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THE EMGLAMD OF SHAKESPEARE. LECTURE BY THE REV. J.'IRVON DAVIES. it '?. II.. 'Frdm'' a description 'of' the 60ulitvv, pass"bh 'to' a 'considerat'ion of some of the! characteristics of'that'peribd. As they re- late'tb costumes, mode of living, housed hc)j.,d arrangements and sports. 'Good old Queen Bess set 'the fashion of extravagance in.i'dress,' though "she issued' a. royal proclamation forbidding? any to! wear excessive apparel. She 'did not wear "the .golden tresses 'of'the dead; which Shakespeare, says; other ladies wore. But her he.a.d wa.s covered'with feathers, with ?Lmit.atibh serpents/ and other fantastic: devices of reptil.es;more Stting an ebony -prinecss'o'f Dahomey; ;than"an EngIIshj 'C1ueHL .She established also 'the use' of the! crinoline—you know what "I .'mean." In "th e days of; bur saintly "and'? (demure ?cand- 'mothers'? was?greatly??? an omnijbus' b ccup? ed?mu cR space. "?, Rugs? c ame al-s o into 'fashion.' tt Is the 'rufTth a.t excite the' puritan?' '?satire'of "Stubbes,! who. stigmatises starch a's an invention''of the'devil to. keep Kingdom' of roughs. 'rnighhel:)led,c shoe:s orchopines eeiect s i,oe were worn, to. giye.a.? higher .stature .to .the lady. ,/Hamlet, refers to'\them? says "'?Ypurf lad?hip' ?s''nea "heaven ou as bn 1 saw you' last'by the' altitude of a chbpine." 'An ind'oor head dress' is're- t) ferret to ;hy' aone. 0 -Shake- speare's most. 'characters, 'when ?e says to'Mr '?bra???'hou'.hast the? ri?ht ar&h?d' h.eht,. o'f. the?'b.row that ?.e comes a. ? sK???re?'?, Wha?, ,was known'' a? i?he ."tu-e ?a?an.t?'wa.s .a '? 'arrangemenT: f LMies';in'iSose 'days' who Q'%?? '? ? .seen ;se?ecte?'t6'sit''in;'cp'h- =s?ro?bus' .op?n? doorways, 'In presenting- a. 'ibiHl?. a,g'a?st th?s' extra.vaganoe.of' dress, 'a "memher??of ]P'arl{amen,t 'c.omplained that ?'?e?c?ried; manors; ''a.nd' thousa.hds" of .oak?trees;;on;'thei? hacks; 'E?vi'de.ntly 'in those good qld tune.s' a wife. was an expen- 'Sive lHxury.?';Th? f'asln.bns .did not' .esc.ape the' ri'dicule of ;Sh?kespe'ara, 'for in RLi.'cha.rd..tl..the Duke '.of Ybrk complained that the .?ing is'too .much'engrossed with the: "Reports of fashions 0 in Proud.Italy- Whose manners still, our tardy apish nation, r.:iæp1 af tp,,r-, inb,se;:in;v,t,.i,1¡',P, rà" ioia,e.:i,i amazed i.BL howmany',wåys ä rJå4y ay ,é,puld:1'tlakieherseHu p'? in thatage an'd%y -the aitlofL what. insig-.nin.ca.N.t -little .se'raps she'oould\kéep:nrerself:,togethiêr. 'Théréis a story of .an;bldfragmatn, whb picking' up littlelJhitsof wbalahone, la?ce, c-al'i.c.o, ?frill- .:mg,- huttohs;.Jiboks and- eyes, was ¡a¡s-ked how.a<li'these :thiRgs c.'ame 'tb ."be mixed up in 'the; same .place ? '"Cannot 'exactly' .te.11 you," 'was the reply, "but'. I expect during the last g:ale"'a,i:ladymust have been wrecked hereabouts." Yes, and as it wa.s, so it remaineth, ladies are fearfully "a,Iid wonderfully made up. But in the time of Shakespeare men were as vain' a,s the ladies, strutting about like bi-rds of paradSse in all the, gaudy,-fine-ry imaginable.- The.ir.doubLets were of all colours and materials, peaked, puffed and 'slashed.' Their velvet, cloaks were trimmed with laic.e! and fastened with gbl den clasps. Their hose were of siflk and velveteen, bombasted out with.WLre which made it appear 'that they 'had ¡heen caught in a wi;re cage'. Elizabeth who made. all men obey her put down what, she termed these bombast broe.che.s; and one of the: .moat curibus bonds of the times is evidence, of her interference in the matter. Nicholas Revel a,nd eight other tailors of St. Martins-le-grand bind themselves not to put more than one yard and three- quarters of ker&ey into any one pair of hose and to cut the same