Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald and North and South Wales Independent

brrpORTANT TO ADVERTISERS LARGEST circulation IN WALES. C°NTINUED SUCCESS OF HERALD CYMRAEG." INCREASE 260,000. A NEW CERTIFICATE. ib; Proprietor of "Yr Herald Cvmtaeg," tbe wIdest, largest, Cheapest, and Best 01 in Newspapers, has much pleasure attention to the continuous and fae„ta^elecl success of this old-established JP^ite. Qomber of years, no effort or expense Cy^j en spared to i-uprove Yr Herald ^8e?eg^, U ha8 been several times en- ^Pt ^'le quality °* PaPer ^as beep aned, and the very best printing appli- e ^een secured. Concurrently, the ^'ed RD(^ llterary c°lumns have been reu- Qioro and more fresh, varied, and 4s elllng to all classes of the public. be seen from the Certificate pnb, below, the public has been neither fcj tickle in responding to the enter- a of the conductors. men have long appreciated the W" °' Yr herald Cymraeg as a U^/lQtn for Advertisements. At the present stands higher in the estimation ol Vje Advertising World than ever. But it (j0j7 °* the continuously increasing circuit. In?. the paper, the Proprietor confident'v g^Pates a large increase of patronage it comjng months. tj ^^Withstanding the advancing circuit* the Scale of Charges will not be ralild the preseut year. Those who desire loh cts 'or 8l)acea aod special positions for L .^Periods should therefore apply at oner e Manager. CERTIFICATE. 419 and 11. Old Bank Buildings, Eastgate, Chester, September 30th. 1B98 0 tie Proprietor of Yr Herald Cymraeg,' t\ Carnarvon. Sir, I L. ««,* to certify that the circulation ol It 1 Herald Cymraeg,' as shewn by thti ^^blishing books for the last comploted ear of my audit (viz., year ended 30th II Ilne, 1898), as compared with the yeai M6Qtted 30th Jane, 1889, shows an „ ^CREASE OF 235,084 ,Pie8 in the 52 weeks, or an average grease of 4,538 copies per week. tt. t have regularly audited the books of Berald Cymraeg' since the year 1893 circnlation has been IMPROVING ONK, this improvement is very marked at the present time. „ fact, if ibe comparison were made for »j 6 'aat quarter (ending 30th September, i< with the corresponding quarter ol II l (ending 30th September, 1889), it It \1tOUld shew an AVERAGE INCREASE at „!°e rate of THAN 260,000 Cotiee per annum. ••Ifours faithfully, E. NOEL HUMPHREYS. Chartered Aocountant. BIG I HYSBYSEBWTR. t CYLCHRjEDIAD MWYAP YN NGHYMRU. \J" LLWYDD PARHAOL tI1 HERALD CYMRAEG," | CYNNYDD, 260,000. f IYSTYSGRIF NEWYDD. tv^tryd iawn gan Berchenog "Yr Herald Src^fceg''—yr Hynaf, Mwyaf. Rhatal, a tat or newyddiaduron Cymreig—ydyw Iylw at lwydd cynnyddol a dihafal y I tra phoblogaidd hwn. HuT?1 RTOrs o flynyddan, nid ydys wedi arbea braul na thraiferth i wella Yr Herald r4eg." Helaethwyd ef amryw droion. ef ar well papyr; ac y mae yr beiriannau o'r mathau diweddaraf. Yn sjjv&edol, yr ydys wedi trefnu i'r cynnwya Qewyddion, y nofolau, a'r erthyglau—i 0 flwyddyn bwy gilydd yn fwy ffresjao CSfjWiol; ao feUy yn fwy dyddorol i'r t'3°edd o bob gradd a desparth. L^engys y Dystysgiif a welir isod nad £ Wr cyhcedd wed' bod yn hwyrfrydig nao Hj^Qwadal yn ei chefnogaeth i'r anturiaeth. jk5*'s lair amser, y mae swyddogion cy- a masuachwyr Cymru wedi gwerth- ogi colofcau Yr Herald Cymraeg fel iJ^yDgau campus i Hysbysiadau. Eleni, Yr Herald yn uweb nag erioed yn y wlad. Eto, wrth ystyried y cynnydd I yn y cylchrediad, mae'r Ferchenog w ^yderus ddisgwyl ychwanegiad dirfawr yr Hysbysiadau yn y misoedd dye Crl.1 tod y c ylchrediad yn jrmeangu, ni wneir l^ad yn y Prisiau am Hysbysiadau yn yatod i »^yddyn hon. to^ydd hyn fantais i'n hen gwsmeriaid ao a ddymunent wneyd cytundebau ar- ig am ofod, ac am fanau neillduol am hir Q^Ser, i wneyd bargeiaion manteisiol. ^J^ddir hwynt i ymohebn a'r swyddfa yn TYSTYSGRIF (CYFIEITHIAD). 9 a 11, Old Bank Buildings, Eastgate, Caerlleon, tf Medi 30ain, 1898. 4t Berchenog yr I Herald Cymraeg,' tl naxfon. Syr, Dymunaf sicrhau fod cylchrediad Y* „ herald Cymraeg' fel y dangosir gan lyfraa ,t cyfrifon y cyhoeddwr am y flwyddyn ddi- „ o'm harchwiliad (sef y flwyddyn yn èU"eddu Mehefin 30ain, 1898) o'i gymharu tlv* flwyddyn yn terfynn Mehefin 30aln, ^9, yn dangos u "CYNNYDD 0 235,084 0 Ropiau yn y 52 wythnos, neu, at gyfartal. |tedd, gynnydd o 4,538 0 gop*au Y* Wythnos. Mae'r cylchrediad yn myned „ "AR GYNNYDD PARHAUS, 1, 40 y mae'r cynnydd hwn yn dra amlwg yn amser presennol. (| Mown gwirionedd, pe gwneid oymbar. rhwng y chwarter diweddal (yn en. (|^eddu Medi 30ain, 1898) cbwartØl tt cyferbyniol yn 1889 (yn diweddn Mecr (i30ain, 1889) fe ddgosai GYNNYDD » GtFARTALEDD yn ol yradd 0 '1 "FWY NA 260,000 0 gopiau y flwyddyn. M YE eiddoch yn ffyddlon, "K. NOEL PYSï had"" <C..

