that the frequent or I not too frequent growth of swedes or turnips was not the cause, for it was last in swedes and rape in 1886, and the cropping since then has been barley in 1.887, 8eeds in 1888, 1889, 1890, and 1891, turnips in 1892, wheat in 1893, and swedes and rape in 1894. The last attack of club-root was in or about 1879 or 1880, and the 1886 crop was quite tree irom it. The field was also reeently chalked, and yet in 1894, when the climatic conditions have been favourable, it has again been visited, but not on the same portions 4 as in the previous attack. There is no evidence here of spores having rested for years and then developmg into activity, and we may well attribute the attack to favourable conditions of season. In another field, situated on similar alluvial land, the cropping has been still more favourable to complete eradication of fungoid germs, supposing them to have existed. Here we notice a small amount of club-root, but no turnips or swedes have been grown on this land for at least 10 years before the present season, and we do not remember noticing it previously. That it should appear in 1894 seems to be due to the season, unless the contamination was imported in the seed, which is not improbable, as both fields were drilled with seed from the same source. There is nothing unreasonable in such a theory, and it is further probable that had the season not been favourable to the fungus we should never have become aware of its existence. It is, however, evident that no amount of ordinary precaution could have prevented the attack, although it might occur to a scientific mind that dressing the seed with sulphate of copper would have killed the spores attached to the surface of the seed. To a practical man such a course would present the objection of being unusual and unnecessary in most cases. There is, in fact, at present insufficient cause for adopting such a course. If the disease were more widespread and more common than it is, it is possible that the dressing of cruciferous seeds previous to sowing might prove beneficial, just as in the case of wheat. The theory of infestation through seed is as good as many others, and is borne out by several parallel cases. It appears hitherto to have been overlooked, and we call attention to it with a view to inviting the attention of growers to a possible cause of this mischievous disease.
JGAUDEXING GOSSIP. -
J GAUDEXING GOSSIP. CONSERVATORY. Where Chrysanthemums are grown largely, this house mng, for the time being, be made suitable to their well being. The ventilation must be perfect, and the house should not be altogether closed at night, unless it is wet or frosty. Fire must be used sparingly to keep out damp. Some of the large highly-fed blooms are rather subject to damping of the petals, especially in a close stuffy, atmo- sphere. The liquid-manure will be kept well under control—i.e., it will be given only to those varie- ties which require it. Some of the weakly growers will be better without, or if given at all it must be in a weak, clear condition. This is a matter re- quiring very close study of the habit and constitu- tion of each variety. Group the Chrysanthemums in the lightest position, and as far as possible do the watering in the morning; but it will not be inferred I froffr this that plants which require water at any ûtherle of the day must be kept waiting. One of the objects of the cultivation will be to keep down damp, and by doing the watering in the morning with the top lights open the damp will soon dry up. The conservatory should now be very gay, and all plants which have hitherto been useful, but which have lost their freshness, should be moved to another house. I think there is less mildew among Chrysanthemums than usual this season. Some of the varieties are rather subject to it, especially among the Incurves, the Queen family suffering most. When the first whitespots I appear on the foliage dust with black sulphur and repeat it if necessary. The black sulphur is more pungent than the more refmed article, and is less conspicuous on the foliage. Winter-flowering and other Heaths are sometimes subject to mildew, and in this case also black sulphur is the acknowledged remedy. Scarlet and other Salvias are now opening their flowers, and a group or two will brighten up the house immensely. A good mass of Zonal Pelargoniums will also add to the general effect. The foliage of Acacias, Camellias, Ferns, and Palms may be used freely to relieve the glare of colour which is sure to be present now. Freesias must occupy a light position. They do well on a shelf within a foot or so of the glass, and may have liquid manure when some pro- press has been made. Solanums have been rather Liter than usual in putting on colour this season, but are very full of berries and will soon be effective. I (writes Mr. E. Hobday in the Gardening Illustrated) adopt the planting-out system it saves trouble, and the plants carry more berries and are altogether larger; but I always pot up early in September and keep the plants in a shady position for a fortnight, and as soon as the roots get fairly into work liquid manure is given to swell up the berries. GROWING PEAS FOR EXHIBITION. Most people sow about three times the quantity of Peas that are required to furnish a crop. This is a general state of things, and when sowing for exhibi- tion one-fourth of the quantity usually sown would suffice to furnish a good crop. The effect of thick sowing is that the ground gets so full of roots that all the