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-----THE ENGLAND OF SHAKESPEARE.
THE ENGLAND OF SHAKESPEARE. LECTURE BY THE REV. J. IRVON DAVIE8. IV. Briefly touching upon the religious life of that period, we observe that' Protest- antism had been finally established as the national religion the year before Shake- speare was born, and he was born on St. George's day, April 25rd, 1564. So from his earliest days he would be famili.a.r with its rights and ceremonies. Puritanism was at this tjime beginning to make itself felt. It was not merely against- Roman Cathdiibism that the Protestantism of that period had to contend. But against the puritan element within its own pale, whijch agitated for a more drastic reform of the reformed Church. The puritans would fain purge the Church of every bit of what they were pleased to c.a,Il "the leaven of Romanism." But there were protestants who were unwilling to go so far. Indeed the queen herself, though she had been persecuted for her faith, wa,s fond of an imposing ritual, and in this matter Leaned more to Rome than to Geneva.. Very often she would manifest- her disHk& for Protestant methods in an irritating manner, as when she ad- monished. "Dean Nowell," who in preach- ing before her Majesty in St. Paul's handled rather roughly "The subject of images." "To your text, to your text, Mr Dean," she exclaimed. We have had enough of that. To your subject. But the Dean we are told could not nnd his way back to his text or subject. Much has been written, .whitch is derogatory to the puritans of that and of subsequent periods. They were the theme of unmeasured in- vective and derision. The ostentatious simplicijty of their dress, their morose and sullen .countenances, their nasal twang and unbending posture, their long graces before meals. Their old Testament names, Ohad.ia,h, Jabez, Zerubbabel, Jedidiah, Abimelecb, Shadrach, Meshach, Abed- nego, furnished no end of material for the scorn and ridicule of their enemies. But believe me, those who roused a nation to resistance, who directed important measures through a. long series of eventful years, all bearink upon the liberty of the subject, and who trampled upon the hydra-headed form of despotism were no vulgar fanatics. But like the gra.nits hills riven and scarred by the tumultuous lightnings, they were strong, rugged and fearless. Having so much of the fear of 'God before their eyes, they could enter- ta.in no fear of man. On the rich, elo- quent, the noblte, the priest they wasted no vain plaudits. For they esteemed themselves richer, in a more precious treasure, and more eloquent, in a. sublimer language. They felt themselves to be nobles by the right, of an earlier creation, and priests by the imposition of a mightier hand. For them the Almighty had pro- claimed His wiill, by the pen of the Evangelist, and the harp of the seer. They 'n y had been wrested by no common deliverer, from the grasp of no common foe. They had been ransomed by the sweat of no ordinary agony. By the blood of no earthly sacrifice. For them the sun had been .darkened, the rocks had been rent, and all nature had shuddered, when He expired whom they called "their Lord and their God." Congregational singing" wa,s one of the conspicuoas changes which was made in the Reformed Church. Psalm singing and heresy were both supposed to be of foreign origin. To sing psalms was to be strongly -'bl 1:71 Lutheran but not puritanical. According to Negate, the Puritans allowed Congrega- tional singing in a, pLain tune on one. note, but not of tossing the psalms from one side to the other, wiith intermingling of organs. The Puritans drawled their tunes and psalms Geneva fashion, through their nasal appendages. All singing for the b,- t) edincation of 8a,;nts, as though they had an attack of influenza, or a bad cold in the head. The protestants, as they were termed, sang in a livelier and more tossing style to the accompaniment of instru- ments. They were not averse to a. lMtl<e fugue music—you know the kind of music I mean. The treble peeps out of a hole to see if the coast is clear, and after a few falterm.gs and hesitations, it,, comes forth and begijns to frisk a, little, and to run up and down to see what it can nnd. It nnds what it never expected to find. A purring "tenor," lying in ambush and waiting for a. spring, and as the "Treble" comes in- cautiously i-ie,-ir, the savage cat of a "tenor" pitches at it, misses its hold, a.nd then takes after it, with terrible earnest- ness. But the "tenor" has miscalculated the agility of the "Treble." All that it can do wdth the most desperate eSort is to keep it from getting back into the hole again. And so they run up and down, in and out, around and around, untid the whole choir i.s aroused, and the "Alto" begins to walia forth as though it had lost the train. Then the "Bas," the moment it begins to take. part, slips down the b cellar steps, and there at. the bottom, it lies, moaning and growling in a most awful mamer, and for a long time refuses to be comforted. Presently there is a general belter, skelter. The "tenor" catches the "treble," and holds it until the "Bass" limps up the cellar steps. Then the "Alto" finding after all it has not lost ifts train, determines to take sides