The Principality

SLIP II.—FROM HIS OWN COUNTRY. As Mr. Symons will be paying us periodical visits, and re- porting upon the state of the poorest and most defenceless amongst us, an occasional delineation of the same class as to poverty, in his own country, may assist his descriptive facul- ties within the range of truth. We find the following most deplorable and pitiful account in a book lately published by Mr. Ferguson :—• There are hamlets in Oxfordshire, at which the poor people bote no other water to drink than what they draw from the stag- ant ponds at A,h.ch horses and cows drink, and in which ducks and g ese swim. We have been informed by a highly-respectable mtdical gentleman that numbers cf the inhabitants of these ham- •i"lets die annualiy of a fever which is the effect of the water they -iual y of a i are forced to drink, and of the bad quality and short quantify of their food." Such is the systematic poverty of the working classes in the mare southern, counties, that if a poor woman were to be seen going to the baker's with a few pounds of mutton, she would at once be suspecied of theft, and might expect a visit from the official searchers. Very few of ilie peasantry are able to feed a small pig auij those who do feed one are in general compeil.d to part with it. in order that they may have the means of purchasing a few ar- ticles of clothing a:id shoes for their feet." It is a great mistake to suppose that certain sins to which we Reed no more particularly allude here, are more extensively en- couraged and practised in our large towns and cities than they are in th obs .'ure villages and small towns of our rural districts." Every village has its quota of loose characters, and these are more Ï:1 number than pecple are in general aware of. In many of the villages within twenty miles of the Universities, there are certain places called '-Th^ College."

EDUCATION IN WALES. TO THE EDITOR OF THE PRINCIPALITY. Sis.—The complimentary allusion to, my name by the Rev. Daniel Davies of Swansca. in your last impression is tiie only apology I can offer for rushing amongst so many combatants into the educational contest this week. I deem it my duty respectfully to disclaim the honour which my respected friend awarded unto me in saying, The Rev. Mr. It of Llaneily and myself (as far as I am aware) stood ainna in our advocacy of secular education and State aid." I did nothing more at Llandovery in the meeting he alludes to than merely moot the question in order to have it properly discussed, and no sooner was this done than the great guns of London and Wales attacked secularity in all directions in such a tremendous manner as to leave not a wreck behind, while I sat down and wrapped my face in my Snantle, and the Rev. Daniel Davies, as far as my memory and notes serve me, sat mute not far from me, or nearly so. Some individuals might have left that meeting with the im- 0 Z, pression that I had a leaning to State aid, because I occa- sioned such a storm by simply raising the question but as far as I can judge none could have left with that impression in reference to my friend of Swansea. So that we neither stood alone nor in company in that meeting for secularism in education and payment, nor has there a whisper been ut- tered in any regular meeting from that day unto this in fa- vour of the system, the championship of which Mr. Davies lias assumed. How my friend has obtained the information that public opinion is greatly modified in favour of secular education and State pay, I cannot divine. I am afraid some- times that he and some few choice friends have caught the fever of the three tailors in Tooley-street, and still I am loath to believe that a stanch water drinker has fallen under the influence of such a stupid disease. Where is the leaning towards secularism ? Not in the Government, not in the committee, for none of its members have uttered a word in their official capacity in favour of secular education. In the last report but one we find these significant lines :—" The committee are thoroughly convinced that sound piety lies at the foundation of all lasting usefulness. While therefore they would guard against everything inquisitorial, they feel bound to watch closely the habits and dispositions of their pupils; anxious as they may be for high intellectual attain- ments, they could not but look with suspicion upon any training which did not bear directly upon the heart as well as the mind. The best explanation of this is suggested by inspiration—' Restore unto me the joy of thy salvation, and uphold me with thy free spirit; then will I teach transgres- sors thy ways, and sinners shall be converted unto thee.' These sentiments dropped from the pen of the Rev. Henry Griffiths, and were heartily responded to by the committee, and sent out to the world with the impress of a public meet- ing upon them. Is it to be supposed that our beloved bre- thren the Wesleyans