sustenance it contains is very quickly drawn out of it, and then follows a total collapse of the crop. If anyone doubts this let him sow two rows of the same sort, one thick and the other thin, and watch the result. I am sure (writes Somerset,' in Cottage Gardening) that he will be convinced that thin sowing is in every way advantageous. The peas should be planted two inches apart. If mice are likely to be troublesome, plant the seeds an inch apart; and if they all grow, thin them out' a^he proper distance as soon as they get large enou^Uo handle. The necessary supports must be given m as soon as they require it, and there is nothing better than the ordinary Pea sticks, but instead of the sticks meeting at the top, they should stand in the form of a letter V, and then the growth will have room to grow up between them, and the tendrils will have a better chance of get ag hold of the sticks. As soon as the sticks are in their place a mulch of half-rotten manure should be laid along close to them. If manure is not to be had cocoa-nut fibre or short grass from the lawn will be better than nothing, as a mulch tends to confine the moisture and keep the roots cool. In regard to watering, it is very desirable that the roots should have all the moisture they require, but unless the cultivator is able to continue watering it is better not to begin and little driblets that will only moisten the soil for an inch or two in depth will be worse than none at all. If sufficient water is given to soak the soil to a depth of 7in. or Sin. it will do some good, and liquid manure or sewage water should be used in preference. In very dry weather it will be necessary to water them twice a week. When practicable the Peas ought not to be picked until the morning of the show; and in making the selection of pods choose those of one uniform age and size. Place them neatly on the dish or plate, and make no attempt to catch the eye of the judges by placing a few of the best pods on the top. Expe- rienced judges do not like such traps, and will be sure to resent them if there is a chance of doing so. A PRETTY WINTER HEATH is Erica colorans, and we should include it in a selec- tion of the best winter-flowering kinds. It is a good deal like the common winter Heath (E. hyemalis) in growth, and, like it, the flowers are long and slender, opening pure white, then gradually changing to a delicate blush, and dying off a deep rosy-red. They are densely produced on the upper parts of the new shoots, and are, therefore, very suitable for cut sprays one of these flowering-shoots with a frond of Maiden-hair Fern would form as pretty a combina- tion as could be cut in the plant-house in winter. f THE CREEPING MYRTLE. This graceful climber (Myrsiphyllum aspara- goldes), the branches of which are now much used fot decorative purposes, bears numerous axillary racemes of Heath-like flowers, green and white. Grace and elegance more than size or colour constitute the charm of these flowers, or rather the whole plant when co/ered with them. As a free-growing climber this plant is deserving of a little space in every conserva- tory, apart from its serviceable character for greenery to associate with cut flowers. THE WHITE JAPANESE ANEMONE. We have lately seen this Anemone in many gardens, but think it safe to say that comparatively few of the owners of the gardens knew what the plant was capable of. If they had known they would not have been content with the few miserable little blooms which were produced. It is rightly considered a beautiful plant, but the specimens so often seen in gardens are not by any means attrac- tive. Give the plants a well-prepared border, in deep, rich soil, and the result in autumn will be a profusion of bloom, for whatever the character of the season Anemone Honorine Joubert will do its share towards making the garden gay. TIT'R rULTA,i'S BALSAM. ,.b.is plant (Impatiens Sultani) deserves the naroe of perpetual bloomer. Plants of it raised from seed conlfSence to bloom when only two inches high, and if afterwards they get proper treatment they are never without flowers, either in winter or tummer. By the time they get into eight-inch pots they are ISin. high and two feet through, and when they get larger than that we have to throw them away, as they arc too large for our purpose. Not only are they always in flower, but they produce their blossoms so freely as to be always presentable. There is a degree of freshness about its growth, and its flowers are always so bright that, whether large or small, it is always attractive. In sefiae cases it has been rendered useless through being gro in too high a temperature, and given an insufficient supply of fresh air. During the winter months it ought to be exposed to no greater heat than 55deg. If grown in a higher tempera- ture than that, the growth gets drawn and tke flowers are fewer in number and smaller in size. Aa regards soil, it is not at all particular. A compost that suits Fuchsiias or Pelargoniums suits this Balsam admirably. When grewn under favour- able conditions, it is surprising what rapid progress it makes. A small seedling will develop into speci- mens of large size in nine months. Seedling plants make much the handsomeet specimens. Cuttings strike freely enough in spring, but they are longer- legged, and, consequently, not so symmetrical in growth as seedlings. Our plants stand on a bed of ashes on this the seed falls, and quickly vegetables, and, therefore, we have at all times a supply of young plants without any trouble.