with the "treble." Then there is war to the knife. Two against two. The organ losing al.'l patience, has all the stops pulled out. But in spite of all the brave organist can do the tune breaks up into a regular row, every part pummelling some other part, until at length with two or three terrinc cra-shes, the organist puts an end to the riot." This is what is called a "fugue." No wonder an old puritan diivi.ne exclaimed, "If this is the kind of singing they have In heaven I do not want to go there." The clown in "The Winter's tale" is speaking ironically, when he speaks of the singers coming to the sheep shearing feast. But I that one puritan amongst them "sang psalms to hornpipes." Considering how freely Shakespeare touched upon the life, of his time, it augurs on his part either absolute indifference;, or a studied neutrality, that .so little was said by him, that could be considered offensive to rea- sonable hearers. Or that can be quoted by the various religious communities in proof of his religious leaning and faith. V. Our lecture would .be incomplete with- out making some reference to the Armv and Navy of that peribd. There was no standing' army, but one was soon mobilised when danger threaten- ed our shores, and a wonderful thing was a,n English army in those days, for in dress and weapons the na/tior.al array exhibited a picturesque variety. The archers had on a, shhjrt of light chain armour, over which they wore a buff padded jacket, which gave them the appearance of stuffed pillow cases moving on stilts. The pike- men wore heavy corslets and carried twenty foot pikes, and when on parade they all looked as though their b mothers had sent them out to sell clothes props. The billmen wore lighter armour, and their weapons were considerably shorter. Pikemen and were em- ployed in protecting the archers from the de.adf.ly swoops of the enemy's cavalry, and in covering such neld guns as were then in use. The .Spaniards were evidently more afraid of an Englishman on sea than on land. Though there was practically no Beet as there was no army. But when the final tussle came with Spain England mustered 197 ships, rea.li'siing an aggre- gate tonnage of nearly 50,000 tons, manned by 15, 785 seamen, as brave heroes as ever stepped on British oak. With this fleet this I'.i'tti.e Island of ours was ready to do batle with the "Invinc.a.biLe 0'1 Armada," which Spain had been pre- pariJng for years, on the strength of the Pope's bendMion and blessing. The Arma-da .consisted of 130 ships, compris- ing H, totail tonnage of 59, 120 tons, 5,165 guns, 19,295 .soldiers, 8,252 sailors, 2,088 galley slaves, illustriious volunteers num- bering 2,000 men. Then the Duke of Parma was to join the armament in Calais roads, with 17,000 soldiers, and to take supreme command. He was to land at Margate, and march straight to London. Why here was a, fleet! and an army enough to overawe this little "Nook shotten isle. of England." But wa.s it overawed? Did the PhiliJstine Goliath frighten the stripling David? No! A thousand times no Livito.g on short commons and tossed about by wild winds in Plymouth sound, Our seamen use, to sing :— "We will not change our Credo, For Pope, nor book, nor bell And if the devH comes himself, We will send him back to"- where I am sure none of us presnt want to go. Upon the fate of the Armada. I need not dwe-11, you know what became of it. Thanks to the storm, and to the valiancy of our seamen, it was broken to pieces and scattered with wind and wave, until every headland and promontory was covered with its finery—like the. rags of a dandy lost in a gorse bush, and to their eternal honour, let this be borne in mind: — Catholics as wetH' as Protestants helped in repelling the invasion. Beaten and shuffled together from the Lizard to Calais. Driven with squib.s from their anchors. Chased out of sight of England that dread- ful navy dji. not as much as sink an Eng- lish ship, or cockboat, or burn so much as one sheepcote on the land. It is sup- posed that Shakespeare wrote a, ballad about the Armada, fight, but that it was subsequently lost. His auditors, however, could not fai'l to catch the purport of the following' lines in "King John" — "This Ehga.nd never did, nor never shall, LLe. at the. proud foot of a conqueror."
-.---THE MARCH "STRAND MAGAZINE."
THE MARCH "STRAND MAGAZINE." The "Strand Magazine" for March con- tains an exc.eptiion.ally good budget of fiction, excellent complete stories being contributed by Charles Gar vice, perhaps the most popular author of the day; Mor- ley Roberts, whose story is a most power- ful oner; Arthur Morrison; P. G. Wode- house; and C. C. Andrews, one of the most delightful of present-day novelists. Then the interest in A. E. W. Mason's brilliant, .dete.c.tive serial is well main- tained while, a number of cat-lovers and cat-fanciers send their best cat story, and many really good stories there! are, too. The reminiscences this month are those of Miss Irene Vanbru.gh, and many in- teresting anecdotes of the career of this famous actress are included; while one of the best features in the issue is a fine series of Me-size photographs of pro- minent personages, including the King, the Queen, Lord Riosebery, Lord Alver- stone, General Booth, etc.