I SIR W. H. PREECE ON HYGIENE. A REMARKABLE ADDRESS. THE SERVICES OF ELECTRICITY. • On Tuesday, at the meeting of the Congress of the Sanitary Institute, at Southampton, Sir W. H. Preece delivered the inaugural address, in the course of which he, in his own words, "opened a. tale of discovery, research, and practical application as startling and as benefi- cent as any other that has characterised and im- mortalised this marvellous age." Having re- ferred" to the death of Sir Douglas Galton, Sir William said':—"The human frame is a little world in itself, inhabited by different nations and by different races, born, living and dying in us as we do on this earth, perhaps in peace, generally in war, and fortunately for us not yet free from the abuses of cannibalism. There are many millions of living micro-organisms flour- ishing in every body in this hall. As long as we are in health they live in peace, and we re- main unconscious of their existence but let some external enemy, some mute, inglorious, invisible bacterium force the ramparts, and enter the fort, then there is bitter Avar, and either the invader is destroyed by our friends, or we our- selves succumb to cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, or to the growth of some other inimical but victorious bacterial race. Our chief diseases are due to the invasion of these merciless foes. His- tory is repeated in our bodies. We are only on the brink of this new world. Every year is prolific with new facts, and doubtless this meet- ing of the Sanitary Institute in Southampton will disseminate new truths, and help to en- lighten many an obscure point. The principle object of modern sanitary science is to develop this new empire of bacteria, and to discover its races and their peculiarities. The chief function of the sanitary engineer is to defend the human frame from its invisible and insidious 'external foes. Protection from disease is the art of de- fence. We must know our enemy, detect his presence, defeat his movements, and destroy him iis he would destroy us. The greatest sanitary engineer the world has ever known was Moses. The book of Leviticus is a treatise on hygiene. For 3400 years the world stood still, and only one raee followed the doctrines and teachings of that Great Master. The Christian threw his tenets to the wind-the Mahometan, to his great benefit, has continued to practise some of his principles to the present day. The Jew remains faithful, and is the healthiest and longest-lived type of humanity. The doctrines of Moses can be summed up as the objects of sanitation to- day :—Pure air, water, food, soil, dwellings, and bodies. Let us consider the doctrines of Moses with the means that modern science has placed at our disposal. While the practice of his preaching made "the days of our years three score vears and ten," there is no reason why we should not now make the days of our years five score. But we leave undone the things we ought to have done, and the world in general thinks that life would be very miserable if we did only what we ought to do. Hence we are no better off than David was. While research and discovery are abroad, while the practice a.nd science of sanitation are in a state of rampant transition, while bacteria are regarded by some as a passing phase of fashion, and by others as a great discovery come to stay, it is clear that we cannot have reached finality yet. As an engineer I can deal only in a broad and general manner with the engineering practice of each section. There are three very important princi- ples underlying all the practical applications of sanitary engineering. (1) Energy or the ability to do work; (2) Chemistry or the powen to transform matter; (3) Life. (1) The prirTciple of energy affimis that this capacity for doing work is a fixed quantity in the universe. Energy can neither be added to nor destroyed. It can only be transformed from one kind of motion to an- other—material or setherial. The motion of matter can be converted into the motions of the aetherial or vice versa. Sound, light, electricity and heat are mere forms of energy. Whenever work is done on the earth, it is at the expense of energy withdrawn from somewhere else. The sun is the centre and spring of all energy on this earth. The function of the engineer is to apply this principle of energy to the comfort, hap- i piness and health of man. (2) The principle of chemistry affirms that the quantity of matter in the universe is also a fixed quantity, and tha.t it can neither be added to nor destroyed., Matter is reducible to about seventy elements, and it is found in three states, solid, liquid and gaseous. All that the chemist can do is to transform mat- ter from one state to the other, and from one compound to some other by linking, delinking and relinking the atoms and molecules in various combinations. (3) The principle of life is be- yond: our comprehension All we know is that, by expending energy on matter, life in the very tiniest germ that moves, so small as to be beyond the reach of the senses, performs with unfailing accuracy the duties of the engineer and the chemist. Life, however large or however small may be the receptacle for its operation, plays some important function in the economy of Nature and if we cannot divine the reason of its existence, it is because we aire able to read the book of God only as through a glass, darkly. PURE AIR. » The supply of pure air to those who breathe t it, is the object of ventilation. Moses did not legislate for ventilation, for dwellings in Egypt, as in the East generally, were open to the heavens. The Israelites dwelt in tents, but he showed how to prevent the pollution of air by the decomposition of refuse, for he ordered it to be carried out without the camp into a clean place, and there be burnt. We are only now learning to follow Moses' lead, for refuse de- structors are quite a modern and up-to-date "in- vention." We are even utilising their heat for the generation of steam for electric lighting generating stations, and we are thereby economising waste, the highest function of the engineer. The consumption of air by every one of us exceeds in weight five times all the food and drink we take. In cold climates where dwelling in doors and with closed windows is imperative, it is essential for health that this vitiated (lj,11 should be periodically replaced. Thus the whole theory of ventilation is circula- tion of air maintained at a proper temperature, for cold air may be injurious. The British legislative has taken care that lunatic asylums, hospitals, workhouses, and gaols shall be well provided with proper air space per person, and shall be supplied with effective means for ventilation, but churches, chapels, theatres, meeting halls, assembly rdoms, railway car- riages, and other places where healthy, honest j and well-to-do people most do "congregate, are totally neglected and remain sinks of discomfort. Who does not dread a dinner party, even in his dearest friend's house? People have a horror of draughts, windows are mercilessly kept closed. We dread cold and neglect air. The minimum cubical space in feet for hospitals is 1000, and for factories 250. In a dining room where I recently