so as "to lye close to the leggs, and hot loose or .bolstered up as in ye ancient time." A gilded rapier, shoes with silver buckles and rosettes, a low crowned hat with a feather, rings on the nhgers and in the ears, .chains and run's encircling the. neck, together, with the afore-mentioned iteins completed the array of a. Shakespearian dandy. Dress in those days denoted class hence we rea,d of apprentices compelled by law to wear round woollen caps, which Shakespeare called "p,lain statute caps." The wearing of black cloth, was restricted to l.aw and divinity, while those in tho.medica;l pro- fession could wear what they choose. Great pains liikewise were taken in the matter of cutting the hair and trimming the beard. The knig'ht of the scissors ask- ing, "Will you be cut to look terrible to your enemy or amiable to your friend? Wijil! you, sir, have your beard like a spade or a bodkin, a low curl on your chin, or dangling locks like a. spaniel? WiLl you have your moustache so as to leave the. impression, that you had swal- lowed a squirrell, but had left the tail sticking out, or. hanging' down your mouth like goat's Bakes?" Then the mode of living in the time of Shakespeare had no nonsense: about it. It was exceedingly solid and substantial. An Englishman's appet'.te is famous the whole world over, and it was in very lue'h repute in those days. There were no vegetarians then. But tremendous slabs of humanity who could digest good fat hog, beef as tough as leather, and if needs be the blubber of a, whale. Then as to breed, they would spurn our modern nne- powdered wheaten loaf. That kind of little grandfather of a, sponge cake, they wouLd eat a, dozen such grandfathers and the grandfather who made them. No; give them good substantial rye and barley bread, they would spurn our modern hne- and sour as vinegar. Also a. biscu;'tt that required a sledge and anvil: to pulverise it. Th ,s was the substantial diet to build up ..and''fortify the manhood, whose, mission it was. to keep the, Pope at bay, and to send the Spanish galleons to the bottom of the deep blue sea. Then they couLd dr'nk as weil as eat. "lago" said, "The English could beat. a'J. other nations, a.nd were most potent: in potting' Do. not run away with the idea, they beLieved in 01 i a simpering teapot. They-bel-ieved in home-brewe,d, b,ut of a kind, flQt"nctioneŒ: by our temperance friends Thev break-' fasted on beer,, n?eat.,and bread, Thect lunched on me-at, bread' and 'and: afterwards 'dih'ed o n: bread, beer' and'meat.' 'But .even a,šeàHy. ,as tha,t'peTiod some 'of, the more 'wealthy;; .inhabitants"' 8f these -realms had invited Frehsh P' to .come and create 'a nation 'of 'dyspeptics .? 'We read of one of'their 'úu11lHeí' "De-. signing; drawing,'painting, carvTng''bn?d- 'ing, fortifying-,making curibu's' citadels 'of fowl and nsh," some'' 'dry ditched, 'some moated round with broths, mou?ntino'' mar-i row: bones,' cut?ngnfty angled' c'u'?tar.ds,'?' I' rearing bulwark'pies' and .:for 'his', outer a works raising?" ramparts;'of .'immortal crust," '? A good'deal of' wine' was also!. consumed at-'that period. Two'tuns ? month ''were 'accredited to' 'Mary 'Queen'of Sc.o?s,"a:nd' her 'attendants; during her resi- dence '.in England. "Falstan' preferred sack. 'Thi's was sold' a-t' 'all taverns; and ''also pennyworths Of sugar to;mix "With his ??.ack-.?nd"'sug'ar.be' a?fault-?od 'help 'the? 'wieked.? ??-? ? i-'?.?: ;? ? ?:? ?-Then-'inthetune'of'Shakep'eare great ?mprove.m'en? had.-been'?mad.e' 'in5b6use- hold arrangements. 'ThenmtlBer6f Lchim- neys 'ha-d been -multi'pl'i!ed. Formerly? it was-the?cus.tom?to'-le.t' the smok?