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GREATER BRITAIN. -
GREATER BRITAIN. TnE grossest superstition exists even in Cplcutta. Recently an Indian gentleman, residing Oil Jaun Bazar-street, had a live goat flung down from his two-storeyed house, in accordance with the direc- tions of a so-called magician, who was called in to cast out a devil with which a son was supposed to be possessed. The poor brute was first fed with a few bamboo leaves, over which the wizard mumbled some incantations, and it was then pushed over the verandah. The animal was killed, and its flesh was distributed to the poor. IT appears from a return made to the India Office that the number of publications received in the Bengal Library during 1892-93 was 1675, as com- pared with 2177 in the preceding year. Of these, 289 were in English, 423 were periodicals, 275 bi- lingual, and 927 uni-lingual. As regards original works, 205 dealt with languages, 106 treated of reli- ng I gion, 92 of poetry, 65 of science, 58 of history, 44 of fiction, and 33 of the drama. During the past year 1763 publications were registered under the Act, against 1550 in 1891-92. In the North-West Pro- vinces and Oude 61 works in the English lan- guage were issued and 902 publications, as against 959 in 1891-92. Them was a decline in the number of publications in Arabic, Persian, and poly- glot. In the Punjab 65 newspapers were published, and the total number of publications under the Act was 1483, of which 745 were in Urdu and 308 in Punjabi. The publications in Madras rose from 784 t^982, of which 695 were original works. The total number of publications registered in Bombay in 1892-93 was 1368, of which 860 were books and 508 periodicals. 01 these 1003 were original works, 221 republications not previously registered, and 144 translations. The total was below that for 1891, whichS^as 1408. English books increased from 71 to 82, and periodicals from 66 to 95. In Madras a few words on music appeared which is attributed to the foundation of the Madras School of Music A RAILWAY train on the Darjeeling line in India ecently stopped by an uiansual obstacle-a herd of w elephants. The huge beasts would not stir from the rails, disdaining to be frightened by the steam-whistle, and the driver was obliged to back the train out of their way. When at last they left the passage free, and the train ran swiftly past, one of the biggest elephants tore after it, trying to charge the carriages. MAJOR J. W. HAWKINS, the new aide-de-camp to the Viceroy of India, is a vigorous and handsome artilleryman. He has in his military career been through two campaigns—the Afghan war of 1878-80,; and the Egyptian expedition of 1882. In both he! distinguished himself as a right gallant soldier, ana at the action of Kassassin and the battle of Tel-el-l Kebir he exhibited a fine mettle. A viceroy's aide-l de-camp is a person to be envied—he is the recipient! of a host of invitations and society attentions. Thel major is suited to the part. SIR JOHN THOMPSON, the Canadian Premier, is leaving Canada for England to discuss certain affairt —among them the copyright question-with tie Colonial Office. It is thought probable in Canacc thflt during his stay here Sir John Thompson will b 8wonyn as a member of the Privy Council. He wa appointe,(ra Privy Councillor last year. Sir Johi Thompson was born at Halifax 50 years ago, and has found his way to the Premiership through the Ba and the Nova Scotia Legislature. He has sat in th< Dominion House of Commons since 1885 an been Premier since 1892. His present visit wi give him an opportunity of discussing with th Colonial Office the new cable project from Vancouv< to Australasia, for which a subsidy is asked from th Imperial Government. CANAOA has no gold miles. MR. GEORGE ANDERSON, who was for many yean one of the members for Glasgow, and who nearly 1 years ago was appointed Master of the Mint at Me! bourne, is to be compulsorily retired on March 3 next. It is understood that Mr. Anderson will the return to this country. THERE are 14,500 miles of rabbit-proof fencing i: New South Wales. This is an expense entailed by rabbit nuisance in the Australian colonies. ALTHOUGH the cultivation of maize is prat-ii-:Hr unsown in the United Kingdom, it is largely on in several parts of Australia, especially in coas-. land iffid New South Wales. In the latter .Y the cereal ranks as a leading crop, being secor only to wheat in importance and productivenes aid forming the staple product of the numerousaVr-ys watered by the coastal rivers north and soth of Sydney, the moist soil and warm climate o thge being admirably adapted for maize cultiatin. In other districts, not too elevated, and whre 16 means of irrigation have been provided, mizeis found largely grown, but less productively thn in the coastal regions. The cereal is large' 11d as food for horses, cattle, pigs, and poultry, ndin the dairy-farming districts its value in the todc- tion of beef, pork, and milk has long beD m- reservedly recognised. As an article of hunfl fed it is comparatively little known, and.-it isn ttis respect that Australian maize consumptioidiflfers from that of the United States, where the rea' is largely utilised in the form of Johnny Ca's,' por- ridge, and puddings, maize or corn flour bei foind in almost every household. If its use in thuanier became general in Australia the deman woild be found enormously increased. At fc bejin ning of 1862 the area under maize etivaion was 57,959 acres; and at the beginning cl89* it was 205,885 acres, having become neaf qtild- rupled in little more than 30 years, th'r'p^e during the same period rising from 3,389,505 bufiels to 7,067,576 bushels. Although the crop is tsily grown and there is an abundance of land suitab ror its cultivation, the local supply is unequal to he local demand, and has to be supplemented by imirts from elsewhere. This is occasioned largely by Ve more remunerative character of other kinds of tgi- cultural crops. In 1893 the quantity of maize im- ported into New South Wales, principally sm Queensland and New Zealand, was 166,841 butfus, of which only 3703 bushels were re-expotd. If a market for Australian maize could be foujdin the United Kingdom, its cultivation would be consdr- ably extended. The increasing cheapness of can transit would enable Australian maize to be placdon the British market at rates which would encoir.ge consumption, and at the same time give a profit the Antipodean farmer. On some of the New Sat-h Wales dairy farms maize is cultivated as (Ben food for cattle. The manufacture of maijena and corn flour is carried on in New South Vales, but not to any considerable extent. In B93, the quantity of maizena exported was lOlb.. of which 49,0621b. were made i'th*. "cwouj. On the other hand, the importgamounten to 82,0991bs., of which quantity the Un',1 contributed 34,2721bs., South Austrr.- Victoria 16,1361bs., and Queensland "6\bs. fattening value of maize as a food for qpbultry was more generally understood ige United Kingdom, a large demand would r»pidkpring up, ancWlssist in further developing the alidy estea- sive commercial intercourse subsisting bet'en$re*t Britain and her flourishing colonies in thooutbm hemisphere.