dined with four gas burners alight, by taking each gas burner as equivalent to five persons, the cubic space was 160 feet per head, and this air remained stagnant for two hours, and hence my head became an aching mass. In a. third class railway carriage, when full, it is only 47 cubic feet per passenger. What con- stitutes a draught? Is it air moving with a velocity of over three feet per second? We dory in a breeze at much higher velocities in the open Is it difference of temperature be- tween air and the blood? What is more ex- ¡ hilarating- than rushing on skates against an ICy blast? Is it the relative dryness of air pro- motinf evaporation from the pores of the skin. Water is thus cooled in hot'countries. I must leave the medical fraternity to answer. Can we not train ourselves to endure draughts? Ladies and children sit with pleasure and impunity fac- ing the locomotive in a railway carriage with the full blast of a gale of wind upon then delicate frames. If the air is pure, the tem- perature and dryness normal, the winds may crack their cheeks against the healthy frame, but when the difference of temperature is con- siderable and the skin active, it requires cour- age, if not temerity, to resist the temptation to close the window. The problem is to promote thorough circulation without imparting the feel- ing of draught, and without affecting the tem- perature or the humidity of the air. Every adult exhales 0.6 cubic feet of carbonic dioxide per hour, and 3000 cubic feet of air per head is required to maintain this purity. Thus, if the cubic space per person in a bedroom is 500 feet, the air should be changed six times every hour. This is difficult condition to maintain, and the difficulty increases with the dimensions of the dormitory, for the sleeping space is superficial and the air space is cubical. Electricity has fortunately come in to simplify our difficulties. Tt Ls the <rrea.t merit that in the glow-lamp it do< £ not vitiate the air. It supplies ns also S a convenient form of energy to promote cir- SEto either by forcing .» the withdrawing out the foul air. It can even warm the air, and it can sift it from all mtaterial im- purities before admission. Where the energy is cheap, as in a free Avaterfall, it can be used not only for lighting, but for heating, cooking, ventilation, and for all mechanical purposes such as raising lifts, cleaning knives, &c. If electric- ity were properly utilised the span of life should certanly be extended beyond David's allotted span. PURE WATER. When Moses on two separate occasions smote the rock in the wilderness with his rod, so that water came out abundantly, and the murmuring children of Israel drank, and their beasts also, did he perform real miracles, or did he exercise that scientific insight with which he was in- spired to discover natural and abundant sources of the true staff of life? Again, was the water that flowed from the rock in Horeb, as well as that in Kadesh, absolutely pure, or was it tem- pered by air, hardened by matter, or made physically and beneficially active by life? It is a moot question whether absolutely pure water is healthy, and hence we have not yet secured a universally accepted definition of practical purity. Is purity to be determined by the quantity of organic matter in suspension or in solution, by its hardness, by the amount of micro-organisms it contains, or by the amount of injury it inflicts on human life? The supply of water, prior to this beneficent Victorian age, was from wells, local rivers, and rain. Sir Ed- ward Frankland—our most .recent scientific loss —found in Thames water 160,000 bacteria per cubic centimetre—a small thimble-full, about in fact twenty drops. Good drinking water should, however, contain not more than twenty bacteria per cubic centimetre. Its hardness will depend upon the geological strata from which it is drawn, and its pollution upon its Source of sup- ply. It would be well if every water supply could have its own protected area free from the contamination of man. Maidstone, in 1897, suffered terribly from accidental pollution by the typhoid bacillus. Birmingham, with great foresight, has purchased two fine valleys in North Wales, and no human habitations are to be allowed in this region. Rivers are polluted not alone by the excretions of humanity, but by the refuse of trade and of manufacture. Pol- lution has not yet been made a penal offence. The Rivers Pollution Bill of 1876 was inefficient, and is in many places practically obsolete. The Chinese are in advance of us. In that country, sewage—the chief cause of pollution — goes to benefit the land, not to pollute the river. But the maintenance of good water is not the duty of the engineer—it is the function of the powers that be, and the constant concern of the user. Regular and active inspection must be main- tained, and above all care must be exercised to prevent waste. Cheap and nasty fittings must be eschewed, and all the supply of a district should ever be under the strictest control. While two or three gallons per head are sufficient for simple dietetic purposes, many more gallons are used for watering streets and gardens, flushing closets and drains, extinguish- ing fires, washing carriages and for general stable work, and factory purposes. The con- sumption of water is thus very variable. While in most English cities it rarely exceeds 25 gallons per head per day, in New York it reaches 60, and in Philadelphia. 90 gallons. It would seem as though carefully-purified water is mis- used when it is applied to such public purposes as to lay dust, to generate steam, and to flush the public sewers—processes which lead to re- pollution without any benefit Avhatever. Should there not be a duplicate supply, one for dom- estic and the other for public purposes ? This is already done at Richmond and St. Helens. Sea- water is used at Great Yarmouth and Bourne- mouth. Indeed, the use of sea-water as an auxiliary supply for public purposes deserves the serious consideration of all local magnates at our seaside resorts. It is well worth the considera- tion of the London County Council, for it would practically more than double the Metropolitan supply for domestic use. It is better for them to go to the sea, which is near to them, than to go so far to gallant little Wales that does not intend, in spite of its gallantry, to let London rob it of its water. Birmingham and Liyerpool have taught it experience. The Thames Valley ought to be able to supply London with excel- lent drinking water for the next 50 years-—even with its present works. Five thousand tum- blers of London water contain only one grain of solid! matter, and the death-rate in London, a good practical standard of the purity of wa.ter, is well below the average. Electricity is a valuable aid in securing this auxiliary supply. There is a great demand foL a day load where- ever electrical energy has been generated for lighting purposes. In Worcester it is used to pump up water to a level 100 feet above that of the ordinary reservoir. In Great Yarmouth it is about to replace gas engines to pump up the sea water to be used on a much larger scale for public purposes, in fact it will raise 25,000 gallons per