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SECTION H.

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SECTION H. ANTHROPOLOGY. There was, as usual, a large. attendance at the Anthropological Section on Tuesday, the greater number of outsiders having gathered in the expectation of hearing Professor Rhys's notes on "The History and Ethnology of Welsh Fairies." This hope, however, was not realised, and on con- siderable signs of impatience being manifested the learned President apologised for the absence of Dr Rhys, and said that they could expect the contribution in the afternoon. A RECORD, OF PEEHI3T0RI0 REMAINS OF GLAMORGANSHIRE. The first paper was an excellent one. prepared by Mr EDWIN SEWABD, F.R.I.B.A., Cardiff, on "The Formation of a Record of the Prehistoric and Ancient Remains of Glamorganshire. Having described the richness of Glamorgan in ,pre-hist.oric remains, Mr Seward referred to the monuments which exist, stating that complex desijfns of scrolls and frets and ribbons, interwoven with never-ending ingenuity, are met 'with on slabs and atones standing, lying, or partially buried in various parts of the county, and they are, doubtless, but remnauts of a great array which proceeded from those centuries of early Christianity in Glamorganshire. For a list of the best known of these members should refer „to the excellent article on Early Inscribed Stones in Glamorganshire" by Mr T. H. Thomas, of Cardiff, in the British Association Handbook just published. They have recently been photo- graphed under the auspices of the Cardiff Photo- graphic Society, and a splendid series, combining these and many other notable antiquities of the county, can be seen by the public for the first time at the Photographic Exhibition, which has been made freely open to members of the British Association, at the Queen-street Hall. As to the steps taken in South Wales towards forming a' systematic record of .prehistoric objects, it cannot be less than satisfactory to say that the work has been begun. Time,enough has not been given to take it very.'far, bat the sheets before me show that practically all the chief objects of prehis- torical and archseeligical interest which are; known, have been noted chiefly by the very praiseworthy industry of Mr James Bell, C.E. ,Suggestions for-the formation.of such records and map3 weremadebye;o the Cardiff Naturalists" Society in 1885, and in the following year I pub" lished according to request a list of those objects: which ought to be classified.. The actual organis. ing pf work dates only from April of this year, and thus my report is chiefiyofthe preliminary" steps that have-been taken. A committee of the ;Naturalists' Society was formed, and a circular has been issued to those who we consider should-; f ba able to aid in the work. That circular, hè continued, stated^— The., committee—which,.consists 1 of Messrs C. T. M.D^ (chairman), "Will. Bonrifeldt, Major E. £ •. J.OBes, T. H. Thomas, R.CJL, Professor Powell, Edwin Seward, RB.I.B.A., James Bell, C.E., R. W. ptKinson, B.Sc. and John Storrie (curator of the Oaraiit Museumy—desire more particularly to promote inquiry in relation to Division A, as that concentration of work will, tend to give clearer results for the forth. coming British Association meeting. Under this head, Glamorganshire may be expected to yield a record of more than ordinary interest, and the following list outlines some of the objects (or traces of thein) to be included m it,:—(1) Bone caverns, pit dwellings, lake dwellings. (2) Tumnli, barrows, mounds. (3) Camps, entrenchments, dykes (Pre-historic, British, Roman, Danish, Saxon.) v») Roman or British roads and track- ways. (5.) Stone circles, dolmen, cromlechs, monoliths. rocking-stones, slabs. (0) standing stones, altars, and ibuildings (or portions thereof) inscribed with letters or i ornament, Roman, Celtic, or oaxon. (7) Places where ispear and arrow heads, arms, pottery, urns, tiles, coins, fibulse, etc., or human remains, of supposed pre- Norman date, may have been discovered. In regard to the maps, said Mr Seward, it is suggested that the simplest and most expeditious method will be, .the bringing together of a district series of the new small sheets of the 1st scale- ordnance maps, into book or folio form. Between these would be placed sheet of tracing linen, on which would be shown in their true position in relation to the engraved map below, the various camps, maen-hirs, &c., according to the code of size adopted by the commission appointed by the. International Congress of Anthropoligists and Aréhæoloists at Stockholm, and recommended for use at the Bath meeting of the British Asso- ciation in 1888. There is a practical difficulty in indicating these signs on the ordnance mans themselves, because the mass of matter already contained on the said maps usually leaves no space, and farther, the prehistoric objects, if shown with any sufficient regard to scale, as would be necessary, especially where a number of such objects are grouped together, would be almost lost upon the map. On tracing linen however, containing nothing but our signs or marks and letters or numbers for refer- ence hereto, they would be instantly perceivable, and the features of the map below, when seen through the linen, would give their exact positions. Attached to each sheet would be a reference sheet, giving, in columns, the various particulars obtainable relating to the objects depicted on the linen, and these, when considered to bejsufficiently complete, could be lithographed or otherwise reproduced in numbers. Some ten or or twelve