will give up their long-cherished and deep-rooted notions of religious instruction in order to join the secular party of the Rev. Daniel Davies? Will the en- lightened body of the Calvinistic Methodists turn the Bible and religion out of doors in order to partake of the booty of the rev. gentlemen? If he consults the lookers on" the he will find many, if not most of them, too sturdy to bend to lick the dust off the feet of State-paid inspectors and agents: and I think the Independents will prove very tardy in following him to the foot of the throne to wait for royal crumbs. Will the evangelical churchmen yield religious education for State-aid ? Mr. Nevill in putting his name down yesterday for X50, towards the Normal College, stated in his own emphatic manner, that he would not give fifty pence towards a secular college. I presume the gentlemen about Swansea are of much the same opinion. Where then will Mr. Davies turn to show the modification, and point out his converts ? I am aware that there are thousands in Wales willing to- receive Government aid for secular-religious instruction; the IVes leyans would, the liberal church people would: but religion must be discarded, or Mr. Davies cannot enter into the movement; he is shackled by his Dissenting trammels. What then can be in view ? It is very evident that no party can be formed in Wales, Government included, to support a secular education school for teachers, and as Mr. W. Chambers said, whetherSpublic feeling is right or wrong in this point, it is i-o, and it is our duty to make the best we can, even of this prejudice, and aid the people to educate themselves in their own way." I trust it will not be con- sidered illiberal in me to say that whatever the opinions of an individual might be in regard to the rightfulness of se- cular education and State aid, it is his duty now to set his shoulder to the wheel, and help the people on in their own way: and I trust that my rev. friends of Brecon and Swansea will heartily join the movement; that no more hole-and-corner meetings will be held, and anonymous papers be written and sent about the country stealthily to calumniateJur agents and advocates. If an opposition to the great and united educa- tional movement is to be, let it begin in an upright and m inly manner. Have a public meeting in tiny part of the country to advocate secular education and State aid. Give jt a form hitherto it only went about ghostlike, and was found only in corners. In regard to the point which Mr. Davies lays hold of as a handle to bias the minds of liberal friends, I beg to say for myself that I hold it as a sentiment that all educational and religious deeds ought to have no clause to tietlwm down in pe pctuity to the present genera- tion, for we must always n m mher that we may be wrong; and if we are right and posterity may happen to go wrong, there are no title-deeds that will keep the property for the purposes it was intended for; and, besides, I am fully of opinion that there will be no tendency to Government aid in fifteen years to come, but as many of my brethren are very much for having this clause in, I readily yield for the sake of union and co-operation. The annual meeting is to be at Carmarthen on the 19th inst.—Let us all meet there. Yours, Llanelly, Sept. 5, 1848. DIVID REES.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE PRINCIPALITY. SIR,—I understand that, within the last few days, two or three gentlemen have been busily engaged in canvassing this town for signatures to a certain declaration, expressing the desirableness of applying for Government aid towards, gene- ral instruction. With yoar permission, I am desirous of asking those gentlemen, through the medium of your paper, the following questions:- 1. What system of education does that declaration mean -I)itrely secular, or religious and secular combined ? 2. If purely secular, was it so worded that it might be easily understood ? 3. Did the gentlemen, whose names are appended to it, understand it in that light ? 4. What object have they in view in getting the declara- tion in question signed ? I have been induced to bring this matter before you, through the medium of your paper, in consequence of an impression made upon my mind that the work has been clandestinely prosecuted, and that some of the gentlemen, who have signed the declaration, have been grossly imposed upon. I shall be glad if some of those who have taken a part in this movement, will have the goodness to reply to the fore- going queries. Yours, &c. D. EVANS, Sept. 4th, 1848. York-place, Swansea. [The subject of our correspondent's letter is of considerable importance. We know the writer of the declaration, and from our knowledge of him his designs maybeeasily in- ferred, A simultaneous movement will be made in several towns In South Wales, in order to overawe the Carmarthen meeting. Let the friends of free education be wide awake. —ED.]