hour. Impure water is completely sterilised by ozone, and ozone is easily though not very cheaply produced by electricity, but I know of no case where it has been thus practic- ally utilised. Electricity is also much used to prevent waste by indicating in the engineer's office the level of the reservoirs. This was first done by the Post-office in Nottingham at the suggestion of their engineer, Mr Rofe, in 1877, and it is still at work. It has, moreover, re- ceived the sincerest flattery by being imitated by many excellent, though by some chea.p and I nasty variations of form and of action. PURE FOOD. It was in the regulation of the food1 supply of the Israelites that Moses displayed his pro- found knowledge of the hygiene requirements of Eastern nations. It is by adhering to these re- gulations to the present day that the JeAvs live such healthy lives. His division of beasts into clean and unclean was a separation of the di- gestible from the indigestible. Pork in Eng- land is indigestible. In the East it is uneatable, and this, because often, as of old in the wilder- ness, the pig is the scavenger. Fat and blood Were expressly forbidden, and fish that have not fins and scales. Parliament does not prescribe our daily food, but it does legislate against im- pure food. The enormous importation of food into this country renders it imperative that strict and rigid irspection should be exercised upon its condition. We rarely take up a news- paper without reading of the seizure of diseased meat, of decayed fruit, and of fish unfit for food, followed by exemplary punishment. Cold stor- age or the artificial production of cold has ren- dered possible the importation of meat from our most distant colonies, and few of us know' whether the most delicate and tender saddle of mutton on our table is, as asserted, from Wales, or from New South Wales, or from New Zea- land. The probability is that it is from the latter place, for imported is generally of higher quality than home grown meat. Game. fish. fruit, butter, etc., are all imported by this means, and are well inspected. The most im- portant and the most general form of food sup- plied is milk, for its affects ail ages and both sexes, especially young children. The danger from milk is infinitely greater than from meat. lIt is unfortunately a great medium for the trans- mission of the germs of disease, especially of the bacillus of typhoid fever and of tuberculosis. Unclean milk is too common, and, unfortunate- ly, inspection and examination of cows, cow- sheds, dairies, and milk cans is, in many dis- tricts, thoroughly inefficient. It is not at pre- sent under the control of the proper sanitary authorities. It is, indeed, a, serious question whether all milk should not be sterilised by boiling, or being raised to a temperature of 160 degrees Fahr., which is said to be sufficient This is a simple remedy which every house- holder can easily apply at home, and which many of us unwittingly do in drinking coffee, tea, and in making puddings, but we .do not always apply it ia feeding infants or in drink- ing cold milk. It is very easy to attack the food supplier, but we food buyers and con- sumers are much too callcus to the simple super- vision and remedies in our own hands at home. The milk business of this country, especially of the Metropolis, is fortunately falling rapidly in- to the hands of large public companies, who- are well able to protect themselves, and who do pro- tect their-clients, the public, but in small urban and country districts it remains in the hands of the individual farmer, who is often a member of the very local authority who should enforce re- gulations which it is his own interest to ignore. It is a misfortune that the co-operative system of Denmark has not been introduced into this country. Legislation, as affecting adulteration of food, the importation of meat, the sale of drugs, fruit, fish, etc., is probably ample. It is the enforcement of regulations, the control of supervising powers, the appointment of inspec- tors that is weak, and that is to be remedied more by the publication of the proceedings of this Institute than by pressure from central Government departments, which too frequently is resented rather than encouraged. PURE SOIL. The purity of the ground upon which our dwellings are erected, upon which our plants, fruit, aod vegetables are grown, where our kine and flocks feed, where we take our daily walks, upon which the air that we breathe rests, and whence our water is often drawn, depends upon the care exercised by ourselves upon the dis- posal of our excretions and refuse. Many beasts of the field are wiser in their generation than many a human race, even of the present day. CarniArora cover up their dung with earth. The cat, though domesticated, retains this instinct. The badger has its run to its own latrine. The fox will not pollute its own hole. The Persian, it was reported, polluted even therooms at Buckingham Palace. Moses in prescribing "a place without the camp, whither thou shall go forth abroad," enjoined the covering up of all excreta with earth. This was the first known disposal of sewage and was a natural and effective system. It has required modification, not because it was ineffective, but because the growth of people, their distribution in different climates, and their concentration in great towns has rendered the system unprac- ticable. The Romans, 2400 years ago, con- structed great sewers, one of which, the Cloaca Maxima, is still visible, and discharged their sewage into the Tiber. Eastern nations rely still on pigs and dogs. How our ancestors in the middle dark and dirty ages existed at all, puzzles the mind. While the Jews practised committal to earth, and the Romans introduced water-carriage into rivers and seas, the Chinese have from time immemorial utilised their ex- cretions to restore and enrich the land with the matter which vegetation has withdrawn from it. Circulation of matter is as important in the economy of Nature as circulation of air or of water. It is only within our own expe- rience that the pail, the privy, the cesspool, and the ashpit have been exorcised. Indeed. they are even now often to be found in isolated dAvellings. The water-closet is the introduc- tion of this century; and we are now—by a re- markable process of evolution—returning to the natural principle initiated by Moses. The sys- tem of treating and disposing of seAvage can be considered under three heads:—i., mechanical; ii., chemical; iii., biological. The first system deals with the removal of all the organic and inorganic matter in sewage. The former in pu- trefactive and may become offensive. The latter is matter in the wrong place, and must be collected. Both forms must be removed. The mechanical system includes the committal of the crude sewage to earth improved in the present day by the dry earth system, the dis- tribution of the contents of the cesspools, the midden, and the pail, over and in the land, and the simple water-carriage system to the sea or to the river. The second system includes va- rious plans for the precipitation of solids, the filtration of liquids, and the formation of arti- ficial manures. The third system extends