-g?t'out =o.fthe?ouse as?b.e.st?.t co?ld, a'nd a? :often a.s not i't selected to.pass, ou..t:by the front doqJ{ ¡ ,In addition to chim- neys erected there, had been great amend- ment of lodgi:qg\ Fearer ?ed.s.a.nd'ipil-? pl.1 7 ..?Pys were.: substitu?d?ar straw .m?tr?ssea .??? -1.???.asters, ?htl?/?..pe?er. ? prat?ers'and 'silver spoons'?.ad?up planter wooden ?ne.s,;?o'you, .see 'th?/ ag.e, before ?Shakespeare .was rather; a "wooden?age. ,The indop.r ?amusem.e.nts?? ..cards, ??g?s? <Jic'e ''andj ?anc??,The ?dances :w.?re varip.us,.but;one.?q? was e-. J,ÐliHrQeth ?. was' pass?ona-tely fond of?.it. ?, ?enpe., !-???y?-? ????? ??rence,to'. ?toke "'Pog?s'— '? .? ":f¡(pl.t:wii' ,tg'e, S p¡Ptl Sf ,;walIs]/ ?, ?. 'When he., had .5?0 .winters: ,p'er, him. ?. !? .??"?.6 }o?.d.k@:epe.r.. led the-.b.rawls,: ..The.s-ea.Is.and !H1:ce!s i ,da-nced ,:pe£öre .him. ?. ? ?' .His bushy'bea.rd, a.a,d ;sh-o,e, .strings ?. green, ;j Sis ;,l1igh-cr.9;\VnHl:,h/14t,)@q .satin ,doublet; .f. Moved the stout heart, of England's queen, Though Pope and .Spaniard could'.not trouble it." But -the, qut.door pastimes;. were. the most .popular. Castles, .haJIs ..and cmansions i were 'top cir.Qumscr.ibed. to .contain 'the 'meat-efating, he-.r and drmking ..spirits of that famous period..Bull bait- ing, b.earbai.ting,. cock Rghting weye: more ):¡1thøi,r line.. rrh1o\yillgat c9,cks. with sharp pointed sticks was a."Shrove Tues- ''Yicustoi- n, in which venerable divines .indulged, as an exercise of great..piety, seeing the crowing .of the cock. followed the, denial o.f St. Peter.. Ladies in.those days found recreat'ion in shooting at .deer with a 'cross bow.: Buildings with nat roofs, and partially concealed, amid bushos were erected .in. the parks for. the purpose..In "Love's labours; lost" the i princess asks, "Then forestor, my .friend, where is the bush that we must stand and play the murderer i.n?" And he replies, "Hereby, upon the edge of yonder .coppice, a stand where you may make the fairest shoot. Archery with all .classes was'a favourite pastime, and Queen Elizabeth made great efforts to preserve the use of the long bow, declared by Aschan "to be a, most sure weapon in waT." The arrows were of ash. The heavier ones for use at 250 yards. The lighter ones for longer distances, these ranged in length from 2 to 4 ft. It required a powerful arm and wrist to send the heavy arrow 250 yards, and the power to do so had failed in the later French wars, for the enemy reviled our men as theM- arrows fell short. The Bowyers, Stringers, and, Fl:e,tchers of to- day are the descendants of the bow and arrow makers of the good, old times before the deadly weapons of modern warfare came into vogue. III." We do not marvel that the England of Shakespeare was both unscientific and very superstitious. The English, of that period were hardly emancipated, from the more primitive notions,, as ,to .the constitution of the e arth, the s.ol ar: system, and the he aveni y constellations.; 'The universities did little or nothing, to .instruct in natural .philosophy, either for lack of men to teach, or lack of means to pay them. In spite of the place he holds in our scientific literature, Lord Bacon in many respects was a consummate bungler. He despised mathematics, and yet they were to prove themselves in.valualblel in. the discoveries of Newton. He doubted the-,a,dvanta,ge:of astronomical appliances, about the very time .that Galileo was reading the heavens by the aid of ajtelescope and discovering new worlds in its depths. In fact, as Har- vey sa.id, "The Lord Chancellor wrote upon science like a Lord Chancellor." It is impossible for us to realise the condi- tion of medic-al science at this time, when .the secret of the blood's circulation was not understood. The man of science was alway's more or less of an Alchemist, while medical .students were dealers