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THE APPENDIX TO THE MEDICAL…

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THE APPENDIX TO THE MEDICAL OFFiCEKb' REPORT. The following :sa full copy of the Appendix referred to in t)ic Debate the Sewage ?uestn'n at the Commissioners 'Meeting :— \n inquiry having been mstituted under your instruct io n a to the Sanitarv condition of the Foreshore, with special reference to the situation and workint! of the present outfaU of the hewer- works, you deemed it advisab[c to ask the assistance, opinion and advice of two scientinc specialists; the .ncntteruen seectt" 'vere ? Bostock Hill, Esq.. M.D., S.Sc.C.. a County Analyst. and E. Pri'tchard, Esq., C.E., F.G.S., a Civit and Sanitary Both these Kcntiemen ?? town. and were shewn, and themselves examined.s uch the seweraKe system, and the district, as the- deemed necessary for their purpose, and subse.,uent)Y submitted reports. These reports, taken con]omt!y, ?ive a very lair idea of the conditions which existed at that time, —January, February, and March, 1387. I wi!t endeavour to make the conditions which form the sub- ject of these reports ctearly understood,—to shew whether tnose, or what conditions, now exist to p-ive some reasons for those which existed at that time, and the various mnuences at work in their production and endeavour to pomt out, to the best of mv judgment, the means which appear to me to be most suit- able for remedying the defects. The Anah-st having had a series of samp'esof mud, scum—or foam, sand and sea-water submitted to him for examination, and visited and inspected the tocaUties from which the-c were taken—some tnken by himself—the pith of his re- port !ies in these words: "I have not the teast hesitation in expressing the opinion that all the sampies (of mud ?nd scum), shewed not only contamination with nitrogenous orRanic matter, but that the organic matter was derivtd from sewage. The ?reater part of it is derived from Hhyl but it is by no further up the river." laid down by the Anaiyst in bis report, we must endeavour to the hitiuence of the ebb aud Mow of the t:dat waters into which I would wish to preface my remarks by savin;—First, that I have received no request nor instruction from you, a.s the Sanitary Authority of the district to report upon the matter, I feet this has been a decided i.o me. as having ?iven me time to watch the eSects of what ha.s been done in the same period of the year in which Dr. Bostock Hit! and ?)r Pritchard, C.E., made their observations and reports; !mdl wish to point out, that unfit these reports—or rather until Ur. tcicntuio and reUaMe «?[- that the" deposit 0)1 of facts wfh known to them for it must not be lost si.L:ht of that COUHSE CURRENTS OF THE RIVEU CLWYD, ESTUARY TO OEA At its estnajy the river runs first in a slightly north-easterly channei of 18.'}9-4t), A S.W. wind favours the coUcction of the surface, :uid is thus not innuenced by the wind). Getting old mooring point and the sea end of the Groyne, we picked up 3 more, and 3 had landed to shoreward of the groyne, had ebbed be!ow tlie top of the Groyne, had passed over it at the the training watt, the wind btowins stinly fror) the ?.E., and the shore end of the traininK''an.and were stranded be- tween these two points 2 made a on the shore side of the th-st and second wooden Mack buoys, a.ud beyond, to the the point of entrance of the gutter thus 4. out of 72 made a landing I would draw attention to the tiln'erent results of this and the previous experiment. On the first day the tide was a one, 18 feet 3 inches, and the n-ind was strong S.S.W.; the current in the river was very strong, ind the oranges were shot on the outside of the current on to he west bank after ?ettin.? round tile second curve, and 2 made rhe wind on this day was so as to be i'tonerative. Having thus followed the watt r of the Owyd from estuary to o'f ()«f.pXtM). 3rd, Thti riKhtbank of tIie torth east channet. And why are these weak points danger toints Becaast; tlie' are the points of escape for tb. river water, nd ftvour the carrying, aud depositing of, solid noatins matter tttlie foreshore (as win he explained presentiy), aud bear the .mm de"r? of d.tnKer to the foreshore ,as the order in?