the second -to the aeration of the clarified sewage, I so as to secure the nitrification of the organic matters in suspension or solution by bacterial agencies, and then to enrich the land, acd to purify the effluent for further use. The ten- dency of all these systems is ultimately to re- tore the balance of Nature to promote the cir- culation of matter, to "utilise the priciple of energy, and to encourage that incomprehensible agency, Life, to pursue beneficently its allotted function, to serve the mysterious purposes of the Creator. A distinction must be draAm be- tween the requirements of great towns, villages, and hamlets, and isolated houses. Eveiy case must be dealt with on its own merits There is no one process equally suitable for every sewage. Dealing under the third head with the experiment being made in Exeter, where the septic tank promises great assistance to these who have so much interest in the treatment of the sewage of small places, villages, hamlets, and isolated dAvellings, Sir Wiliiam remarks: "The water suppy of Carnarvon, where I have a summer residence, is drawn from a lake called Quellyn, into which the drainage of the village of Rhyd-ddu indiscriminately enters enters without an- treatment whatever. The typhoid or diphtheritic bacillus thus might find its way to Carnarvon. No pollution of a river by unpurified sewage, hoAvever minute, should ever be tolerated; particularly when it occurs above the intakes of the water supply of a popu- lous district like Carnarvon. This has alarmed the Town Council of Carnarvon, who have very properly agreed to share the expense of treating the sewage. The septic tank process could eco- nomically and effectively be applied at such a place. Darwin was perhaps one of the first to point out how the lower animal life assisted Nature by absorbing as food the decay of vege- tation, digesting it and excreting it in the form of mould and loam. His observations on the growth and functions of worms is not the least philosophical and scientific portion of his great labours. He probably attributed to worms much that is done by bacteria. Pasteur, the father of the germ theory, taught us how bac- teria acted as Nature's chemist by showing how the yeast germ produced fermentation, and the commercial conversion of alcohol into vinegar shows how another micro-organism takes up oxygen from the air and unites with the hydro- gen of the alcohol to form acetic acid and water. The actual mechanical processes through which bacteriolysis pass, expending energy, trans- forming matter and promoting life, form one of the most interesting pages of the history of evolution ever narrated for every stage of its growth, has occurred during the present genera- tion and within the experience of most of us. Koch, in Germany, has been a worthy disciple of Pasteur. The intermittent benefit" of filtra- tion was discovered in the laboratory by Frank- land in 1870. Warrington found in 1*882 that sterilising by boiling and antiseptic treatment stopped all nitrification. Aerating filters and the true action of bacteria yere developed at Lawrence, in Massachusetts, from 1889 to i 1893, Scott-Moncrieff introduced his group of trickling cultivation beds in 1891, Dibdin com- menced his experiments in Barking and Sutton with filter beds shortly after, Cameron intro- duced his septic tank in Exeter in 1895, Ducat his continuous filtration process in 1897 and now step by step in Grmanv, France, and England we reached a point where we can fairly say that sewage can be effectively treated with safety, simplicity, and economy by natural means. Electricity has not plaA:ed an import- ant part m assisting the sanitary engineer in his attack on sewage. Attempts have been made eto assist the oxygenation of water by electrolysis, and the Hermite process has been introduced in Ipswich and in Netley Hospital. The Hermite process decomposes 'sea water into a poAverful antiseptic, disinfectant, and into a powerful antiseptic, disinfectant, and deodoriser. The liquor produced, containing chlorine and chlorites, is called hermitine, and it is laid on at Netley like water. Its economy is doubtful, in face of the astonishing effects produced by the natural process of bacteriolysis. The sewage treatment of isolated buildings, such as factories and private csuntrv houses, is a very important branch of the subject. The Scott-Moncrieff and septic tank svstems seem available here, and I hope we may hear some- thing of this subject in our discussions. PURE DWELLINGS. People suffer not alone from ignorance, but from carelessness and filth. The lower the social scale, and the greater the weakness of education, the more callous and indifferent human beings become to cleanliness and com- fort; improvidence, the curse of drink, crime and vice are to be ameliorated only by educa- tion and by example. The legislation of recent years by which local authorities can improve the dAvellings of the working classes, and in- spect and control common loflging-houses has had a beneficial influence upon the community by clearing away slums, preventing overcrowd- «g. building well designed convenientlv-ar- nged houses, and constructing new streets. But unfortunately local authorities are much hampered by the restrictions of the Act of 1890, empowering them to improve the dwel- lings of the AVoiking classes, and they are checked by the trreed of vested interests. Edin- burgh. by spending £560.000 on improving the housing of the poor, has brought down the death-rate from 28 to 17 per 1000. The respon- sibility of maintaining pure dwellings rests now very much with the sanitary authorities. The medical officer of health is a power. The exa- mination of sanitary inspectors in London, thanks to the action of this Institute, is now compulsory under the Public Health (London) Act, 1891. It is not so in the Provincies, but local authorities are becoming alive to its ne- cessity, and they are requiring thossession of this certificate as one of the qualifications for appointment. The effects of rigid inspection and thorough application of the powers of legis- lation are shown by the fact that the death-rate in Surrey is 14. Avhile in North Wales it is 20 per 1000. 