maps representing a whole district, with their reference sheets and tracing sheets, could be bound together in a volume, each of which volumes could be used as a basis for the record of future discoveries in future years, in addition to the initial records which I have here endeavoured to suggest. A long discussion then took place, the highest praise being accorded to Mr Seward for what was regarded as his admirable suggestions. Reference was made to the work in the same direction carried on by the Society of Antiquaries, and also to the suggestions of Mr Gray, of Belfast. CRIMINAL ANTHROPOMETRY. Dr J; G. GARSON, who read a papflt on this subject, apologised for the absence of the dis- tinguished Dr Bertillon, the inventor of the best- known system of Anthropometry applied to personal investigation. In daily life, said Dr Garson, cases of difficulty not un- frequently occurred in the identification of persons living or dead, or after accident, such as a railway collision, and in police-courts it was especially the case, for evil- doers made a point of, as far as possible, conceal- ing their identity. In 1879, Mons. Bertillon submitted to the Prefecture of Police at Paris a plan for the indentification of criminals, founded upon the measurement of certain bony parts ot the body not liable to alteration with age or acci- dent. The plan had been adopted, and has been in use with signal success in Paris since 1882. In this system was found another application of anthropometric measurement for the public good, and by it was gained the identification of race characters. Before the introduction of Bertillon's system, photographs and vague descriptions, much the same as used in English police stations, were the only means for identifying bad charac- ters. As the time went on, the number of photo- graphs increased so rapidly, that in a few years they exceeded 100,000, and it would be seen that the system was unworkable. By Bertillon's system these were divided into groups of 60,000 each, according to the stature of the persons. The next measurement, the length i .of the head, divided the 60,000 into three groups 20,000 each, and the third, the breadth of the Jaead, divided the 20,000 into three other groups, and-on until they got them reduce to groups of about 10 in number. The various descriptions and photographs were arranged in a series of, drawers with subdivisions corresponding to the different measurements and their sub-divisions. .If a person was brought to the police officer, the first thing to be done was to ascertain if he were an old offender, and measured before. His height was first measured. This directed the officers to the descriptions and photographs of all old offenders of that height. The breadth of the head, the length of the foot, the span of the arms, and colour of the eyes would bring them to the exacfj drawer. The limit between tall and medium men was very small, so suppos- ing a'man had increv..sed:or decreased in his height they would look for him in the next divisions, just as when one looked for a word in the dictionary about the spelling which there was a doubt. The measurements relied upon were:—(1) Height of body; (2) length of head (3) breadth of head; (4) length of middle finger (left); (5) length of little finger (left); (6) length of forearm; (7) length of foot (left); (8) length of span (9) length of ear (right); (10) breadth of ear (right); (11) length and exact position of scars, moles, etc.; (12) colour of eyes and hair. Dr. Garson then exhibited the necessary instruments, and showed the method of using them, and stated that the measurements most relied upon were those of the head which were taken from the notch above the nose to the base of the skull. The success of the method was assured. The whole operation lasted only seven minutes, and one officer and an assistant could make the measure- ments. Criminals who had tested the certainty with which they could be recognized did not give aliases now. In the many thousands of cases tested there had not been one of mistaken identity. (Applause.) Of course, it was not necessary to make all the measurements; seven or eight were sufficient to fix the individuality. In conclu- sion, Dr Garson expressed a hope that Bertillon's system would soon be in general use in this country, a wish that was echoed by several members, and which met with general endorse- ment. INSTINCTIVE CRIMINALITY. In a p3.per on Instinctive Criminality: its true Characterand National Treatment," Dr S. A. K. Strahan gave the result of his own experiences and those of authorities beyond question. Indeed, his observations were listened to with marked interest, all the more noteworthy since the; audience had assembled principally for the already-mentioned purpose. Dr Strahan said the instinctive criminal belonged to a decaying race, and was only met with in families whose other members showed signs of degradation. In fact iU6\incl;ive criminality wa.'3 bu Olle of the many known signs or family decay. This was conclusively proven by the fact that the criminal's parents and relatives invariably showed signs of decay, and that he himself had, in common with the idiot—which latter was the lowest form of human development consistent with a con- tinuance of life—such grossly degenerate charac- ters as a small, overlarge, and lll-shapan head, paralysis, squint, asymmetrical features, de- formities a shrunken, ill-developed body; abnormal conditions of genital organs; liability to tubercular disease; prema- ture decay of the tissues large, heavy, misshapen jaws, outstanding ears, and a