The Cardiff Times

WELSH PRIZES BROWN BREAD, LONDON BAJiEKY EXHIBITION, SEPTEMBER, 1905. FIRST, SECOND, and THIRD PRIZES AWABDEg TO REYNOLDS' WHEATMEAL BREAD, J. REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., MILLERS GLOUCESTER. Order Reynolds' Brown Bread from Bakers and) I Stores all DMts. l?cs

WORKMEN'S TOPICS. I BY MABON, M P,

SHOULD WILLING WORKERS LEAVE THE COUNTRY P In a letter written to the Times" a few days Mr Bramwell booth replied to the strictures Jesse Collings on General Booth's scheme transplanting onr worfc'e3s workeis to the °'onica. Opoo what i9 righllv called the fact of the situation the simple bnt tofounliy melancholy fact is that the existing Editions of life in the mother country are snch to force a very large percentage of her people her in order to get a fair chance or, -,deed, in eo many cases nowadays, a chance I all jo earn bread to eat aDd clothing to wear, is an nbsolute agreement. ^he London Daily News has printed 'tistjea obtained from the Commissioner for 'fiadian emigration wbicti tell their own tale. ast year no fewer than 128,638 .English, Scotch &lld Irjph people eaited from our posts to find bow homes and adequate maintenance beyond 6 seas. Of this total- a number equal to the I at ion of a large town—more than half of weDt to the United States of America, *0otit two-fifths to British North America, j^e remainder, abont 10,000 sailed for other fitiah possessions—Australia, New Zealand °dia and Ceylon. It is a significant fact that of the whole number of emigrants only 525 Q8bt refnge in foreign conntries ont of Eorope, means that onr poor and workless fellow I!b tltrYlr.en, however daunted and disheartened, 3se to begin their new careers among people j tbeir own flesh and blood, speaking their own fiRoage, and retain some, at Jeast, of the tK • cast01133 RDl1 traditions of the land of #it birth, although circumstances had com- bed tbarn to leave it. Tbi. fact must naturally wLi b heavily in the visions of philanthropists and of tbe officials' tl)e Go ^eminent, too. There is no getting J it. Call it what yon will—there is in onr *b°^e ftD 'nst,nct '^at they cannot help and! yielding to it tbey are by no means w ^opolitan. To eradicate it, or even dull it, t 1 take a generation, if not more. ^'suming, as he naturallv does, the defensive Jk'^st all (be censors of tbe Sals ation Army ■^toe, \ir Bramwell Booth Hits Back with Skill and Force. 0 the plea that we ought to keep oar best Inkers at home be replies, Certainly bat s 8,1 onr best bone and muscle mast have Nothing to eat." Just now a considerable jj "ifcer of them are not able to obtain a decent- at borne. And these, let us all remem k are not tbe unemployed, but people willing i? *ork, and cannot find employment. And Obg these to-day there are undoubtedly quite timber of men and women who hate being @ position, and yet cannot in any way help ^selves." tbe contention that we onebt to pssa ,J^latiop not merely favouring bat securing a f lament of labourers on the land, Sir Booth °PHea that two grave obstacles face any such j'Oeosding ;—flip initial difficulty of obtaining for small holdings, and the probable heavy of the seemingly simple and easy business *elf. That, with tbe tax gatherer and rate tK 'ector making increased demands every year, Rroaning nation may resist further raids t>0Q its perse. Than, as to the apparent cool- of feeling, unfriendliness towards the j '°nies, Mr Bramwel) Bcoth calls it, which q0tie8 the objections to the new scheme, be 1(6t,lore9 it, and enthusiastically declares that { aim of all who really love onr race, and who feel for the Empire should be to make It¡ 6ty Part of it home." Dne fully appreciates the j^tives of men like General Booth, and the late Barnardo's plan of sending able-bodied ^inhere to find better chances of earning a ^j'Hhood, and maintaining their; homes with o eCllncy and comfort in the Colonies, and yet Cannot help thinking that there ought to be r A Chance ttble