-hieh they \ve bc?n ?iaced here. I must now retrace the currents as ?und in the M.oW of the tide, and examine their inrtuenee, and he result- then, the incoming tide n)]s the main-westerfy the *'< E of the river, and the streams united now up the water of the CIwyd, which has to seek refuse here it can. I must here explain that river water is halter in -Hi"ht (i.e., of lower specific than sea. water, so that the v.'ater, not outy b'ocksthe way, and causes the linhtej- to .cede, but. it also, from its ?r'-ater weight, keeps the tower )xve), )that u'timately the river news on the top. Xowthe rst reiief and outlet this receding river water finds, is at the en- .ancc of the "td chaanet of lb8'.J-18M, which thus becomes &Ued ith river water, and it is important to observe here, that the /t<M ?c"M ?"'? ? vfh-<f f)/fe from the upper reaches of the rive". At the same time it ? With anv wind from N.W. to s.W., any Hoathit; atfri. is htown to the shore of the channc!. 'hen this forced out river-water has extended far enough up the )a.une!, it. meets the sea-water cnminK in from the other end of ??j,m channel, and becomes subject to the tida) wave, and the .neral set is towards the east; and so. the of the ?'?' ?''? washed up to hinh-water-mMk, and thus ts brought to this point the team coUected and sent to Dr. o-itock H.iH ?' anaiysis, Mid wliich he condemned in auch of this, I distributed thirty-nve marked corks on the d channel—when left dry by the ebb—and recovered thirtv-two them at at! within a space opposite ,t to.the distance between the ea.st corner of the tH (?f tlie Wint? Gardens and the na? statt of same. I also tttered' twentv-iive ditferent!y marked ?corks on the shore- u't of the X.E. channeJ, and recovered at hi?h-water twenty- .t-?' them; f'jnr facing Xorth John Street, (here a!sowere md ?he mrked, referred to as heins on the N.E. nine) hank ? on the spur of the gravel bank tite remam- 18 on the west side of this b.nk. (X.D.—'i'he bi'.nk ? not covered at watt'r of th!s )ow tide). These experi- 'oslts in these tv.-o channels will nmke for, and ultima.tt[y ?he process ftbove de..cribe(t was, at the time the reports were .veak point No. 1. This then is what is meant ?i'he nnht and left banks uf a. river are to your right )eit when treveUing duwn iitream. bv he ewa"e,of he previous chh,bcin? brought back upon the bathing ? ound hv the ao'.v of the next tide, and not, as is er- roneously supposed by some, that the Mwa-?e earned oat to se: bathing g..oiiiia hv the ao'.v of the next tide, and Dot, as is er- roneously supposed by some, that the earned oat to se: is brought ¡¡"ok agnin by the sea. That this latter is not tit.; is c-.uc)usivelv shewn by Mr de Hance, C. E., who writes "The e' t'Ie Mows westward, andtfthcRhyl outfall is ontv opfned at toe half ebb-tide, this is the direction sewage w take, aiditis physically impossible for it to pass on tot) jadies' oathin? ground, as has b.'en repre ented. so lon? as th'j le' d; remain as they arc. The channels on that Rroun'Utbe Indus' hathiuf: ground) ;,Il dram to the n\-ec channel, into which a considei'a)')est.-e!nn pas.esfor sever.') hours, the now tJcing uniform)v fro;u east to v. est durim; ebb. the lowest p.u't of It" h:(th'nt gr )un 1 b!ing several feet above 'he r'.ver chiune)." Mr Pritchard, O.K., a)so writes :— With the sewage always dis- charged at hatf ebb-tide. and the \alves closed one hour before tow water, itlw condition upon which the system was planned, E. L!1 I have not tile sligi1t"t hesitation in assertinp, that no portion of the liquid thud so discharged, ever Unds its way to the ladies' and after a careful study of the bed of the river, the course of the currents in the river water, and of th'; eurreiits in the sea at low water, both ]o"<<I)y and front the Admiralty Charts. I venture to add my co:.viction, that such a return is'phvsicp.Uy impossible under the present conditions as to h'vels, and it is ascertained before the sluice valves of the outfall are opened that the river has lowered stifficieiitly into its bed at ha)f ebb, which is not atways the case,' as I have proved for mvself; hence no nxed tim" for opcninK the valves can be for there must be a de,,ree of dis- cretionary It is very important to know where this foam referred to The following observations.v.-ith the results obtained,W)]I he of interes:. On a da- when the wind was blo'.vinn from the west, and <tfsuH:cient strength to act upon n'at"rial floating 011 toe river and when the river contained )-n"t )rn(<r, which had faUen dui-in" the previous night, I made a very careful inspection. The follol\'iW were the conditions:—Height of tide that morning Itft. fun. time of tirst observation, 1 hour :30minutt. after time of high-wct<.r. The sh:ice valves of the outfall were not open and had been closed since the previous ebb. to the projecting stone work supporting the railway bridge crossing the nver. was a lare 'iuanti'y (.f foam, and e\tc'.tdin': from this point was a long sickle-sliaped line oj "foam" wlucit extended eastward Dr some distance over the v.