3000 souls per annum ought not to die in North Wales if sanitary matters Avere duly looked after! Legislation, though often half-hearted, tends very much to increase the responsibilities of the local authorities. They are encouraged to acquire and conduct certain trading operations which affect the interests of the whole community, especially the supply of water, of gas, of electricSl energy, and of tram- I ways. But, while in most places they do not go far enough, in others they go too far, and by undertaking the manufacture and supply of fittings, they tread upon the corns of their own ratepayers and stir up the enmity of local pri- vate interests. The electric light is the great- est boon, and it is essentially the poor man's light. Tramways, by withdrawing the working classes from the interior of towns to the 0 more open and purer air of the suburbs, solve the question of improved dwellings, and by working these railways by electrical energy, they so re- duce the cost of generation of the energy that the supply of electric light can be made the most economical source of artificial illumina- tion. Glasgow has very strangely separatftl the tramway power house from the Electric Light Central Station, and has thus deprived its light customers of a reduction of at leastlone penny per Board of Trade unit. Manchester and Liverpool are wiser in their generation. PURE BODIES. Broadly speaking, every section of this ad- dress has reference to health. Hygiene is the most important knowledge for evervone to pos- sess. It is perhaps the least acquired. It is not taught generaly in our schools it is not preached from our pulpits and yet the lungs, the heart, the nerves, the skin, and the stomach are as important to our present life as the mind, and even the soul. This Institute has recognised the desirability of encouraging the teaching of hygiene in schools. It has arranged tl t 't am a thorough theoretical and practical examina- tion for teachers—for those who teach must know. This matures next year. The wealth and strength of a nation rest with the health of its people. Is it not something to have reduced the death-rate 30 per cent., and to have added at the same rate to the growth of the nation? Cleanliness is next to godliness; this is the 'keystone of hygiene. It promotes cheerful- ness; and, after all, cheerfulness is the greatest doctor we have. Moses prescribed cleanliness above everything. Lepers were to be washed, shaven and cleansed with blood, cedar wood, scarlet and hyssop. Their garments were to be rent and burnt. They were to be isolated out- side the camp. Their houses were to be shut up, disinfected and cleaned, and even in serious cases to be pulled down, the materials removed out of the city and destroyed by fire. The leper was to put a covering upon his mouth, and on approaching people to cry "Unclean unclean thus indicating that even the breath was tainted with the poiso* of leprosy. The Cleansing of Persons Act, 1897, is a great lever in the direc- tion of cleanliness, but very much remains to be done, and the operations of this Institute have ever-increasing regions to attack. How far is disea carried about on clothes, and how can we best Avash and dry them? Can we not utilise the electric current to bleach them? Chlorine and alkali, so much used now, destroy clothes. Oxygen not only bleaches without damaging linen and cotton, but it is antiseptic. An important feature of the introduction of electricity into our homes is its cleanliness. It neither vitiates the air nor deposits dirt, nor destroys gilding or curtains or the bindings of books. Reports are occasionally circulated in the press that it injuriously affects the eyes. I have never come across a single case, and my experience in this direction is very extensive. If any inconvenience arises, it is largely due to the adaptation of the fittings, and to the ar- rangement of the lighting. There are two ex- tremes, one where all the light glares into the eyes, the other, where all the pure brilliancy of the glowing carbon is eclipsed by coloured silks or opaque shades. The happy mean is where no incandescent filament offends the sensitive retina, but all the light is usefully and uniform- ly distributed about the room. CONCLUSION. The chief function of the Sanitary Institute is not only to disperse knowledge but to dispel ignorance. The resistance to progress is not so much ignorance itself, but the determination to remain ignorant. There are none so obstructive as those who will not learn. "What was good enough for my grandfather is good enough for me" is the cursed dogma of the British stay-at- l home. Travelling knocks this nonsense out of him, for he sees that Americans and Germans are beating him in the race. The work done by this Institute is of national importance. It removes public apathy, but above all it excites enthusiasm—enthusiasm in good work, enthusi- asm in new discoveries, and enthusiasm in im- parting acquired knowledge to benefit those who are prepared and willing to receive it. We must never forget that every true step in ad- vance taken by science brings the engineer to a point from which there is no retrocession, but from which further advance is possible by him- self or by someone else. Year by year these annual congresses bring our science up to date, and we drink in the well-spring of wisdom. We separate and are made better and wiser, and more able to enthuse our weaker brethren, and to distribute in ever-widening circles those waves of energy excited by the electrical influ- l ence of bright and brain-exciting intellects. Step by step engineering progress and scientific research are bringing us face to face with the grand generalisation that Nature is only an- other term for God, that Nature's laws are His thoughts, and that everywhere, the stars in their courses and the bacteria in their opera- tions follow one fixed and settled design. "One God, one law, one element, And one far off divine event, To which the whole Creation moves.

4000 WORKMEIV AFFECTED. The biscuit workers of Reading number four thousand, and a statement by one of Messrs Huntley and Palmer's men in the Reading Standard" discloses particulars affecting all workers. The matter is put forth with the greatest candour and detail, the full name and address of the speaker being published—Mr George Hollick, 7, Weldale-street, Reading. He is an intelligent, good-looking man, as his port- l Mr George Hollick. (Photo, by Lewis, Reading.) by Lewis, Reading.) rait shows, who has been in the, army and weight attaches to his opinion. He said: "In 1897, for the first time in my life, I :began to feel I was not myself. I had no relish for my .meals; I trem- bled and shffck, and the.slight- est movement caused me to prespire dread- fully. M y tongue was coated over; and, later, I attacked by influenza and asthma. For five months," he continued, I was on sick pay. But when almost all hope was dead I read of a similar case cured by Dr Williams' pink pills for pale people. Although when I first suffered from this acute indigestion and asthma I tried other pills as a substitute, they had done me no good. I now took some of Dr Williams' pink pills. After the first week I commenced to relish my food-quite a new experience. I continued the pills and soon returned to my work. If I were out of sorts I should at once purchase another box." Mrs Hollick added: "Some people think Dr Williams' pink pills can only be had from London, but they can be had of chemists, pro- vided the purchaser insist upon having them with the full name printed .on the wrapper—Dr Williams' pink pills for pale people. The hot air of a factory will often set up in- digestion and asthma too; and, particularly at this season, the benefit which workers may derive from Dr Williams' pink pills can hardly be too strongly insisted upon. By giving direct strength and nourishment to the blood and nerves (for they are not debilitating as all purgative medicines are), they have cured many other disorders, including consumption, bron- chitis, paralysis, rheumatism, St. Vitus' dance, nervous prostration, eczema and skin eruptions, and the characteristic ailments of ladies. Sold by all chemists, two and ninepence a box.