NEW WORKS, Just Published, by W. FERGUSON, Bicester, Oxon. mHE COTTAGERS' COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE, price I sixpence. "Sold by Ward and Co., Paternoster-row, and Gilpin and Co., Bishopsgate-street Without, London. Also, THE IMPENDING DANGERS OF OUR COUN- TRY; or, Hidden Things Brought to Light. Dedicated to Lord John Russell. 9 11 Price Two Shillings. Sold by Ward and Co.; Gilpin and Co.; and B. L. Green, London. The above works may be had through the medium of any book- seller in the United Kingdom. CARDIGANSHIRE. TO BE LET, And entered upon at Michaelmas next, ALL that capital DWELLING HOUSE, coach house, stable, gardens, and outbuildings, together with about 40 acres of ex- cellent meadow, pasture, and arable lands, known by the name of ROSEHILL, situate in the parish of Llangocdmore. The house is well adapted for the residence of a respectable family, and consists of a dining room, drawing room, four best bed-rooms, kitchens, pantries, dairy, and other out-offices. It is situate on the banks Of the far-famed river Tivy, so celebrated for its salmon and trout fishing, and within two niiles of the sea- port town of Cardigan to and from which place there is a daily London mail. For further particulars, apply to Mr. Thomas Davies, solicitor, Cardigan. TO DRAPERS' ASSISTANTS. TSTANTED IMMEDIATELY, a first-rate SALESMAN; un- V questionable references will be required, and liberal salary given. Apply to Mr. Thomas Lewis, 31, High-street, Newport. P. S. None heed apply but those who thoroughly understand the business. TO ADVERTISERS. The large and increasing Circulation of the PRINCIPALITY rende-s it a most advantageous medium for Advertisements of all descriptions. The terms are moderatesix lines and under, five shillings; and fourpence for each additional line. A considerable reduction is made on Advertisements repeatedly inserted. TIIE LARGEST CIRCULATION IN WALES.

TO AUTHORS. Books, pamphlets, and periodicals for review, may be left at Longman and Co., Paternoster-row, London, addressed to the Editor, care of Mr. W. Bird, Cardiff. -U -i r -1.

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TO CORRESPONDENTS. It is our invariable rule not to insert any communication without possessing in confidence the teal name of the writer. Thomas and Stephens, Millers." Your paragraph was in ef. feet an advertisement of the good qualities of some lime, of which we knew nothing, and therefore cou'd not recommend it. "H. Bowen," It is a delightful subject, but we have no time this week. We shall bear your request in mind. "J. Jones." If we cm get the act, we will publish all that may be necessary for the information you seek, at an early date. Meanwhile, you will find the principal provisions in col, 2, p, 3, of our present number. Eryr." We cannot understand the object of your paper. The Post is not free to correspond with an Editor. Spoonfuls and spoonsful are both used. We prefer the former. 11 M. Ellis." And he worshipped at the altar last Sunday did be ? We had both long predicted it. Has he taken the diploma with him ? J. C." We are sorry that we have not available space to pub- lih the case of Mr. Shore. A Scotch Mountaineer." You have not given us your name. "J." Too late this week. Tremrliudd." We have not thought it desirable thus far to publish Welsh poetry. We could not possibly publish the long and excellent letter of the Rev. D. Evans in our present number.

WEEKLY SUMMARY. HER Majesty the Queen has this week prorogued Parlia- ment, and has thereby released our senators from their la- borious toils. The royal speech appears elsewhere. The contrast between it and the review of the session by Mr. Disraeli is remarkable. Royal lips are accustomed to com- plimentary accents; but the brilliant trifler is fonder of enunciating sarcasm. However insincere himself, all must feel that his description of the labours of the session are but too truthful and melancholy. Her Majesty has already left for the Highlands to enjoy the splendid scenery of that mountain land. How happy her Cambro-Briton subjects would be to welcome her occa- sionally among our own verdant valleys and time-honoured cliffs! Three elections have been decided during the last week- Derby, Cheltenham, and Leicester. Of the five members returned, we believe that three, Messrs. Ellis and Harris, for Leicester, and Mr. Lawrence Heyworth, for Derby, wili prove true friends to the people. Indeed all the members returned profess to be Liberals. The little fine weather we have had has acted beneficially on our harvest prospects. A few more fine days would do immense good. Ireland continues tranquil. It is supposed that Mr. O'Gor- man and Mr. Dillon have escaped to the continent, though we believe no positive information has been received of the fact. Lord John Russell is now staying in Dublin. The cheers that greeted him on his arrival were few and far between. At Bangor he was received with solemn silence but some of the workmen at the Britannia bridge were a little more cheer-ful, which is said to have gratified Lady John Russell exceedingly. The object of the Premier's visit has not yet transpired, but in all probability it is no other than that of preparing for the endowment of the priests. The special commission is to commence on the 19th instant, and will be held at Nenagh and Limerick. The intentions of the Government in regard to the State prisoners may be gathered from the fact "that about 4,000 soldiers will be marched to those towns before the opening of the commission. The crops are said to have suffered severely, iu conse- quence of which business is in a very stagnant state in Dub- lin. Come what may of the rebellion, this much is certain that we shall have to feed the Irish during this winter again, or they will starve. Anyhow they will prove ex- pensive customers. In more respects than one, Ireland will become the difficulty of England, and well it will be if it proves not a cause of serious embarrassment. In a country ground to death by taxation like ours is, the unlimited squandering of money will at length become a difficulty, and 0 til in a few years an insurmountable difficulty. It is said that Government intends to increase the police force to 30,000 men, so that a great part of the army may be withdrawn the police to be entrusted with ten'pieces of artillery in every county. The affairs of the French Republic have not been mate- rially altered since our last publication. lamartine has pub- lished a pamphlet in defence of himself, which has produced a great sensation. The first edition was sold off in the course of fifteen minutes. His defence of himself is triumph- ant. We feel assured that the day of his justification can- not be far distant. France will have to deplore the substi? tution, of the war minister for the poet-statesman. Every- thing thus far continues tranquil. Several journals have been suppressed, but most of them seem to be Communist and Iniidel organs.

TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS. FRIENDS AND FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN, THROUGH your kindness and that of Divine Providence, the PRINCIPALITY is this day enabled to commence the second year of its existence. To us, the past year has been a period of intense anxiety; to you it has been one of ex- amination and decision. If our highest ambition has not been yet gratified, our most sanguine wishes in regard to the first year have been realised. And if in all things you have not been satisfied, still your generous support has enabled us-to proceed thus far. It may therefore not be un- becoming in us to aldress you in re-commencing our annual task, to thank you for your past support, as well as to invoke your aid for the future. The former we do most sincerely and unaffectedly the latter we urge as a duty you owe to great and abiding principles at a critical moment in the process of their development. We have laboured honestly and perseveringly; you have kindly approved our labours, and by your continued approval and support we judge that it is our duty to go on our way rejoicing." Z, Z5 It has been said that the PRINCIPALITY was born in due time. It appeared at an interesting period in the history of our country. The land of our birth is the stronghold of Nonconformity. Its inhabitants, so far as their social con- dition is concerned, are a peculiar people. In other countries we meet with the lower, middle, and upper classes. Here, to a great extent the existence and influence of middle classes are unknown. In other lands the piety and virtue of the country are mainly found among such classes. Here it is not so. The boundary line between the squirearchy and the labouring class is visible and distinctly drawn. The differ- ence in religion is as conspicuous as that in Foial circum- stances. The wealthy belong to the endowed Church the industrial classes love to frequent the temples of willing- hood. Conformity is the religion of the few, Nonconformity is the creed of the many. The select few adhere to the compulsory principle the masses have cast their bread on the waters of Voluntaryism. A little consideration of these simple facts would instantly furnish a key to solve the dif- ference between English and Welsh Dissent. The difference is not in principle, but in the circumstances that produced development. The absence of a middle class is as unde- sirable in religious as it is in social matters. Nevertheless when it so happens, we must deal with circumstances as we find them. Believing that the Nonconformity of Wales was a pheno- menon worthy of observation and defence through the me- dium of the English language, the PRINCIPALITY has en- deavoured to call attention to its works of faith and labour of love. It commenced doing so at a period when its alleged demerits were loudly proclaimed. Its means of defence at that time were few, and altogether dependent on the gene- 0 rosity and candour of persons who differed more or less from our avowed and eherished principles. The press was not that of Nonconformity. It ministered more to the views of the higher classes, than to those of the laboring population. Pissent is the result of private opinion, and is to a great extent a question of conscience. Where no inquiry has been made, or where convictions are hostile, it is in vain to ex- pect cordial and hearty defence. To have an organ of their own was, therefore, a want, which the Welsh Noncon- formists deeply felt. But it could be easily foreseen that the position was one of extreme difficulty, and not a little hazard. As multitudes of the people could not understand the English language, the' enterprise could derive no support from I hem. Then unfor- tunately, there were others who differed more or less from its ecclesiastical and political principles, and were therefore not, prepared to support it with ail their might. One party could not be pleased, if it committed itself to the advocacy of or- ganised means for the separation of Church Snd State. Ano- ther deemed such a course indispensable. Its neutrality on Government Education was desired by one, and was ihOut earnestly repudiated by another. To one class in towns and on the borders of England any advocacy of Welsh nation- ality was distasteful; by another section it was regarded as our very mission. The reader at home wanted more local news, and that at a distance wished for general intelligence. In dealing with these opposiisg and discordant wishes, it must be admitted that our task was neither easy nor enviable. Some of the points admitted of no compromise, and none was attempted. We have trusted ourselves to abstract truths, and calmly wait the day of our justification. In matters of policy and expediency, we have stopped too short to please some, and have gone too far to gratify others. Under circumstances so peculiar, we