in herbs, charms and philtres:. If a man wanted bleeding, or atooth extracting he went to the village blacksmith, who combined in one brawny personalia, .a. pounder of anvils, a veterinary surgeon, and any other kind of surgeon. If a; man requir- ed medicine he consulted an apothecary, whose gruesome establishment Shake- speare has described so graphically:— "And in h. s shop a tortoise hung, An a,liga.tor stuSed, and other skins, Of ill-shaped' fishes and about his 'shelves, Abeg'g,rly account 'of empty 'boxes, Green earthen pots, bladders and musty se" ds Remn'an'ts of'pack thread,' And'oM?ake.'s of roses, 'Were'thinly scattered to make up a show r ,f f.io' :¡--r- Such wa-s ,a. description of an old-fashioned chemist shop. The apothecary himself, was j a maji in tittered weeds, wiih'overwhelm- .ingbrows, who was as ready to sell "love philtres" to a coy maiden, a.s 'narcotics .to I a "Friar of Orders Grey," and he was hot 'of much use, for "anything else, unless it was td'help. a desperate man to get rid of an enemy. In fact in those '.days poisons were 'better' understood .tha-n remedies. Lord. Bacon compiled a- list of nonsensical compounds which were sup- p'osed, to produce longevity. Fancy a ma.n'bein.g promised a. I'ife.'as long as that of Nethuselah.' If every ,morhina:- he inhaled the fumes, ùf .RosemTy¡,[mr;báy pper. ,,in iNi, ii i c, ''l.eaye's, dr'ank for his supper.wine'in ''which gold' had T:)een quenched, anointed' l?s 'body once a day with oil 'of, almonds, mixed wrth salt and sanroh, ah cT.once, during every full moon, steeped his'feet '.fn' water .of marjoram, "fennel and sage. The" rich and weajthy .indulged in..very ''expensive? remedi.es., .Ladies took chloride o'f gold, dissolved 'pearl and powdered diamond.? 'The" humbler classes, ha??to submit ?o more drastic remedies. 'Pills made of the skull of a'???m?? ha.d been hung, a draught di 'spring water from the !<skul.l.t.Q?.a -man.;w'hd/:ha.d-,be.en? murdered [,wTt¡::e;eyda:y' pjlieSieT1pti.oh, Tumours !'were; ,(jllli:<1 by 'gently 'stroking 'them with I jh Àd ,Q¡f. adle.aà man.. Chip s, fo,in' a hangman's. tree ..worn as amulets- were' a specihe..ag'aiinst. ?gue.. -To cure .a 'child of rdo)\vnwards, I r ou young'tree.,spl].t; open fo.r; the purpose :alld; itfn,.tiq up, then/as the /tre<=! healed .the?child .?e.cov.ered,: "For .?..ener? d:6b?lity/? wipm? the .face in- s ,:t¡ç;re.lt, '910tJ;L; an.d;WR!sh.ing i;n.Qt oftener s cc .,Q ojio.e ,a; .week! Wa. ccpnsidered, eBica- cious. There was a wonderful sa,ving. of Pear's soap jn those,cl ays -.C.haim-iis -Nv, ei-e 'very. mu,ch., sought, aft.er 'and,. believad in. 049 to.rd B,co;n,-¡Ja:id:i;t ,dqwl1 as. credible that J?xjqi?us!L,iÙtè-s,;waY;iQrk ..by. consent on the''spirits of men to comfort anq, to. ex- .h.Ua.rate thoBe.whLch=were htstt,o e-ffect this purpose .were -the dia- j .jmond, emerald, hyacinth, .,a.nd the g.o'ld stone, which is the yellow topaz., Brace- lets of coral cooled the body. The sapphire watS IPlievrE to iff, oour&ge-. x. ,The töpäz-tocul"e ,1açli¡s1r-,Jid the hyacinth to protect from" As for the carbuncle., ,\vith, it.shdT.la,nt unborrowed light, it i& referred to many' times by Shakespeare, but perhaps in the happiest "form 'in' E'ehry VIII. where the Princess :El:liz1iJjth. is spoken'of a.s "A gem to lighten a.ll'this.'lsle?? "T?exts 6'f?crip.ture, mystic .1e,rerr"c¡h1:tst!98tiÍ1g(r} other devices 'were coiiamoiiiy wp"even b the .most f" e s, O.L lltelhgenL 'T])y devotee .of ,astr919gy also were! to be found, everywhere. Queen 'Elizabeth was a nr'm 'believer in the aciehce. The date of her .coronation was nxed .by the mortlake astrolb?er.as the result of a stellar consultation. The astrologer was a common enough figure at country'fairs, where he