MUSTARD GROWING IN THIFEB.
MUSTARD GROWING IN THIFEB. Farmers in the Fen districts who ha. goten somewhat extensively for mustard growingthis jpr, and who had congratulated themselves ujon W shrewdness in discarding wheat for mustari,tb greatly disappointed now that the mustard m»*ti have commenced. The yield has been good. e crops coming out at from five to seven coombS r acre but the prices are so bad that the will It cover the cost of production. Good smplea brown mustard are not fetching more than 5s. 6do 7s. per bushel. Last year 15s. per bushel we realij and the year before 18s., so that the presen pries only about a third of what it should be. Th^ieslt is that many farmers in Lincolnshire, Cuntidp- shire, and Norfolk have declared their intev^mf giving up growing mustard. Manufactured utad is now selling at Is. 8d. per pound.
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IHOME HINTS.
HOME HINTS. STEWED PHEASANT A LA FRANCAISE. Take (ad- vises" Marie," in her valuable notes under the head of The Household, in the columns of the Ag l'ic Ill- tural Gazette) a fine plump bird when it has reached the right stage of ripeness, and afterpicking, singeing, and cleansing it, carefully cut it up into neat joints and dices, season these well with salt, cayenno, and powdered mace, and put them in astewpan with two ouncesof good butter, a bunch of herbs, and a larre Spanish onion cut into very thin slices, and fry Mge her over a brisk fire for about 20 minutes, turn- ing the ingredients about frequently so as to get them equally browned all ovlr; then add the strained juice of a fresh lemon, a pint of tomato sauce, a tea- I cupful of rich brown stock, and a few roughly- I chopped mushrooms, and oook together gently —with the pan closely covered-for about half-an- j hour, being careful to skim off the fat if any rises to the surface, but always replacing the cover again as soon as possible. When done enough take up the pheasant, reject the bunch of herbs, and pass the sauce, with the onion and mushrooms, through a fine sieve, after which return it to the stewpan, slightly thicken and cover it if necessary, and add more seasoning if required, then lay in the pheasant and gently re-heat the whole. Have ready on a hot dish i neatly arranged, firm potato border, and in the jentre of this, dish up both the bird and the sauce; garnish round the base with sprigs of parsley and sliced lemon, and send to table as hot as possible. Ii>uAism> PHEASANT WITH CABBAGE.—Sprinkle the bottom of a stewpan with a layer of prime bacon, cut I up into tiny dice or j-ulienne strips, and upon this oxrange a good-sized cabbage, previously cut in l quarters and parboiled cover the cabbage with more minced bacon and add a good seasoning of pepper and pounded mawt, then on the top a well- hung plump pheasant, which has been care- fully prepared, neatly cut up, and quickly browned in a little pure butter or clarified fat, a bunch of herbs, and two or three small carrots cut in thin slices; pour over sufficient good stock to just barely cover the whole, then put on the pan-lid, which should be very close-fitting, and braise very gently— the more gently the better-for about an hour, being careful to ascertain every now and then that nothing is burning or sticking to the pan bottom. When done enough, remove the carrots (which were only required for flavouring, and may now be added to the stock- pot), and place the pheasant on a hot plate to be kept hot for a few minutes next, drain off all the liquid into a smaller stewpan, and stir the cabbage and bacon over the fire until thoroughly mixed and suffi- ciently dry, then arrange them as a neat flat bed in the centre of a hot dish, and upon this pile up the joints and slices of pheasant. Convert the liquor from the braise into rich brown sauce by adding to it a thickening of rice-flour, a few drops of browning, and a pleasant flavouring of mushroom ketchup or powder, and, when this has boiled up and obtained a smooth creamy consistency, pour a little of it over the pheasant; garnish round the edge of the dish with daintily-fried potato croquettes, intcfrspersed with sprigs of parsley, and serve very hot, accom- panied by more sauce in a hot sauce-boat. PHEASANTS, TO SERVE COLD.-A very handsome luncheon or supper dish may be made as follows Neatly truss, and either roast or boil, a brace of well- hung plump pheasants until done enough; then, when cold, mash them entirely over with thick, rich white sauce into which has been stirred a small quantity of French sheet gelatine—about ioz. of the latter to a pint of the former—and when this ie partially set, ornament the breasts of the birds with thinly-cut slices of bright-red boiled beetroot and pickled wal- nuts, stamped out in very small fanciful shapes, and tiny leaves of fresh parsley-the various items being arranged so as to form some pretty, tasteful device- then place them on a dish-paper, garnish round about with sprigs of parsley and slices of fresh lemon, and serve accompanied by a skilfully-prepared vegetable salad and well-rasped dinner rolls. POTTED PHEASANT or PHEASANT PASTE, which