may justly claim great forbearance. When the circulation is limited, the difficulty of consulting all tastes is increased. Add to this that our very principles have compelled us to oppose several of our own friends from the first. The attacks made on our princi- ples, our religion, and our all, have forced upon us, thus far, a perpetual combat. The year 1847-48 will be memorable in the history of Wales. Necessity was laid upon us, and to have refused our ear to the voice of the calumniated and the oppressed would have been treachery against man and God. The contest is still waging. None will greet its termination with greater joy than ourselves, if it should be achieved so as to advance truth and rectitude. Some may have thought us too indifferent to the views of others. If it is so, it arises from a firm conviction that our own are right. The advocate that would go to court with a doubtful mind and hesitating lan- guage wild be soon briefless. We may be accused of dog- matism when we are only guilty of sincerity. Positivism, may have been laid to our charge, though our utterances were of self-evident truths, and admitted of no dubitation. Of this one thing we are certain, that Welsh Dissent was the child of deep, earnest, and unmistakeable sincerity, and that its success must d'epelld on other means than cold assei-it and heedless trifling. Herein we appeal to the mysterious, future. ZD It has been our aim to make the paper useful to-all classes, To the agriculturist, the commercial man,, asd the miner, it furnishes more extensive and varied intelligence than ig, found in any other journal published in the principality., We do not assume perfection. Week after week it shall be our constant aim. to render its contents more varied, com- plete, and attractive; but the extent of our improvements must principally depend upon the cordiality of our support. The future is before us. The shadows of coming events-are. e 0 ominous. Within and without there are accumulated dan- gers. The conflict of antagonistic principles is inevitable. No human policy can keep matters stationary, and it will be our endeavour to understand the signs of the times, and to interpret them faithfully, in accordance with the great principles of Civil, Commercial, and Religious Freedom.: Truth shall be our leader, and New Testament principles the standard of om: policy.

■■ PASSING COMMENTS. OUR good friends the State educationists are fond of catching at straws; an act, it is said, most generally adopted by drowning men. A paragraph appeared in the Welshman, lately, stating that many schools in Cardiganshire had ap- plied for grants through the Cambrian Educational Society. This information found its way to Brecon, where everything of the kind passes at a premium; and it was thought of such, importance as to deserve the honour of being a tail to th& letter of the Rev. Daniel Davies, and was thus widely dis- tributed by the correspondent in chief. We hope that the indefatigable factotum functionary will insert the following notice from the Welshman, in the event of a second edition, being required:— A correspondent informs us that a paragraph, headed Ed cation in Wales," inserted in the Welshman, of the 11th instant, contains many incorrect statements respecting Llanarth, Llan- granog, and Ll wyndafydd. After making particular inquiries, lie, has found that not one of the committees of these-places, have; signed at any time any document as an application to the British School Society for a grant, and he very much doubts whether the- Troedyraur and Glynarthen committees have ever done so. It linist therefore be Lhndyssil only which has memorialized for a graiit., A double error is alleged to have been committed concerning Llån. granog, for the schoolhouse in the locality is in connexion with th& Establishment, and it is not a very likely thing that they would apply through a Dissenting minister for a grant. at Capel-wig is supported by voluntury coittribuciotis." Our attention has also been called in the course of this week to a specious Welsh handbill, on the" Educationing of the Welsh," issued from the office of the Swansea Herald, by some parties who are too much ashamed of themselves and their schcme to affix their proper names. We are informed that the paper is issued that the Welsh may have the advan- tage of judging for themselves—that it is issued by Welsh- men and Dissenters, and sincere well-wishers to the people and that it has been occasioned by the fact that men go, about misinstructing the country about the designs of Govern- ment, and speaking evil of dignities." The attention of the Welsh people is called to the fact that the proposals of Government. "1. Have no concern whatever with religion. The Go- vernment does not command the teaching of any catechism in. Dissenters' schools, but the Bible is not excluded/' Now what are we to think of the honesty