exorcised 'a. demon or cast a. horoscope for a fee. A belief in witchcraft was logically con- nected with the then. existing condition of science, and the-prevalent superstition'of the age. An old woman who gathered herbs, or had some slight, medical know- ledge, was sureto be a witch, and was consulted or shunned accordingly. Epi'lepsy, cross-eyes, lunacy were. always put down to witchcra.ft. The evil woman haunted the darkness, made compacts with the. devil, directed the tempest, doomed with her curses,' and destroyed with her incantations. Shakespeare no doubt was in strict sympathy with the current belief 0.1 his day, when he drew the portrait of Joan of Arc, as a witch. -1 With Mr Lecky we think this misleading conception to be the darkest blot .upon the genius of the great dramatist. The introduction of the witches into Mac.beth adds powerfully to the interest of that tragedy, and in the de- scription of their incantations and a.ppear- ance, Shakespeare has enriched common ma/terials with the weird grandeur of his own imagination. To the playgoers of his day the witch scenes I must, have been j terribly impressive. How they, affected later spectators, Addison use to relate a. ¡ story of a lady of quality, who before the curta.in rose, kept up a running soliloquy "Oh! the dear witches, how I long to see them, How very charming they are, delight- ful, clelightf ul.?' The supernatural element had a very strong hold upon the people of that age dairies danced at night around' the forest oak, or on the village green. Headless horsemen frightened the drunken reveller who-had. to_ cross a lenely—m;oor,,Qn his way home.' The' shepherd who had not seen a. spiri't was as rare as the man is to-day who has not'seeh the ocean: i When Hamlet addressing his father's ghost asks "Be, thou a spirit of health, or goblin damned, Bring' with thee airs from heaven, Or '.Masts from hell; Be thy intents wicked or charita<ble? Thou comest in such a questionable shape,. '.1 That-1 will speak to thee." He would make no extraordinary demand upon an' audience accustomed to believe in good and "evil spirits roaming through earth, air and sky. 'Omens likewise played an important part inthe'dp,ilylife of that period. The fearful were always on the look-out for y hints from the unseen world. For: "Prodigies and signs, abortives, presages and tongues of heaven." There are numerous allusions to these omens in the plays of Shakespea.re. Before the assassination of Julius Ceasar it was de- clared :— "A lioness .hath whelped in the streets, And graves have vawned a.nd yielded up their dead; Fierce, nery-warriors nght upon the clouds, In ranks and squadrons and right forms of war, Which drizzled blood upon the CapitoL.. The noise of ?ba:*?!o burtlcd in ihe.a r. Horses did nc'.gh and dy:'ng iren di.l groan,

Oakwood Park Motet Conw-ay- I .L -f :) 9,: ,p-' .,j :G ?? ??.s?A??-?.-?-?'? ? if ?? ? J h. ?' ?? DtiBMJy eqaipped in the Phcctpality, Beantiful'v !!tuated on the 0:d Co?ch rcM! ?tf <.« ..&etweM Conw?y &nd the bead 6f?he?y<-hnam PM<. EieT?ted and bracn.g poattion- Monn?m tir, Mf .'of.aeMf.Mm.t ppmta:af [he compass Agotel -Oims ILB-t2ole Golf Links. one mipute from door „ ??".?Y?'' ?eeBMd_bUh?e .? .E?Mric;'ghtthroughoct? Alfreaco &fteHi&on Te&ecc ?ooJ ? -i'MtLtwtt..— -'E6Mi 'BucmeetaTraine Telegrams Oakwood.,CoQ?&y .Te?nho'-?.?, MrsC. A BaHey.r\1anagére53.: ?!'HE CRAtGY-DON ?O?mr?G ES?lB?ISHM? DL!1-NDUDNO. ,lJ): ,L'"¿; ?.??.?."J"? RE E NIIARGEMENTS. On e'a -Front. Accommodat?oh for 18? Visitors. Terrhs Moderate Open an the Yea* Round Ts¡:Apply:aŒ:LsSes, 'J.\Œ:id.d.i.e"t#o:u.. &OQd. ELStNQRE," pA TT.1 0 T E L cL: ???????? BOARDING- RESIDMCE, St- George s Crescent, Centre of .Grand Parade "r T: -T?-r 1!"? ir ? T"?. T\. 7 ??