BRIGHT SUNSHINE.-The amount of bright sunshine recorded at Llandudno during week ended August 26th was 73.2 hours. The Light Wines of Germany, so appreciated in the Summer Season, are in favour with the Medical Profession. "Zeller," from the Moselle district, is a wine light and palatable, and guar- anteed absolutely pure. At the exceedingly low price of Is a bottle, it is generally con- sidered to be of wonderful value. It ca.n be ob- tained of all W. & A. Gilbey's 3000 Agents throughout the country.—Advt, 0 j "A Perfect Beveraoe.Medical Annual. ) PURE-SOLUBLE. I EASILY DIGESTED-EXQUISITE FLAVOR. I </ Yields a maximum proportion of the valuable food constituents. Easy of assimilation and digestion. "Cheaper to use in the end. THE LANCET. BEST & GOES FARTHEST.

LLANDUDNO POLICE COURT. MONDAY. Before H. Kneeshaw, Esq. (chairman), Dr Daltom, Elias Jones, Esq., Ephraim Wood, Esq., Daniel Phillips, Esq., W. Jones, Esq., and W. Woodall, Esq. OBSTRUCTING THE HIGHWAY. John Wilson Griffith, Lloyd-street, and H. and J. Owen, Gloddaeth-street, pleaded guilty to ob- structing the parapet. Griffith was fined j31 and costs, and H. and J. Owen 10s and costs.— Mr Bone represented Griffiths. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. Two men, named Edward Brereton and Edward Beaton, were fined for working and causing a horse to be worked Avhile in an unfit condition. Brereton was fined J31 and costs, and Beaton 5s and costs. —Mr E. E. Bone defended. A PUBLIC-HOUSE CASE.—Mrs Kay, land- lady of the Washington Hotel, Llandudno, was summoned upon two charges, namely, serving a. drunken person, or in the alternative, selling drink to a drunken person, namely, Hugh Jones, on the 8th July.—Mr J. J. Marks appeared to prosecute on behalf of the police, and Mr R. S. Chamberlain defended.—P.C. Richards stated that he remembered the 8th of July. Just after nine o'clock in the evening, he was passing the Washington Hotel. He saw Hugh Jones lean- ing on the counter drunk. Proceeding inside he charged Jones with being drunk upon li- censed premises. Jones replied, "I'll go from here now. Will you allow me to drink this glass?" Witness asked whether it was his glass and Jones replied "Yes." He then asked who served him, and he replied, "I am not. certain whether it was Tom or somebody else." The officer then asked the three men serving who had served Jones, a-nd they replied "We do not know; we did'nt." Thereupon Mrs Kay came in, and when told that they had served a. drunken person, she replied, "I do not think so." Jones then went out, and he was folleAved round the corner by Mrs Kay.—Cross-examined He had reported to his superiors the evidence- he had given that day. but he could not give any reason why the landlady had not been proceeded against at the last court. Hugh Jones to his knowledge was a habitual drunkard.—Hugh R. Jones said that he remembered the day in ques- tion. He was at the Washington Hotel, and I was served with drink in the afternoon. After that he Avent to Mrs Oven's hay field, and sub- sequently he had some hours' sleep. Then he went home for tea and a wash, and afterwards proceeded to town. He called at the King's Arms and the Central, where he was served. On going home, about nine o'clock, he called at the bottom bar of the Washington Hotel. He was refused drink at the bar, but obtained two or three glasses of beer at the old order offioe. Witness remembered the police officer coming in, and also Mrs Kay, who followed him out, and told him not to come there in that condition again or else he would bring her into trouble.— P.C. Richards, recalled, said in answer to Mr Chamberlain, that he took Mrs Kay's denial that the man Hugh Jones was not served at the house, and stated so at the last court.—Cross- examined, the Avitness, Hugh Jones, stated that he would not like to state but that he was re- fused to be served at the Washington Hotel.— Mr Chamberlain, for the defence, maintained that a more weak case could not very well have been brought before a court of law. A month ago the .police accepted the denial, but now they came there aimed with the evidence of a. man who had been kicked from the house over and over again.—Robert Davies stated that on the 8th of July he was a barman at the Washington Hotel. He kneAV Hugh Jones and remembered him coming in on the night in question. Jones asked for a. glass of beer, but witness refused him, stating at the same time that he bad had enough, and the sooner he cleared out the better. I In a. few seconds aftenvards Avitness was called by Mrs Kay into another bar and there found Hugh Jones. In reply to a. question witness stated that he bad not served him. Jones was frequently drunk, and had been refused at the Washington Hotel bar many a. time. Arthur Burrows, barman, said that he served at the lower bar. He saw Hugh Jones coming in on the night in question, and he was followed in very closely by the policeman. The officer asked whether he had seen Hugh Jones, and he that he had not been served. Thereupon Jones observed that it was Tom Reed who had served him. Witness called Tom Reed, who was at the order office, and asked him Avhether, he had served Jones. Reed denied, and, of course, he was right, because he could not have served him. He had pretty often refused to serve Jones. Thomas Reed, barman, corroborated the above evidence, and denied having served Hugh Jones.—Arthur Pickersgill, pianist, stated he was at the Washington Hotel between half- past nine and ten o'clock on the night in ques- tion. While Burrows was getting him a bottle of stout from the other end of the bar, Jones came in. He did not ask for drink, nor was he served while he was there.