bt)died Englishman, Scotchman, !ph%a u, and Welshman in our own country, men have just as mucb right to live in tbe of their birth a3 bave tbe Peers and the who are rendering life so bard for tbe v "Wtode. Onder the9e circumstances one is 'oo particularly concerned at tbe check apparently retards General Booth's latest 1'et&e. Yea, more even if nothing more was beard of that scheme the workers of this will for all time owe General Booth a t of gratitude for the able expositions of their 4, alld in the absence of a Gsvernmens with 8?mPathy with snch projects as his, ljj6 be has done so much good work in putting i, Matter of providing work and homes for the ^^oikless workers of Great Britain before the itself. And although ft may be said for Hj foment tbat his scheme has not met with u Access, and even support, tbat it deserved Jl- f'ch and poor alike, yet by no means has it lh 11 ^oeucceteful. For he has wcrihily succeeded M (tnll. ^'Jlng dae Rttention to tbo matter. ^JS^ation riot Emigration the Remedy. jy.1 one could dara to suggest anything it is 'le0t that Imperial unity and well doing should at home. Is it not. indeed, a reproach ? tv • 't is nothing else than a standing disgrace nation that ba3 unprecedented wealth, ^a^*rftlle!ed varieties of industry, uosarpassed (j^"Dtces of gratification, with daily records of es and pastimes, and pleasure trips, and KCt 9 and recreatiou gronnds of ever increaeing H,eeaRe, costing Heaven knows bow much, on hand, and a standing need oi a host of i^aya for the convenience of commerce and ot c on e irg of its transit, etc., etc,—could t, ILI 't3 it ought to be and it could, were it in truest—find work for every willing worker b 'OOR all the men and women within its j?' have we not the object lesson of St) staring us in the face? llf 'oyt ^aa iea^ histoiy right, tbat un- til; country haa been ruined by tyj ^iaastrous plan of aubctituling a system ^'Wation instead of a programme of reform. lj9l 'wo centurien or more tbe population of the "d rose till in 1841 it stood, I am told, at \1ob reSpectable figure ot 8,195,000. To-day the tOn is under four and tt half millions, because successive Governments failed to the land for the people. But, striking tvj. 8se figtues are, vettbey do not represent the Ofjj 8 truth: Por ?n 1841 there were 483,000 people living tvitbin the cities thereof. But during tbe V,.60 years Belfast was created, snd epilation of the cities rose to$19,000 Thus h6ft B8v'Ple actually living upon the land bave emigration reduced from 7,700,000 to 5q That is, the reduction is more tban ^Qb 8t Cet,-i* A-°y 8Uch ^roP in Britain's '*tioi> eaused by any scheme or schemes of would bring our career as a great b:) "c'asj t»o\^er to an end. I. would therefore o^cKie of oi,.i tHce if we were ever to alienate lk»0t°Wrii a 1:1 hlood as a means of easing tbe (ha whatever our bereditiny landlords ^hink of it. fllt tt4 The Times has Surely Come P.-i lli]39 Britain a decent place far all decent :b.e ltlb workmen to live in. This, I hope, will be J>e ^etre and tbe moat comprehensive issne to i- ai *he next general election. It would ^ar mo|,e profitable and^reditable for Govurnment to bave spent some of (,f thi 6 'n considering the nndenitfble demands 'riHcj,a tnaHer rather than, as they did, spend so th VElnable time over fooliug the country "Ilaui Aliens Bill which will be mnch more 'hijj v« in preventing her own poor and disabled tetarnmg home to Britain ehould they 8 disabled or impoverished in a foreign 'han ever it can be to keep out the 0a lr,*ble profligate c)3gs ot foreign aliens. '0tt,u4nnfc help having a little curious anxiety w^" ^"PP0D to those few Parliamentary ibejf e,,tatives who so grossly misrepresented I 'tocociea on these sabjectB in tb# li^st |