- it 'r coverinK the mud-land," and was continu( d in a gentle cnrve toward the Foryd Hrid?e, round tlie ?fone work supportinK the. ):hv) endofwiiicltitpassed; ",a" carried down stream(through t bis aperture in the bridge) not the main o-ae, it witt eb observed, ).nt Mie one to leaward. Having now Kot c)ear of both bridK<.s,it tra- v..Hed down stt-eam. hugging thèright l)ank all the way, and formed anotlter lonx-c\tendid loop on the water, which reached far bevond the )imits of the river-bed eastward, and then curved westward -— the line was a continuous one from the railway brid. to seaward, as far as it could la- traced. This line corres- ponded wi:h the ebb current, excepting that perhaps it wa.-i ex- tended a little eastward by the wind. S 'cond inspection of the river aud its banks two hours later. In each odd v\ras iii)atitiy a collection of scum and foam. Notably, there was one above the Foryd liridse, and another below it about sixty or seventy yards. Immediately below the bridKe was a line of {o."u, 'vlucit had been left on the bank by the l,n;"f'rjng- water. The for(,Ioii, observations qutte satisfied me that the foam cam.' flown the river and even supposing the scfage dieh;trg.d on the previous ebb had been deposited on the hanks of the estuary, where would the following 'low have car- ried it to Earlier in this report I have shewn you quite c!enr)y,thatitwouid have been carried to high-wakr mark- especially it westerly wiud, aud Iwt the rit-er. I have now clearly shewn that a large quantity of frothy s-um." as Dr. Hostock Hi)) cal)s it. r.'mf'.s (¡OIl' rhf )-tvt-r and alth, I know that a certain quantity of scum does form in the siack water, near the outfall, when the sewage is If!schllrging, it is not one-hundredth part of what comes down the river and this riv.'r '-frothy scnm," is just as brown and snspicious'/oukill!1 as was the specimen marked B examined by Dr. Rostock Hill, November ISSii. At 4-8C' p.m. witen the water in the river WMperfecth-sweet, and had no trace o'brackishness, v.-ttli the wind still in the west, I cot'.ected a sample of river scum, which I took oSth? top of the water as it lay in the eddy—and atso coHeetedw])at was left a)M)ve the water line on the bank—and sent it to Dr. I;ostock Hill for analysis, and asked him to report to me, and in doins so, to compare the specimen of 1.S8C w ith the present one. I give vou his reply "The folJowinK are tberesultsof my analysis of the sample of scum received from 'ou on the 26th inst. It had a marked odour of "a-weed. hnt ')10 smell of Total soliel ;natter" '0' 0 0 0 0 '00' '0 2*80 percent :'IIinc.alllla Uel', 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-51 1"i,.tt,r. 1)-29 rl't", _\I1lIll0Ilia, 00'" 0 0 0' o. '00 0'7r.0 per 10P,OOO. .\lh\1l\1t'Jloid i,, "Thisshowsinmyopioion that the organic matter is cluefiy its very much -)essinqu:mtitvth.!n in the sampte marked" reesived ? Xovember ?i?rd, 1H'-< That satnpie contained ]H'9 per cent. of solid natter of v.hieh ?'? per cent. was ornanic, or times as much as in the present samp!e. The amount of free am'uonia is now onty one-ninth of that in samp)e marked "B" 'LhL sample w.ts marked by me the iettcr X. by winch IwiHn))udetoit. My reading of the above is as fonows: The scum camp do'n remarks that the beach .'t I:hyi it at the present time in a con- dition dangerous to heatth the effects of na!es, heavy seas, tides, continue? Certainty not; and I to state that durin::the v. ho]e of tl:e s'.uumer of lt!87, and up to tile present time, snch a isted. Why ? bcfause, First.—The enormous importance of not the sewers. Sec remiu-ks on "Diversion of I;,unfa))," be!o'.v. Second, — ?.turp, v.-it.h ft )itt!e assist.'nce, threw up a from weak Htovne. Fom'th,—Themuscte-bed was buried. To c of tne"r!'ntamination which undoubtedly took place on the bt Mh for an of the days upon which rain teU durin;; the summer months, extending over a period of six years, ?oes to show that the surcharging from ttinfait \vas an occurrence which constanth- at aH times of the tide." Yes, during heavy rainfaU. I am informed by the Surveyor, the assistant Inspector of Nuisance, and the man in cha:'Ke of the outf.d[, that the average measurement of the depth o< tlie sewage varies very tittle in are closed,v.hich is equatin volume toarainfai) of';? of an inctt up the water of tlie sewer, as far t'.s sewer, near the sereeninn chamber. Grooves for such pent stocksareaiready provided. mriou:.tohe.i)th, neither of your specialists ha.ssaidso,inso manv