—At this point, the Bench stopped the case, and dismissed it. REFUSING TO TAKE A FARE. David Davies, Gatehouse Cottage, Llandudno, was summoned for refusing a fare from a visitor on the night of the 16th of August.—From the evi- dence, it appeared that the visitor in question was coming out of the Pier Pavilion, when he asked the defendant to drive him to the Marine Hotel. The driver asked did he know the fare, and he replied that he did. Thereupon, the de- fendant said that it was a wet night, and that he would require more than the ordinary fare. It being an imposition, the visitor refused to pay the fare, and "for the honour of a. nice place like Llandudno." reported the matter to the au- thorities the following morning.—The defendant was fined 5s and costs, the Chairman observing that similar cases would be dealt with far more severely in future. AN EXTENSION.—An hour's extension was granted the landlord of the Neville Hotel on Thursday night, the occasion being the supper connected with the annual military tournament of the Denbighshire Yeomanry Cavalry. DRUNKENNESS.—The following were fined. for drunkenness: -Jane Luther, Deganwy, 5s and costs; W. Evans, Cromwell Hose, .Llan- dudno, 2s 6d and costs; Evan Jones, Chapel- street, Llandudno, 10s and costs; Evan Davies, 16, Jubilee-street, ditto; Edward Hughes, Craigvdon-parade, do., 10s and costs. THE COUNTY BYE-LAWS. Two young boys, named James Williams, Bod Gwilym, Vaughan-street, and David Howell William; Llys Gwynedd-pirade, Charlton-street, were called upon to pav the costs for calling out news- papers in the public streets late at night. DRUNKENNESS AND ASSAULTING THE POLICE.—Benjamin Hughes, Belmont, Craigv- don, was fined 5s and costs for drunkenness, and 30s and costs for assaulting the Police.Ii- Cc,r- bett defended. NO LIGHT.-Thomas Jones. Brynaber, Con- way, was fined 2s 6d and costs for driving his bicycle after the stipulated hour without light. j DRIVING WITHOUT LIGHTS.—The fol- lowing were fined for driving their carts and Vehicles Avjthotut light:-Walteir. Darling' (in the employ of Messrs E. P. Jones, Sons. and Co.), Evan Roberts (in the employ of Messrs Dean and Sons), and Alfred Gibbons. OBSTRUCTING THE POLICE. Robert Owen, Glanconway, and John Owen were sum- moned for obstructing the police in the execu- tion of their duties.—Mr Corbett defended John Owen.—Robert Owen was fined 10s and coste, and- John Owen 5s and costs. DAMAGING A BED.—Sarah J. Jones, 8, Jubilee-street, Llandudno, summoned a. lodger named William Potts for wilfully damaging a bed belonging to her.—The defendant was fined 2s 6d and costs, and 23s damages. AN ASSAULT.—A lad named Owen Owens, Trinity-street, was summoned for committing an assault upon another lad named George W. Breese, 141, Mostyn-street, a 'bus conductor, on the 18th of August.—Mr E. E. Bone prose- cuted, and Mr Corbett appeared for the de- fence.—It was alleged that the defendant struck the complainant in his mouth with a rotten egg on the date in question. — The Bench dismissed the case, because they considered it a very trivial one. INDECENT LANGUAGE.— Marglaret Ro- berts. Back Madoc-street, wa fined 5<s and costs for using indecent language.

THE COWL YD WATER BOARD. The monthly meeting of the Conway and Col- wyn Bay Joint Water Board" as held at the Guild Hall, Conway, on Friday. In the ab- sence of the chairman (Rev Thomas Parry, Col- wyn Bay), Mr Hugh Owen, the ex-chairman, was voted to the chair.—Replying to a question, the Surveyor, Mr Farrington, said there was not that carefulness to prevent waste in any part of the district that there ought to be.—Mr J. W. Raynes said he understood that taps at Old! Colwyn and Penrhyn had been running to waste nearly full bore all day. It was a very serious y thing for the parish of Llysfaen that it should be deprived of water and that there should be this waste.—Dr Prichard suggested that it was not the duty of the board to prevent leakage.—> Mr W. Davies said it was full time somebody should be prosecuted for the waste of water. He moved that the clerk write to each authority in the board's district requesting that steps be taken to put a stop to leakages. This was agreed to.—Mr Daniel Phillips said he believed there would be no remedy until the whole of the mains belonged to that board.—In reply to Mr Davies, Mr Farrington stated that he had not made a report in which he blamed Colwyn Bay specially for the loss of pressure. As a matter of fact, the reserve of water was sufficient at the present rate of consumption to last for eighteen months. The hike had only gone down lOin. in five weeks, and the evaporation alone was almost sufficient to account for fhat on a surface of 215 acres. The head water for the mains was 500ft. and if a greater consumption were to be provided for the. head would have to be increased. Asked if he considered the pipes Avould stand it, he replied that he thought they would.—Mr Davies I give notice of a resolution for the next meeting that we raise the head (hear, hear).—The board then went into com- mittee to consider a letter from the Local Gov- ernment Board with respect to an inquiry to be held on September 1st, in regard to the applica- tion of the board for leave to borrow £30,000, and also counsel's opinion in reference to the Gwalia, Company's proposed reservoir above Dolgarrog.

The Rev Harry Drew, speaking at the re- opening of St. Matthew's School, Buckley, on l Saturday, said that the last great service Mr. Gladstone did for Buckley, ATas. to "avert the pushing of the parish into a school board dis- trict."