and veracity of the meni who affirm that the Government scheme does not at all in:" n terfere with religion? We are sorry to use words which may sound harsh, but we are compelled to say that such. statements are wilful misrepresentations. No grant is made ■ to any school except on the express condition of its. being « religious school. We know that the inspector is not author- ised to examine into the religious instruction given in th. school, but he will be directed to ask for information as tot, the secular instruction and general regulations of the school. We fearlessly maintain that the term general regulation" includes religious instruction. Such instruction is a part of the general regulations or it is not. If It is not there car be no religious instruction in the school. But there must be religious instruction given in every school aided by a Go- vernment grant, and therefore it must be included" in the, general regulations. Now we unhesitatingly affirm that thera is no minute on record which prevents the Inspector from ask- in g general, though not specific, questions on religious subjects. We further assert that the concoetrs of this infamous hand- bill are very well aware of this, or they would nut have translated the words and that no certificate of the religious. knowledge of pupil teachers or monitors bo required from the managers of such schools," into na bo un math o cer- tificate o wybod aeth grefyddol yn ofynol gan oruchwylwyr yr ysgolion hyny." What honest men could render the minute so as to assert tha-t 11 no certificate whatever of reli- gious knowledge would be required from such managers?" Here is a fine specimen of the moral qualifications of these- well-wishers of the Welsh to give right instruction! But why this omission ? Why should such scandalous mis-state- ments be propagated under the garb of truth ? The reason is obvious, and can be plainly inferred from the very word, ing of the minute of July 10, 1847. The first part of that minute reads thus :—" Resolved, that it appears to the com- mittee that there are schools to which it is desirable that grants should be made, though the managers object on re- ligious grounds to make a report concerning the religion* state of such schools, as required by the minutes of August and December, 1S46." Now the objection was to the making of a report. of the religious state of the school, but. the Committee of Council still maintain their right to have a report; they have only consented to require no report of the religious knowledge of pupil teachers and monitors! Very liberal indeed and yet this mock liberality has blinded our secular educationists, and they endeavour to blind others. After this exposure of the false statements of the Swansea document, we do not think it will be productive of much, mischief. When truth is wanted, the keenness of thit weapon is taken away. It affords us much pleasure to extract the following well- written and sensible article from the Cambrian on the Normal College, a subject closely allied to the foregoing ;~— THE NORMAL COI.LKGV..—A new declaration of war, and an actual commencement of hostilities, have taken place in e- ference to the prospects of this important inst tution within the last fortnight. The belligerents are not eni m'es of Ion,; stancU ing; but yesterday they were allies; the conflict is oi thewar»$ kitid--it is a civil one; it is not a. question of Church and Pis*-

tute qf talents, 60 that a Welshman could not be found qualified for thi" office? What in truth do the Saxons think of us. Hey- day lads! We shall be obliged, ere long, it appears to have fenglishmen to teach us to eat cur bread and cheese, and to drink our leek broth. Was it not possible to find a Welshman to be an inspector, without being under the necessity of sending an Englishman to Llangollen to learn Welsh ? This is a disgrace—• a low. cowardly, and impudent libel upon us, as a nation: and why should we allow ourselves to be bullied in this manner? And who would have taken this but ourselves ? Let us awake, and demand our rights! There is, it appears, no Welshman to be found qualified to be an inspector of schools in Wales; but an Englishman must be appointed And tills Englishman is now learning Welsh at Llangollen Let Mr. lemons take this short but comprehensive word from U'3 :—he will never learn it so as to &p3 :;k it properly, and in a manner intelligible to children. No, never; he will be a morLitlcatlon to himself, and a subject of ridicule to the children. V-Aao her thing we wanted to suggest to him is this namely, Would i not hive been better for Mr. Symons to begin with the Welsh a little sooner, before making his report? But henceforth 0 we shall find him a patron to the Kisteddfodau, to Welsh litera- ture, and perhaps a poetical aliiterator second Dafydd ab Gwilym, (ioronwy Owen,'William Wynne, &c. Humbug and fudge Well done, Brutns!