forms such a very popular and appetising breakfast-relish, is easily made from the remains of the cold cooked birds. Gather together all the odd morsels, no matter how small, and, after carefully removing every particle of skin, bone, &c., chop the meat finely, and put it into a mortar, with a good seasoning of salt, pepper, and mace, and one-quarter of its weight in pure, fresh butter then pound the whole to a per- fectly smooth paste, press it firmly into a pretty mould of the requisite size, which hae been well buttered in readiness, cover the top with buttered paper, and set it in a cool place until required. Serve the paste turned out on to a pretty dish-paper, sur- rounded with a border of tiny parsley sprigs, or, if I preferred, make it up into small, daintily-cut sand- wiches. I CURING HAMS AND dACON. -The pigs must be killed, cleaned, and hung up over-night, so that they are as cold as possible when salting them. For each 201b. of pork, allow 141b. of common salt, \oz. of salt- petre, 2oz. of bay salt, loz. of sal prunelle, and lib. of foot-sugar. Mix all these well together, pounding the salts as fine as possible. Have everything—pick- ling tubs and boards-as clean as possible. It is best tt your butcher to cut up the pig; he will know exac ow to joint it, and will have all the neces- sary knives and choppers. The spare ribs are roasted u an<^ f1"68!1 trimmings made into pork pies, the rough fat and suet cut up into small pieces and melted down in a saucepan for lard. Lay each piece of pork that is to be salted flat on a board, and with the hands rub the mixture well in. Put a layer of the mixture at the bottom of the salting tub. Lay in each piece when well rubbed. Put a lid that will slip inside the pickling tub, so that the weight can be pnt upon it to exclude air as much as possible, with- out pressing the meat too much. Next day take out the pork, and again rub each piece, putting the piece that was one day at the bottom of the tub at tho top the next day. Draw off any brine that may be in the pickling-tub, and pour it over the meat. The follow- ing day it must be rubbed again the next day the brine poured over it. Repeat this process seven days, then every other day for three ether weeks, being careful to place the piece lying at the bottom of th^ub at the top, and the top piece at the bottom. At tire end of four weeks and a day, hang up the bacoand hams, wiping the pieces of bacon with a clean dVy cloth. Hang them in a through draught untftVite dry on the outside then send them to be smoked,, or smoke them yourself. I BALM OINTMENT.—Wash the balm to free it from grit, shake out the water and make it as dry as possible; strip off the leaves, but use the extreme edge ot the stem only with the leaves pound the leaves in a mortar and pass them through a wire èieve; put Mb. or less of nice sweet lard (hog's is 2 best^nto a basin, pour boiling water over it, and stir Until it is all melted. Stand it in a cool place where it will be quite free from dust or grit of any kind. The next day make a hole in the lard and pour off the water, carefully scraping away any dirt that is on the under side of it, put it into a I clean basin, and work it up well either with a wooden spoon or with a fork. When it is quite light, btir in the balm there should be quite twice as much pulp of balm as there is lard. Stir these well together with about a tablespoonful of elder- flower water, put into quite clean gallipots, with lids if possible, and paste a little strip round the edge of the lid. Tbis is considered a sovereign salve for woundc and sore eyes. SAYOURY MACARONI.—Peel two large Spanish onions and two (or three if small) apples, melt a generous lump of butter or dripping in a frying-pan, cut the onions and apples rather small, and fry them together lightly; put them in a saucepan that will hold quite a quart of water, add to them a heaped tablespoonful of curry powder, two tablespoonfuls of vinegar, a heaped tablespoonful of sugar, and a little salt, and pepper, and a pint of boiling water; break into inch lengths as much macaroni as will fill to overflowing a large breakfastcup, put this into the quite boiling saucepan containing the onions and apples. Boil gently until the macaronics tender- about 20 minutes. Turn into a hot vegetable-dish, and serve with slices of fried bread round the dish. STUFFED WIIITING OR HADDOCK.—Clean the fish and cut off the head, making a nice stuffing with a teacupful of bread crumbs, three or four mush- I rooms peeled, washed, and chopped, a tablespoonful of chopped parsley, the same quantity of onion, plenty of pepper and salt; mix well with one whole egg or a little milk, stuff the fish with the mixture, sew up the stuffing with coarse cotton to prevent its calling out. Melt a little dripping in a baking-sheet, when hot lay in the fish, baste well, and bake for thrSfe-quarters of an hour for a large haddock for whiting 20 minutes to half-an-hour; take up carefully on a hot dish, pour the sauce from the baking-sheet over, and serve as hot as possible with nice hot plates. —Cottage Gardening r -r. -.11/0
ITHE WOMAN'S WORLD.