v'ords,auditive you above tite nearest approach to it the return of deaths from xymotic causes durins the fast uve vears, mereh- pointing out here that the year which havebem expected to have Hhewn ttte holiest numher.and ra.te, if there existed, from the state of the foreshore, dauber to sibtv sav, honesty of purpose, that there existed a nuisance ? on durin!! )ast sum- nter,orth..tsuchcan be found there now, and the above prove, that the proportion deathrateisnotontheincrease. lhavenodoubtanotincon- of soUd from the sewer d)d )eave the main stream, !'nd ?ot )eft on the hoiiow ground, ?tft-totx ?o (/M b<' carefuity preserved. It is most essential that the hoUow spaces forntW! behind the training wnnshouXtbe atoncehHedin; &udit would appear advt.sabfe the tow-lyius ?"re between the traininK wait and the uc-.vly- formed hank shou)d ? :M much its posstbtc to attain a. higher teve), so as to .strengthen and raise the hank before and at the curve. Thus it wi)I be seen that the physic cui conditions of the foreshore on the bank of the rtver at weak point Xo.l are very K''e<<t)y aiteMd and tmprovnt since the reports were made. I sineerety ?"pe muscte bed wiU receive the closest attention, and active means be taken to des- troy it, ascompteteiyascan L'c done—by mixing it with qmeh hme, ur by some other approved method. Tins requires immed- ?ow comes the at) important question,—Does noatint: matter fron- the sewer t.ti)) ?etoutof the river and ?et deposited on the banks? After my observations and experiments, I am hound to to the opening of the valves, time. and state of tide, are compiled with. How is this to be prevented ? I!y extending the outfaU discharge a. pure fitment only. The Srst a.v<ti]tbte of The stcond availabie 'tt'er point would beMtiU further seaward on the west side of the river, and in like man- ner beyond, and free from the intitcnce of the); .E. channel. This point i preferable to the urst. Were an extension to either of these points determined upon,it would be well to entertain having a relief-pipe running from it higher level than the sluice valves,as a means of relieving the sewers when surcharged of some of the top water, consisting of comparatively ciear emuent (the tank- sewer acting as a settling .ank), which could be discharged a good hour or more earlier than the time at which the mani out- let valves eonid be opened. I here quote a sentence in.Dr. Bos- tock Hill's report: And white th" sewage was discharged, at about half ehb, I examined the river in the vicinity of the out- fall in a boat. I noticed that altho' when the first rush of sew- age came, there was but little discolouration, afterwards when the heavier part was brought down the stream was con- siderably discoloured." This confirms the above remark about the nature of tlie first dl.charge, and if this, as I suggest, were taken front a higher level than that of the sluice vnlves, the river water couid be allowed to get well into its bed, before the main sluice valves were opened, and the heavier sewage discharged. Provision would of course have to be made to prevent the actual top lay<r, with the floating scum, &c., enter- ing the relief pipe. This pipe could act as a storm water overtlow of the very best description, and could be made self- acting by having its inlet placed a little below the exact level at which tlie sewer requires relief, and so prevent surcharging. Of course there are certain times when no gravitation system would work, as pointed out by Mr Pritchard, but these would occur so very seldom as hardly to warrant consideration. SCREENING CHAMEEU. The present screening arrangements are inemcient and in- sumeient. The screen should not be placed vertically, but dia- gonally, sloping from below upwards in the direction of the current. It would thus be self-cleansing to a great extent and the solid Moating matter collecting at tlie top, would be pushed forward by the water, and should be caught in a chamber or trou"h provided for its reception, placet at a higher level than the sewer into which the screened sewage runs This solid matter chamber could he cleared as often as might be found necessary. A rake worked from above, and fitted into tile lower end of the diagonal screen, by being drawn up, would assist the displacement of tlie collected solid at the to].. and throw it into the chamber. Your Surveyor can work out the details of tins recommendation. Tlie present arrangements are insunicient, botli because the system of retaining solids in cesspools is Iwing Tradually abolished, and, I trust, that in the near future, alt the cesspools and retaining