\ ..?c? ? .JUl??-?rs' IJ U 1JJN C). ELECTRIC LIGHT AND LOUNGE. .?nder the Management of the Proonetore. ? ?-'rs. BAXrKK ?'?-? ?T€nn&.Moderate-. ?' j rhe MisSCS ELLIS. ?. ? ''?-'?'?"*??*?**?i?'?*—' ??'????'??'?????'?!-????<*?'a???? .—?.— ? ? ?t?'??-M?<.?mmtnt)?-tt.M)M<t??m'?N——m)!))!!?m m!<m!?!t!mM?!))!!)<! )!!) t!)<!?t! )!))!<!)! <!)!t!! !? ?. ? '? Everybcdy'&BenefM is considered in the composition of the Worids Famity Aledicine. No pnewho is suffering in any degree from the ? many forms taken by indigestion, can fan to derive great )! ? and tasting good from a course of BEECHAM'S PFLS. Their effect upon the stomach, Mve' ami other digestive Their effect upon the stomach, Mve' an? other digestive organs is a!waysst'mu!ating and hea!th=promottr!g. Those who suffer from. sic?Hess,: headaches, nervous <JebtUty,toss of appetite, toss of energy, insomnia, depression, f?atuience, biHousness, and a number cfsi.T:arcon<p!a:rtts\viH derive i immediate and permanent benefit from a course of I ? ?——?. — -? ? d? t .?. 9 S*? ? 'E TE ? Sotd everywhere in boxes, price ?'1i. (56 pii!s) ? 2/9 (168 pi)!s). 1i/IIi'.A øo!¡ .Jt.IU1 J.s)"'L:c'l"f-);=v:)¡rMf-¡: "ii'f, r "I I

TO PROTECT CHILDREN FROM THE WINTER ELEMENTS. "As the day lengthens the cold strengthens. We a.re.a.lT. familiar with the old adage, and in this month the housemother has to guard against coughs, colds, chilblains, and other ailments peculiar to the season. It is a well-known fact that if wrists and ankles are kept warm the oi.her parts of the body are not liable to suffer from cold. Growing chil- dren will require to have sleeves lengthen- ed, and boots are far more comfortable for cold weather than shoes. Eresh air, brisk exercise, regular hours, and nourishing food are essential. Children should be encouraged to eat fat, and if it is pre—j sented to them in an appetising form it is not often that thev .will refuse it. Suet: r puddings and dumpling well boiled are general favourites, and they can be made more tempting by the addition of a few currants and raisins, both of which will increase their heat-giving' qualities. Bananas, dates, and ngs are also beat- giving fruit is always relished by young people, and it is so cheap now that it can be plentifully supplied in the daily menu. Farinaceous fods, such as oatmeal. Sour, and tapioca are all heat-giving, and the addition of sugar, jam or syrup increases this property.

The question of messenger boys on roller skates instead of on bicycles is t)eing seriously discussed. The idea cropped up once before some nft'een years ago when an exhibition of commercial skating was given at the Westminster Aquarium.

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And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets." The signs which fore shadow the death or fall of Kings are described in Richard II.:— /'The bay trees in our country are aJl withered, And meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven; The pa.le-fa.ced moon looks bloody on the earth, And lean-looked prophets whisper fear- ful change, Rich men look sad, and ruffians dance and leap." Ghost tales were told by the nre light in every household, and thus the young were touched in their most impressionable years by the prevailing superstitions. A description of one of these tale-telling evenings is given in "The Winter's Tale." A world of supernaturalism affected pul- pit a.nd stage. The students of science a.nd the gossips of the village green. Therefore as we linger in the England of Shakespeare we seem to Hve in another. world altogether. A world in which we can better understand the play of fancy, p which imparted such a potent charm to I Shakespeare's "Tempest" and to his "Mid- summer night's dream. (To be Continued).