Welsh Tit-Bits. I Neu Wreichion Oddiar yr Eingien. By CADRAWD. A VISIT TO MONMOUTHSHIRE. I was privileged this summer for the first time in my life to spend a few weeks at "Gwect Uwcbgoed "-Upper Gwent-the most beautiful, perhaps, of the three divisions of Monmouth- abire, In ancient time Gwent was the name given to a very extensive region in Soath Wales, which included Monmouthshire, with large portions of Brecknock and Glamorgan counties. The name Gwent is now contioed to Monmouthshire alone, and the divisions are Gweot Uwcbgoed, Gwent Isgoed, or lower Gwent, and Gwont-llwg. Before the Norman conquest Wales was divi- ded into counties, which were also divided into hundreds, and these again into Commots. Ac- cording to the older division Gwent-llwg was in GlaniorgitDshite, or Morganwg, which at that period was divided into four hundreds—(a) Glyn Nedd, or the Neath valley; (b) Penythen, the beads ol tivers (c.) Brenhinol, or soveteign bnn. dred and (d) Gsrentlwg, the latter being divi- ded into two Commots, „'iz., Yr Ardd Ganoil, the Centtal Garden, and Eitbaf Oylogion, the most discant landowners. Gwent wan divided into three cantreds, the upper and lower, aa we have already mentioned, and Cantref Coch, or the Ked Hundred, which is known at tbe present day as the Forest of Dean. Gwent Uwcbgoed; according to the old divi- sion, was divided into five Onmmota-Enas, Teirtref, Erging, Uwcbgoed, and Brynbiga Gwent Isgoed into foar-Tref y Grug, Y Mynydd, Ltefnyda, and Isgood. In their ancient acceptation Gwent, Esayllwg, and Morganwg mean one and the same country, and we are informed by the old Welsh bard and historian, Llywelyn Siou, that Gwent is the Oldest of the three. The meaning of the term Gwent is an opea unenclosed country, which points to us the antiquity of the name by which the beau- tiful stretch of land was called by the old dwoilers long before the march of modern civi- lisation and husbandry. The Glamorgan Genealogical bard, D. Benwyn, who flourished over three centuries ago, was the family bard of Philip Morgan, of Gwern y Gleppa, and in his ode to his patron he says:— Dafydd ap GwiJrm Uewfael, Fawr hap oedd fardd nor Uael1 Mawr oicbest oedd y gxvestiwn, Minau wyf fardd bardd i hwn. In almost every ode by D. Benwyn, which be composed to the great people of Gwent, we are reminded of tbe several divisions of the country. In tbe Elegy to Thomas David Morgan, Fryn Byga, (Usk). who is designated the Wolf of Usk, who married the daughter of William Bennet Goeh, of Cilfeigac, in Llanbodog, he starts :— Dae gwelais dy y wyleot Drist oer gwyn droa dair Gwent. Again in his oleg.y to Sir William Morgan, liD Thomas: ap Syr Wm.Morgan,apSvr Thomas Morgan hen, o Bencced ap Siencyn. ap Philip, ap Morgan, an Llewelyn, ap Ifor, ap Bledri o DdyfeS ac o ddyno i Feirig, un o'r pedwar oedd yn dwyn pedwar cleddyf sur, ar y wledd fawr yn Nabaerlleon ar wyBg, Ymlaen y Brenin Arthur, nn o'r Naw Grogyfywcb,' be says :— Holl Dairgwent, Gwynent, cwynau rhiolwyr Am Syr William Morgan Gwao dait Gwent Synent o bit son-am wt Gwyr a jnairch a maibion Gwat" am widiwalch difaich don. Gwae t ynya ana gawe union. It m&y be as well to anawer a question I bave often had pat to me. Why is Gwent placed before Morganwg whenever too two counties are mentioned to- gether? I think the answer ia quite obvious, and .that because Gwent is tbe oldest name by far of the two. But I am digressing from my sobject, for I had only intended to speak in this article of the impressions received by my visit, Having pa.id some attention for tbe last thirty years ta the history of the conqaest of Glamorgan, and having found tbat it was not such „ an isolated and haphazard adventnre as some wish Us to believe it to be, and taken by tbe Norman knights as a mere holiday freak, but part of a deliberate and sustained plan, and it is quite likely tbat Monmonthsbire was already occupied by thenij and was, rather tban Gloucester, the basis of tbeir operations, The subject ia so much clouded by our knowing next to nothing of the conquest of Monmouth- shire, and I have long ago come to the conclu- sion that whosoever deals with the oonquest of Glamorganshire must fiiat clear up the datkness that