tanks, or eatchpits, on tlie line of sewers, will be done aw ay with also. ? n The necessity for this was forcibly pointed out by Dr. Lostock Hill, with whom I thoroughly agree on this point. This will uf necessity require an improved gradient, to SOlUt' of the smaller sewers, and compensating flushing arrangements. All eel/tin below nood lev-1 of sewers should be eSectually trapped.or better still, entirety disconnected from the sewers. DIVERSION OF RAINFALL. It may be fairly computed that the present main sewers will accomodate a rainfall amounting of an inch, in addition to the contained sewage during the summer seasot« without the necessity of opening the discharging valves before the prescribed time, vix., at half ebb-tide. From my record of tlie rainfall during the last <t.c years (the rain being measured once in 4 hours), the number of times the rainfall exceeded of an inch within that time, during tile four months for the years I¡X;-¡j-4- 5-6-7. was as follows: In months of June, It); July, 1U August, 17 September, 6. The total numbers for these four months during the several vears being: 18M, 16; 1HS3, H; 1884, 1-t;! 18t<5, 7 1886, 14 1887, M; which gives 78 times in 7 years, or an average of a little over 11 times per summer season of four I months. Against this must be calculated tliat the sewers are opened twice in 4 hours, therefore tlie liability of sur- charging would be hve and a half times, or even lesa, if the rain fell during the time tlie valves were open. From this it will l)e seen that the liability to surcharging occurs much less frequently than is generally supposed. During a recent fall of rain, which measured 'H'J of an inch per acre, which is one-sixtL more than a quarter of an inch, it ) was not found absolutely necessary to open the valve any earlier 1 than usual but tlie man in charge, fearing a continuance of the rain then falling, opened the valves to avoid surcharging. It ceased raining directly after, and it is to be regretted lie did, in this instance, act with such precaution, for he asserts that could lie have known the rain would cease when it did, he need not have opened the valves and it must be observed the one-sixth over a quarter of an inch of rain fell. Autnority lias laid down the rule that where storm-water is admitted into the sewers au over- new should be provided. The best means of providing a storm-r.'ater overtlow is a question rather tor an engineer to decide than for me, and it ia but justice to the engineers of the present system, Messrs Hell and Hughes, to state that the necessity for this was foreseen, and provided for, by auxiliary pumping arrangement, to give relief to tne sewers on excessive rain-fall and also to provide sea water for Hushing purpsoes. And whilst not entirely agree- ing with the erection of a pumping station, it is much to be rc- gn-'tted that their recomlllendation was not carried out in its! entiretv, for had it been, and had greater attention been paid to the time of opening the sluice valve, the present dimculties never have arisen. Before the recommendation of Mr Pritehard, C.E.—that the rain water should be diverted from the sewers be acted upon,would it not be as well to as!: his opinion again, for tile following reaons :-The ov(.rcharging fronl rain ,ateI' occurs so seldom. The rain water is at present a splendid tlushiug power, withuut which,or its equivalent, the sewers would very soon cease to work in some parts of the town, uecause of the Jol\' gra<lienb, and to ask whether a storm water overíIow could not be arranged? Whether some plan could not be devised for limitng the objectionable street detritus which enters with tlie rain water, and wMcli he named as one of the objections to admitting rain water into Hewers? To point out to him chat \]ll'n the suring water now discharging into tlie sewer is removed, the liahihty to surcharging will he lessened, and to shew him how seldom this has been the case in tlie past THE VENTILATION AND FLUSHING OF SEWERS. The] air of the sewers should bo placed in constant connection with tlie external air. The <{n-fctK)<t of tlie current of the air in the sewers is probably, generally, the same as the stream of water if thi" /.