I THE WOMAN'S WORLD. A O JOO laundress, capable of imparting to shirts am. ce.i.irs that degree of whiteness, glaze, and strff- n< j- w > it. r. alone can satisfy husbands and brothers, i". trte Lady, a gem seldom to be found. The of our men folk are never-ending. One won, tliey tell us, irons in the dirt, another frays .he of the cuffs, another puts in too little 1 rule yet another is said to use iron filings in ph" starch. We learn with interest, therefore, that, nr. association of ladies is in course of formation who make the getting-up of linen their special study, r.ad while affording remunerative employment to a mnn'aer of their sex, will, it is thought, earn tilt-, opinion and extensive patronage of the 11;, L" A;i'a.ical male. A ulinny people who have very nice bath- roo.l:- ul utterly in making as much of this irnpor- inent to tlie estabhshment aa they ,Xht P.O. is the bath-tub, probably a cheap affair of zinc, M si small pipes and ricketty faucets, a bare wall, a window with painted glass and a bare floor that, fluils one to the bone if a naked foot happens to tounh it. Almost all bath-rooms in moderate-sized honsHs are too small. A little space cut from an ad- joiiiino- room would be infinitely more advantageous in the bath-room which every person in the uses more or less than in the apartment I by a single individual. It is desirable that I the bath-room, if possible, have a tiled floor, but if tins is too expensive, an excellent substitute is made of Pur* land cement laid on thickly, with snpport so strong ihat the cement will neither warp nor crack. The sa;ne material may be used for plastering walls up to wainscoting height. If this is done properly the floor of the bath-room will lie water-tight. It is necessary to fill all cracks and joints so that in case wator be spilled on the floor it can do no harm to any other part of the house. One bath-room fixed in this way has a ten slight pitch toward one back corner, where there is a drainage-pipe. Were the bath to run over it would do no damage to the surroundings, as the water-pipe is ample for drainage. The "tub" and other connections must be made with great care and all unnecessary jarring avoided. Before tho tub should be placed either a wire mat or one of rubber. On this may be laid, if desired, an ordinary rug. In this way the rug will dry out almost immediately because of the circula- tion of air underneath it. Every bath-room should be provided with brackets, a small cupboard for bath-towels, brushes and the like, and each mem- ber of the family may have a separate compartment. Ample towel-racks are an imperative necessity, and a house-cloth should always be at hand in case of need. Racks for soap and sponges may be fastened from the molding at the top of the 'wainscoting. If there is a window—and a bath-room without one is an extremely ill-firrmged affair—a stand of growing plants is a great addition. With the steam from the tub, plants are apt to flourish with the utmost luxuriance. A chair and table or stand, if there is room, will be found of great advantage. J You can enrich a dry skin by the use of cocoa butter. To keep your complexion like velvet, drop into the face-bath a small bag filled with almond meal or bran. PRECIPITATED chalk and orris root make a first- clnss tooth-powder, which is perfectly harmless. After having been out of doors for any length of time, you should remove all traces of dust by wiping the face with glycerine and rose-water. IN washing the hands, use some good soap without too much alkali in it. When you dry the hands, press the skin back from the nails and you will have little need of a manicure. Avoir) all hair lotions that contain alcohol, for the alcohol will quickly dry the hair, and the natural oil is excellent for supplying that which the heat of the curling tongs has absorbed. DON'T be afraid to use vigorously a hairbrush or rough Turkish towel each morning. This sort of body 11 treatment will do away with the disastrous effects to the skin occasioned by eluggish pores. THE imperious, disdainful beauty, with queenly head and perfect contour, gathers her hair into one magnificent coil just at the crown, allowing the slightest bit of a careless end, which always curls, of course, to fall carelessly out of the centre of the knot. SOAP should not be used in bathing the face, and not often in a general bath. If a person bathes every day carefully, it isn't necessary to scrub with the aid of soap. There are plenty of women who actually wear out their skin by constant scrubbing. And above all, beware of the indiscriminate use of cos- met ics and steaming and massage. People seem to think that if they will hold their faces over a bowl of hot water every night and scrub it with a rough towel afterwards, they will surely be beautiful. Un- happily that is a mistake. To brush the hair to wash it thoroughly, use a soap fluid and rub it well into the scalp, afterwards rinse first, with lukewarm and then cold water. Dry with hot towels and add a little appropriate oil, sufficient only to compensate for that which has been lost by the process of washing. The oil must be rubbed in so as not to get into the hair itself. If this does not thoroughly cleanse the scalp all particles of dandruff and incrustation may be removed by taking the smallest kind of a hairbrush—two or three inches in length—and with that and the means of a comb, dividing the hair all over the liead, then removing the loose substance by a careful, spading movement, and not by scratching. TIIE Empire style of hairdressing admits of the most charming conceits imaginable. When we com- pare the graceful, elegant arrangement of the garlands of the present day with the cumbersome wreaths of the long ago we must admit that artistic taste has made giant strides. The beauty of the loveliest of women would be enhanced if she wear an aigrette of white rosebuds and lilies-of-the-valley, which connect the two light trails of foliage, encircling the hair arranged high at the back of tie head. The favourite little bells of this lily make lovely half circlets for young girls who wear only white flowers, and for these white hyacinth blooms are substituted when the lily bells are not to be had. STEAMING is said to be a valuable aid towards ob- taing a good complexion, but each skin needs a dif- ferent amount. For thode who wish to try it, we give the following directions: Have the tea kettle boiling for you at a certain hour. Take a newspaper, fold it down the middle, pin two of the ends behind, and put it over your head like a big hood, letting it come well over your face in front. Rub your face thoroughly with any good cold cream, sit down by the kitchen range, your paper bag over your head and vour nose as close to the spout of the boiling kettle as you dare hold it. Don't tempt fate too far, or you may burn your face. Keep turning first one ckeek, then the other, so that all parts of the face will be steamed equally. Keep this up for 15 or 20 minutes, or until you have perspired freely. Now don't rub this grease and perspiration off with a towel, but take a silver-bladed knife and gently scrape the released matter, or dirt, away. After every bit is removed, bathe the face with warm water, in which a few drops of sweet-scented benzoin have been poured. If you are going outdoors, dash the face with cold water to prevent chapping; but if you are going to remain at home, rub a little cold cream under the eyeu, over the eyebrows, and behind the ears, for these are the quarters in which the tell-tale wrinkles first begin to come. Then lie down and take a nap, and awaken refreshed and ae glowing as a girl of 16. This is American advice, and good.