restless, animal- like, or brutal expression. The instinctive criminal lacked the moral sense as the idiot lacked the intellectual, and in both was found (mors or less) deep degeneration affecting the whole economy—physical, moral, and intellectual. The hereditary character of crime was advocated and demonstrated by Aristotle, yet it was only re- cently that this view was approaching general acceptance. But what the writer wished to impress was not that criminality is hereditary— that now being generally admitted—but the in- disputable fact that it is interchangeable with other degenerate conditions, such as idiocy, epilepsy, suicide, insanity, prostitution, scrofula, .drunkenness, &c., and that it a mere chance whether the insanity or drunkenness, say. of the. parent will appear as such in the child, or be tramuted in trasmission to one or other of the above mentioned degenerate conditions. Criminality in Its mode of transmission 'followed the same lines as other states of decay. In some cases it was transmitted through several generations unchanged, but this was rare. Occasionally a generation of criminals would appear in a decaying family as a generation of deaf mutes or epileptics at times appeared in the family of the scrofulous or insane diathesis. But in the majority of cases crime only appeared in one, two, or three members of the family, the others showing the taint in various ways-e.g., one would be scrofulous or a deaf-mute, another insane, idiotic, or a prostitute, as the case might be. Touching on the chief sources of instinctive criminality, he said all deteriorating influences were liable to result in crime as in other form of degeneration in the offspring. Alcoholism, how- ever, was its most fruitful source. Rossi put the percentage of drunkenness in parents of criminals at 43*6, Marro at 41, Wey at 38 "7, and Tarnowsky, in the parents of prostitutes, at no less than 82'66. Here the environment must have an effect; but as education and example cannot account for the idiocy, epilepsy, deformity, &c., in the children of the drunkard, neither could it be held largely responsible for the crime and prostitution. Insanity, epilepsy, and suicide were often traansmuted to crime in passing to the children. Of all persons convicted of murdsr in England and Wales in the decade 1879-88, 32 per cent. were found insane, and 32 per cent. more had their sentences commuted, many on the ground of mental disorder. A neurotic family history was found in criminals in Elmira Reform in 13"7 per cent, (parents alone); at Auburn, in 23*03; Rossi, 35. Tubercular disease was another cause. Great numbers of criminals were them selves tubercular—almost as many as of idiots— and it was common in their families. Tarnow-j sky found phthisical parentage in 44 per cent. of prostitutes. Senility and Immaturity of Parents' were also fruitful sources of crime in the enfeebled 1 descendants, as is proved by the statistics of Marro, Korosi, and others. The criminal was. not a. free agent. He was as helpless against his instinct to crime as was the epileptic against his convulsion, or.the suicide against the instinct which impel him to self-destruction. The great ,stumbling blocks to the recognition of the criminal's true position, were the doctrine, of free-will,' and the belief that all come into the • world with a certain regular quantum of moral sense. These were fundamental errors. When ;we accepted the fact that moral feeling and ..volitional power were not unvarying gifts, but, depended as much upon the proper development' and healthy action of the higher nervous centres as did the exercising of any other intellectual ^function whatever, we should see that the suicide -without reasonable cause, his eister who became a prostitute, his brother who committed murder at r the command of a voice from heaven, and the other member of the family whoiwas am incurable ,thief, were all equally the victims of a vicious organisation. This has been practically admitted by the recognition of the dipso- and klepto- maniac; but if justice was to be done, the system must be largely extended, The present system had proved a disastrous failure. Short periods of punitive imprisonment could have no effect upon the instinctive Criminal, either cttrative or deterrent. The records read in our courts daily proved this, and the present system must go after the whip and chain of the maniac. Everything points in the direction of prolonged or indefinite confinement of the in- stinctive criminal and habitual drunkard in in- dustrial penitentiaries. Upon detection as such, they would be permanently confined, as our imbeciles and incurable lunatics were at present, but with this difference. In these homes the inmates would be taught trades, &c., and would receive, with liberty to spend in any reasonable way, all they might earn over and above the cost of their maintenance. This would not only pro- tect society against its anti-social members, but it would protect these against themselves, while, by keeping the sexes apart, it would have an imme- diate and marked effect upon the production by propagation of the criminal classes. This system —at once Christian, humane, and economical— had been tried with success in America. Lifelong: detention had not been found by any means necessary in all cases. Offenders captured young I and taught morally and intellectually so far as may be possible, and also some trade, and made to feel that they really can earn an 'honest liveli- hood, would benefit most. Many such would be given a chance outside under surveilance, or might lie turned free with safety