- OH!LDREN'S COUGHS
OH!LDREN'S COUGHS and BABIES' BRONCHITIS cured by VENO'S LIGHTNING COUGH CURB. Mrs A. Wilson, 25, Henry Street, Rochester, Kent, writes:—"My two children, aged 12 months and 6 years, 2 suffered dreadfully from a severe cold and cough which developed bronchitis. I had a great deal of medical advice with- out good results, and was very worried what to do, but at last I tried Veno's Lightning Cough Cure and now I am glad to say they are quitte freed from their very nasty touch of bronchitis which might have been more serious if I had not given your wonderful medicine." Veno's Lightning Cough Cure is safe for the youngest child, amd is, the ideal remedy for whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma, nasali catarrh, and aJli chest and lung ftruMes. Price 9d., Is. ld. and 2 2 2s. 9d., of all chemists.
[No title]
The election expenses of Mr Lloyd- George have been returned at JB519 4s. O-Ld., and thos.& of Mr Vincent, Irs 2 opponent, at .6547 12s. Id.
CHESTER HISTORICAL PAGEANT…
CHESTER HISTORICAL PAGEANT NOTES. USEFUL INFORMATION. The Chester Pageant's Committee's ad- vice to everyone interested in the great event of next July is ''Book early; book often." Complete arrangements for the hooking; of seats have been made and a phenominal demand is expected. On Monday, March 14th, the plan will be open to the public simultaneously at Chester, London, Man- chester a.nd Liverpool, and wiJI be open daily (Sundays excepted) until the. Pageant is over. As, however, subscribers and guarantors to the Pageant funds have nrst claim to the choice of seats, the Chester box office will be open to them on Friday and Saturday, March llth and 12th, and, in view of the demand which it is hoped will be experienced, the committee have arranged for the use of the Town Hall for this purpose on these two days. The Box Offices are a,s follows:_ Chester.—Messrs. PhHipsOll and GcLder, E:astgate Row. LiverpoL—.Messrs'. R,ushwor-tli and Dre,a,per, 21, Basne.tt-street. Manchester.—Messrs. Forsyth Bros.. Music Warehouse. London.—Tourist Development Asso- ciation, Haymarket. Also a.t all Messrs. Thos. Cook and Son's Onices. Full arrangements are, also being made by the railway companies for Pageant Week. Fortunately Chester, owing to its geographical position, is one of the best railway centres in the United Kingdom, and it is no idle boast to say that taking the whole island into consideration, no town, not even London, is more easv of access. Having Liverpool at its door, Chester also can be approached con- veniently from America. The principal railway companies con- cerned have arranged tha.i on production at the booking omces of a ticket of admission to the Pageant, with a perforatedportion to be .surrendered to the booking clerk, re- turn tickets at a single fare and a, quarter will be. issued to Chester, available by any train. Within a distance of nfty miles, these tickets will be issued from July 18th to 23rd, available for return on any date up to the 25th. Beyond fifty miles, the tickets will be issued from July 16th to 25rd, and will be available for return up to July 25th. The Housing Committee are making Lg e,n L, L arrangements whereby the performers can be put up comfortably and cheaply. Admission tickets will be available only on the day for whi..eh they are booked. No tickets, once purchased, can be ex- changed; and there will be no reduction for schools, etc., families, children, or for taking a, large number, but the committee hope to make arrangements by which the elementary school children will be ad- mitted on special days during the full- dress rehearsaJs at a nominal pri'ce. The grand stand, which will hold be- tween 4,000 and 5,000 persons, will be a covered auditorium, and every sea.t is numbered and reserved, and will aNord a good view. During Pageant week no person wiU be admitted to grounds without a ticket. There wdll be a. full performance each day, but there will be no street procession of the Pageant performers. It is hoped that special services will be held in the churches of a.ll denominations on the Sunday before the Pageant. The v following puMica.tions are in the Press: —The book of words of the Pageant, pri'ce Is., or free by post. Is. 2d. Beautifully-coloured postcards, depicting the scenes of the Pageant, price per packet six 6d., post free 7d. Photographic postcards of the actual scenes a.nd per- formers, price Id. and 2d. each. "The Pageant Souvenir," with hist'oriical notes and description of the episodes, copiously illustrated with scnes of the actual per- formers, Is. each, post free Is. 2'd. 2
--. SCENE IN RHYL COURT, i
SCENE IN RHYL COURT, A most unusual scene occurred in Rhyl Court on Tuesday. A powerful, bearded navvy, named Charles Henry Batchford was charged with having used violent and obscene language in Vrctoria-stree'L, a.nd a polifceman entered the box to prove the case. The defendant began asking questions of the witness and addressing the Court m a loud voice, at, the same time thump- ing the defendants' box with hits nst. For the most part what Batchford said was in- coherent, but his voice was raised until it was a loud shout. He said that the policeman had been in the army (the omcer wore a. South Afri'can clasp), and so had he, and he roared that there wa.s nothing worse than disobedience to orders. He would face death, he cried, to save his life. In the midst of the scene, an elderly woman, his wife, forced her way into the court and joined in the uproa.r, but the Bench ordered her to be removed. The Bench adjourned the case till Wed- nesday mornifng at the Prestatyn Court, and ordered that he should be kept in custody till then. The delicate task of getting him to the police station then fell to the lot of the pol<ce. Deputy Chief Constable Jones, Sergeant Dempsey, and a couple of constables surrounding him, he was led quietly out of court. As he went he explained to the Bench that there was no single! policeman living that could put the "darbies" upon him.