WAIFS AND STRAYS.
WAIFS AND STRAYS. The little waifs that are cast adrift on the world to find as best they can or wherb they can a current of human sympathy and love are ever increasing it France and her possessions. In Algiers this is par- ticularly apparent just now. The Prefect declares that no fewer than 1247 children were deserted last year. One of the causes is attributed to want of fraternal feeling. Europeans are superior in some respects to the Arabs, but inferior to them in tender- ness to young children. The Arabs are constantly adopting orphans of their race. They resent nothing more than for the Catholic orphan asylums to be allowed by the Government to get hold of infants ¡ who have lost their parents, or whose fathers and mothers are unable to bring them up.
---ART AND LITERATURE.
ART AND LITERATURE. THE subscribers to the fund for buying a picture by the late Ford Madox Brown for the National Gallery have left traces of their generosity in many places. With the money that remained after the- purchase of Christ Washing Peter's Feet," which is now in the Trafalgar-square institution, the car- toon of The Body of Harold Brought to the Con- queror was secured and given to the South London Gallery and, in addition, drawings were bought at the sale of the artist's effects, and presented to the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, the Corporation Art- Gallery, Manchester, and the Schools of Art at South Kensington, Birmingham, Leeds, and Edin- burgh. This is a distinctly good result, and speaks well for the manner in which the fund has been managed. THERE is an odd glimpse of an old journal, which lately came to the surface, of the Alfred Tennyson of 1840. Those were the days and nights when the poet wandered weirdly up and down his mother's house in the small hours, murmuring poetry when he was wont to aver that he saw "things" in those small hours, or "before a midnight fire," and would after- ward sketch for his friends strange forms, half human and half beast. MR. HENRY FHOWDE, of the Oxford University Press, has just issued an edition of The Oxford Bible for Teachers," which strikingly illustrates the advances that have recently been made in the art of compression. Bibles and Prayer-books have already ueen reduced, through the invention and use of the famous Oxford Indian paper," to about half their old thickness, but the present volume goes a step fflrther. The Bible is printed in bold long primer type, with a central column of references, and although much more legible, Ib no larger than Uie well-known minion crown 8vo edition. It contains the invaluable Helps to the Study of the Bible," as recently revised and enlarged by the most eminent authorities, and is illustrated with 68 full-page plates reproducing Biblical antiquities. No home and no Sunday-school teacher should be without these Helps." Mils. Lymif LINTON can use the needle as skilfully as the pen. The silk embroideries, cushions, fire screens, &c., with which her flat, in Queen Anne's- mansions is adorned, were all made by her own hands and from her own designs. The authoress is of very methodical habits, and her study, although crowded with books, is a model of neatness. It is Mrs. Lynn Linton's boast that she can go into it in the dark and at once lay her hands on any book or paper (she may need. MR. WALTER BESANT, in addition to his varied capacities as novelist, essayist, and editor, has before now proved himself a notable antiquarian. He pro- poses issuing a companion volume to his book on London antiquities, dealing in a similar vein with Westminster, and he has accepted the editorship and general direction of a new Survey of London, which is necessitated by the vast growth of the metropolis. In the new work, to which Mr. Besant will contribute the more important chapters, the whole area within the jurisdiction of the County Council will be in- cluded, and all the leading architectural features- churches, colleges, &c.-will be dealt with. Mr. Besant, however, is still devoted to fiction, and his new novel, Beyond the Dreams of Avarice," is on the point of publication. LADY LINDSAY has been spending the summer near Henley, where she has been busy reading the proof- sheets of her new book of poems, entitled, The King's Last Vigil." The volume will be published in a few days. This will make Lady Lindsay's third venture in poetry. Her first book, which was pub- lished four years ago, met with considerable success and her poems for children, brought out two years since, also had a good sale. Lady Lindsay is also known as an artist and writer of prose. She is, too, a musician, and some of her compositions have attracted attention. TilE AtJwneeum says Lord Roberts of Candahar intends shortly, we hear, to give to the public his reminiscences of upwards of 40 years of service in India, from subaltern to Commander-in-Chief. Among them will be included the eventful period of 1857-8, and the critical months of the siege of Delhi and the relief of Lueknow, as well as the wars on the frontier in the succeeding years, the expedition to Abjsainia, and more recently the operations in Afghanistan and the march to Candahar. The work will be published by Mr. Bentley early next year.