¡,. In tlie sewerage of this district the gradients being low, tlie stream of water has little, if any, in- fluence upon the air. Ventilation is more urgently needed in tide-locked sewers, than in those which discharge continuously. The Public Health Act in its lUtii clause provides that:—Every Local Authority shall cause tlie sewers belonging to them to be constructed, covered, and kept s) a-, not to be a nuisance injurious to health, and to be pro- perly cleansed and emptied I do not consider this require- ment has been complied with, for the sewers are certainly not sutticiently ventilated, and from their generally low gradients the air in them stagnates, and is driven out ?.t irregular intervals by ;vind .so that somc of the open grids arc' a s;)Urce ofyuisance,allll In) urlOUS to health, and Hume uf these gl'1ds are so otIensiye during the sumnH I' montlt; that tJlPY have to he closed to render the streets useable. AH this is very objection- able, if not something more, and a.s it sœms to me, can not he remedied by a multiplication of street surface grids. This is a matter I have looked into very carefully,and very fully, and I am myself quite satisfied, that tlie only true way of dealing with this (Idect crfectnall, i to draw the noxious ga,; out of tHe s'ers and to renderit innoxious by burning before it as discharged, and that the most dlicient way of doing this is to put up the neccs,san- number of Keeling's Patent Gas Destructors, t'uli particuhn-s of whidl I ¡\ppend, together ",itlt rei10rts by PrufessoŒ John Att. held, J. Alfred Wanklyn, and the result of an independent in- \'Cstigation of the ,yorking of thee tlestructors hy Dr. Hussell F.B.S., Professor of chemistry; and a report of It meeting of the Ealing Local Hoard, dealing with these destructors which ha.ve been adopte<l, and arc working most mtisfactorily, ill the parish of Ealing. Of the air emmitted from these Destructors connected with the sewers, Professor Wanklyn writes:—"Thf. e'Gllllination sho'vs that the air is not now so bad as the air :n t:l'lJ'.nlc(1 theatres awl crowdell rooms. Such air Illay be dis. charge!) into the open Htreet with perfect safety- tephen Holmes, Esq., memher of the Institute of Civil En- illl'crs (with whom I hllve heen in correspondence on the suhject. IIn(1 to wholll reference is to he mad!!) has kindly marked a plan of the sewers of this district (which accompanie this appendix,) HilCwing the minlllum number likely t<.i he re- quired for the etlicient purification of our sewer, aml the position he thinks they s'lliu]d occupy, and I attach correspondence which gives particulars as to the cost, fixing, working, &e.. I trust the accompanying papers, relating to these Sewer Gas Destructors, will reeeive careful perus[\l, as 1l1ldunbtPd1Y the first thing that wants doing now to the sewers thelll,sel \'es' is to Vt'utilate them prop!'rl)". I think it adYisable the followiu" H\\gesti{)ns ..hould receive early consideration:- n bt,- Two of the pipes connected of the \11ves at the outfall to be carried 18 feet further into the bed of the river, so !I.; to get the (1Ischar;e mto the current, and avoid the slack water. This necessity has.arisen from the rece(ling of the river bed since tlie pipes were laid. :w1, few, if not all the neCeSSltl'Y Sewer Gas Destl'uctor, tlJ he pnt up in the most telling situI\tions. :Jrd,-The spring in the sO\er to he tapped from outside aml the brickwork of the sewer made watertight; this will give in- creased capacity for holding storm-water. 4th,-Screening chmuuer to receiYe attention. 5th,-A storm-water overilow should, if possible, be provided, and a gague placed in some convenient position by which tlie exact pUlHt at wluch the sewer would rer!llire relieyin" to avoid surcharging won1<l he indicated. Subsequentty, the outfall should be extended, and if a river- position is selected, preferably, to the second point named in tl1Í 'e!?ort; ur HlUe other treatment of the sewage adopted. Ethcient flushing for dead ends and low gradient lengths o the sewers should be provided, and when this is done, catchpits should be done away with. In conclusion. I beg to acknowledge the use I have made of Dr. Hostock Hill's, and Mr E. Pritcliard's, reports, as well as the kind assistance afforded me by Mr DeRance, C.E., as to currents, ,c. From 1\1r R. Hughes, the Surveyor, I have received r.B r: quired assistance, together witli the necessary plans. MrHam- mond and Edward Ev.uis, have rendered me what assistance I nl,tled,1I1 canying out my eJ;perimellts, and in estimatill" the \'(,lmne of the spring. These services I beg to recognise" and' acknowledge. Hoping my endeavour to lay the subject-matter of this report fairly before my readers, and that some—I can hardly expect all—of my suggestions may be found of service, I subscribe myself, Your obedient servant, A. Evrox LLOYD, M.D., Medical Onicer of Health, RIiyI Urban Sanitary Authority. Bod Arthur, RIivI. March, 1888.

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