to society; their anti-social instinct being sufficiently blunted as to be overcome even under the feeble will-power of their unfortunate owners. (Applause). The PRESIDENT, in inviting discussion, said that' the paper was one that deserved attention, and the author was to bo complimented. Mr Commissioner BOMTAS, Q.C., said that while, the paper was one which showed much care and trouble in its preparation, the deductions of the author were not correct. Then in some cases his figures were surely over estimated, as, for instance, those where he gave the proportion of repeated crimes, d compared them with single instance of criminality. Out of 80 prisoners arraigned at Swansea Assizes last- month not more than 15 per cent. were known to have been previously charged with illegal offences. If it was found that the present punish- ment failed in its object it certainly would be wise to introduce another mode which would act as a -deterrent but, personally, he 6ould not endorse the views of Dr Strahan. If they were to pay so much attention to the tlfeular criminal as was suggested they would surely hear what Would be » just cry of complaint from the poor but honest classes, who, while the criminal has had his wants supplied, would be suffering in many cases the acutest poverty. Would it not tend to swell the criminal ranks ? It was an indisputable fact that many people after experiencing hard times would commit a petty theft for the sole object of being sent to gaol, where they would be comfortably clothed, housed, and fed, the only inconvenience being the deprivation of their liberty. It might be that what he had said sounded cruel and hard, but if they were to go back to what he believed in as the natural law (the law m the practice of which it seemed to him His Divine teacher had set an example in making His people understand that if they did wrong they should be punished, that they should suffer pain), they would mufch sooner solve the difficulty. He could not think that the number who necessarily committed crime and could not be deterred was other than com- paratively small, iuid it was his opinion that gaol life should^!),* made'somewhat more severe. Replying to the instances cited by Dr Strahan of r,n apparently incurable criminal being sent down for a term of three months, he said that the judge in those cases had really no option- a crime had been committed, -1 and to let the prisoner off with a lighter sentence would probably nave^theeffect'of increasing crimes of the descrip- tion,'other people inclining to the view that it was possible to commit illegal acts with impunity. He denied that men of this class were punished out of revenge, as indicated by Dr Strahan it was to show others that the law could not b^ broken without punishment. Several other gentlemen addressed themselves to the question, the majority holding that the lecturer had attempted to prove a good deal more than he was warranted in doing from the inform- ation adduced. In reply, Dr Strahan maintained the accuracy of his deductions, and characterised the view taken by Mr Bompas that the punishment was inadequate as old-fashioned, inaccurate, and Conservative. The section then adjourned for luncheon. RECENT HITTITE DISCOVERIES. On the resumption of the sitting Dr Phené gave a description, illustrated by diagrams and photo- graphs, of "A personal journeyampngst the Hittite monuments and of recent Hittite discoveries." A careful description of the monuments now known to be Hittite, but which term had not been used when Dr Van Lennep wrote, was given, and Dr Phend was able to draw inferences from the examination of the monuments before they were known to be Hittite, and the new light which Professor Sayce, Sir Charles Wilson, and Professor Ramsey have thrown upon them. This was very interesting, as the older drawings by Texier and other travellers were found very much more to support the description by Herodotus than some of the new ones. They all alike tended to confirm the fact that they be- longed to a special people, who had a style of writing of their own, and which people and writings a.re now known under the term of Hit- tite." The CHAIRMAN (Professor Brabrook, one of the vice-presidents) said that while he thanked Dr Ipene for his investigations, he could not agree with many of his remarks. The mace exhibited by the doctor was similar to one in his own possession, and appeared certainly not to be of old time manufacture; indeed he might go so far as to say that he believed the handle was joined to the head by a "Brummagem" screw. (Laughter.) Other speakers followed, and though they each expressed indebtedness to the lecturer for his pains in gathering material, they too disagreed with his theories, one saying that archaeologists should be careful in deciding that things were of like origin from a comparison of their resem. blances, but should rather seek after points of differences even in detail. In the absence of Mrs S. S. Allison and Mr E. H. Man, the authors, the secretary was directed to read the summaries of their contributions on the Similkameen Indians of British Columbia and on Nicobar Pottery. Prof. Rhys's paper was not read. Dr BRABROOK, in adjourning the section until next year at Edinburgh, spoke highly of the in- valuable services rendered to anthropology by their esteemed president, Prof. Miiller, and pro- posed that a formal vote of thanks should be accorded him. Dr GARSON seconded, and the motion was carried.

CONFERENCE OF DELEGATES.

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SECTION G.

LADY BUTE'S GARDEN PARTY.

:SECTION E.