—The exhibition of manuscripts and portraits, &c., in con- nection with the Gibbon Commemoration, will probably be held at the British Museum on Novem- ber 12, instead of November 5 as previously an- nounced. It is hoped, if funds permit, to publish a permanent record' of the commemoration, consisting of a catalogue of the objects at the exhibition, the addresses delivered at the meeting, and possibly some of Gibbon's unptitlished maniiscripts.Last June it was stated that the number of German booksellers' firms had during 1893 increased by 128, and now we learn that there were published in that year upwards of 1700 German works more than in 1891, and that the state of the Vookselling trade was by no means favour- able. This fact is generally attributed to over-pro- duction, but probably it was rather owing to the pub- lication of many worthless books, probably issued by the new firms. Good books would, in all likelihood, have found purchasers in spite of the general depres- sion of trade.—Mr. J. P. Wallis, the editor of the 'State Trials.'and reader in constitutional law to the Inns of Court, is engaged on an important work dealing with the constitutional history of the British colonies fiom the date of the earliest settlements in America to the present time. The main object of this work is to show how English institutions were transplanted to the colonies and how they were sub- sequently developed there." THE Academy says Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice, who published some time ago the life and corre- spondence of the first Marquis of Lansdowne, has now nearly ready for issue the biography of a more remote ancestor, Sir William Petty, one of the founders of the Royal Society, now best remembered for his survey of Ireland in the middle of the 17th century. The book, which, like the former one, is largely based upon documents still in the possession of the family, will be published by Mr. John Murray. Messrs. Macmillan and Company announce for early publication 'Mr. Lowell in England,' a series of familiar letters, edited, with introduction, by Mr. George W. Smalley." CRYING FOR THE LIGllT" is the title of a three- volume novel, to be issued almost immediately, from the always entertaining pen of that veteran writer, Mr. J. Ewing Ritchie, best known to the younger generation as gossipy Christopher Crayon," of the Christian World. Mr. Ewiug Ritchie's new venture will be partly autobiographical, and illustrative of England and its metropolis half a century ago. Those who have read The Night Side of London," by the same charming author, will know with what grasp and picturesque force he is able to deal with moving scenes in which he had active part before seme of us were born. Crying for the Light should be deeply interesting, and should, moreover, cause some little stir. FROM Paris it is announced that M. Dalou has nearly completed the large monument to M. Alphand, the late Director of Public Works in that city, and the chief organiser of the 1889 Exhibition. This monument consists of a statue standing in a hemi- cycle, and surrounded with figures representing painting, sculpture, architecture, and engineering. Along the hemicycle will be bas reliefs illustrating various works of public utility. The paintings exe- cuted by M. Puvis de Chavannes for the Hotel de Ville have been placed in position on the staircase of the Prefet de la Seine. The subject of the ceiling is the Apotheosis of Victor Hugo, while on the walls are various allegorical subjects. The Jules Dupr6 memorial at L'Isle Adam was unveiled last week. It faces the street where this admirable landscape painter lived for the greater part of his life. To the- Aberdeen Art Gallery, Mr.D. W. Stevenson, the sculptor, has presented busts of Scott and Burns. Colonel J. L. Rutley has given to the Guildhall Art Gallery a small oil painting, "The Rivals," by Robert Smirke, R.A.: and Mr. Edward Lee a water-colour drawing of Tintern Abbey, by Mr. T. Hunn. The city of Bath has received as a gift from Mrs. Edwin Long "The Raising of Jairus' Daughter," a large painting by her late husband. Mr. Edwin Long was born at Bath, and lived there for some years. A NEW room measuring 97ft. by 32ft. has just been added to the Art Gallery at Oldham, and was opened last week with a loan collection of modern pictures. The work of many prominent men is represented in this exhibition there are 14 paintings by Sir John Millais; eight by Mr. Watts, including Diana and Endymion," Love and Life," and several portraits and examples of Sir Frederick Leighton, Sir Edward Burne-Jones, Sir J. D. Linton, and of Messrs. Holman Hunt, P. H. Calderon, MacWhirter, and Sydney Cooper, as well as of Albert Moore, Ford Madox Brown, and Vicat Cole.
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