A MISSING SPORTSMAN.
A MISSING SPORTSMAN. The body of Mr Frank Fielden( a Berth sportsman, who was drowned in the estuary of the River Dovey while duck shooting on Tuesday last, was recovered on Wednesday. The bed of the estuary was dragged with nets, and the body was found in. a pool near the entrance to the river Clettwr. Mr F'el den's two guns ) were also found near the same spot.
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WORKHOUSE OR GAOL. I
WORKHOUSE OR GAOL. I A MOTHER'S CHOICE. I Mrs Annie Jones wa.s put. into the dock at Conway Police Court on Monday on a charge of having run away from the workhouse and taken with her wearing ap- parel of the value of 30s., the property of the Conway Board of Guardians. She was arrested last week at. Rhyl, a.nd remanded tiM Monday. Mr T. E. Parry, the clerk to the Guar- dians, said that the defendant's husband and five little children were with her in the workhouse when she escaped. Her I husband -went! off in a similar way about a fortnight a.go, but he came back again. The Guardians w.ere a.nxious that this woman should stay in the house, and they preferred not to prosecute if she would give a, promise to go back again to the workhouse. Mr James Porter, clerk to the Couru (to the accused): You hear what Mr Parry says. Will you promise to return to the workhouse ? J Mrs Jones I would not ha.ve gone to the trouble to come away if I was willing to go b&ck. ? It was explained by Mr Parry thai the woman could not get her own clothes, and she had given no notice of her intention to leave, and even if she had done so she could not go out and leave her husband and children there. The workhouse clothes in which she escaped had now been returned to the Guardians. Deputy Chief Constable Rees said that this woman and her husband each had three months' imprisonment two years ago for cruelty to their children. The woman then we.nt into the workhouse under pressure. The Chairman: Are the Guardians compelling her to go back? Mr Parry If she does not go ba.ck we must ask for a commitment. The chil dren have 'been there since the cruelty case. with the exception of a short inter- val. 'While they were out it wa.s found '1: that she was neglecting them again. Now they were very well. Mrs Jones said that she was not willing .j ) to go back to the workhouse. She did not see why she should be tied up in a place like that; where she was losing her health every day. She was willing to pay whatever she could towards the children's keep if she could get work. It was explained that her husband was "elassified;' in the house as of we&k in- tellect, and the Deputy Chief Consta-b'le sa'd that these people were not nt to have charge of children. The Chaiirman said that if Mrs Jone& would not go hack to the workhouse she must go to gaol for fourteen days.
. BRITANNIC ASSURANCE COMPANY
BRITANNIC ASSURANCE COMPANY The extracts from the Directors' report for the year ending 1909. as shown on page 7. is very pleasant reading. The premium, income amounted to JSl.167,486, an increase for 1909, of .E47.861, and the income from aJl sources amounted to .61,264,672, and J&607.000 was paid in claims and surrenders during the year, thus bringing the total amount of claims paid by the Company since its establish- ment up to :B7,000,000. The ngures given above wdll prove that the insuring public can with conndenoe take out policies with. the Company. Mr D. Phillips. the locaj Superintendent, will be glad to furnish prospectuses and agency terms, etc. to all able to influence business, as spare time agents, on Appli.ca.tion.
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THE WELSH CURE." ? Have You Cough jt or Cold? ? H A; M"& Will Cure You. N INVALUABLE IN NURSERY. ? Cash Prices, 1/- or 2/6. M [CIO us .f 0 1, s COCOA EEC