hangs'over the conquest of Gwent. No one has yet attempted this task. The historians of ^lonmouthsbire simply pass it by. Happily, tbe enquirer bns no stradling em- I broidered covering of fiction to bewilder bitn in j the task, but the facts to bs had arc, I fear, few. and these minntely broken to pieces and mixed up i confusion. To restore the full pattern of the original ie. I fear, a work beyond the compass of human ability, but 1 think it is possible that we shall get enough worked oat by our industrious and qualified historian of Taly Coed (Col. Bradney) to enable a surmise to be made of what the remainder mast bavo been. 1 congratulate Monmouthshire on the piospect of having the best county hiBtory in Wales, and one that will rank amongst the best of tboso in England. I only wish we could boast of » gentleman so full of enthusiasm and with such resource as the Colonel is endowed with, being employed on a similar-work ou fait Glamorgan. The Garden of Wales. Nothing brought back to any mind the ancient glories of Gwent more tban my visit to iiaglan. Having lunched in the neighbouring inn, I pictured to myself scenes of revelling among tbe servants of the caatlo who, after tbe day's work, would be apt, as now, to seek recreation in the Ion. When I approached the castlo, what a noble sight pn-aented itself—the noeat castle in Wales it is said to have been. Where elsewhere are IDcb handsome towars ? Wheto suchstones so finely dressed ? Where such windows ? Where such door- waya ? And my tbougbts went back to Sir William ap Thomas, Y Maicboc GlasoWent" (the blue knight of Gwent), who took two thou- sand Gwentian archers to Agincourt. and mater- ially beloed to win that famous battle. I notice tbat the bard Drayton haa placed tbe men of Glamorgan first in the order of battle, with the armorial eustgoa of each cOuntty, first, "Adar iiorganwg,'• then Gwaed gwn Gwent." This is how be described the Gwentians t— Glamorgan men, a castle great and high From wibcb, out of the battlement above, A flame shot up itself ic^.o tho sky The men of Monmouth (for the ancient Jove Of thatdeRr country neighbouring tbemfO nlgb), Next after them in equipage tbat move, Three crownB imperial, which supported were With three armed arms, in their proud ensign bear. Sir William was the first builder of the castle of Raglan. One imagined his return to his casttein Monmouthshire fiorn Aginsourt, the reception the county gave him and bis bravo archers, and the rejoicing when, a year or so afterwards, he married Gwlndus Gaoi. whose father and first husband, Sir Roger Vaughan. of Tretower, bad falleu at Agincourt. And then I bethought myself of bis son, Sir William fler- bert, Earl of Pembroke and Knight of the Garter, the greatest naaa in Wales, and greater then most of the English nobililv—at the battle of Banbm.v in 1469. He and his brothei, Sir Richard Herbert, of Coldbjook, called Sir Richard Ddu ou account of his bl»ck hair, both iiien of immense height and of magnificent per- sonal valour, were both taken prisoners und beheaded the n^xt day. The next Eurl left an only aaogbter, the greatest heirebs of her day. It was but natural that sbe should besought in marriage by one of tbo greatest men of her time, Sir Charles Somerset, a netr Relative to King Hanry Vll, Sir Charles' great wealth put lustre to the castle, "od he was made a Knight of the Garter and Earl of Wor. cester, anj did much towards building the noble pile as we sse it now. William, tbeeecond Bon of Sir William Thomas, was ibe first of the family to take the name of Herbert. Sir William's tomb is at Aber- gavenDy Charob. He died in 1446, _Æ_-

Snb editor: What shall we call tbe political mcctiug that was held in tbe town last night—a 1 gathering'' or a "demonstration?" Editor {who has been away) Was it on our side 1 Sub- editor No, our opponents. Editor: Well, th«n. caHit a fiwoo/' pf «WW*». 43«Z«]y J9Q klM>W tu«t paoobt i.

Fashion and Things Feminine. BY MISS IDA MELLOR. Fashions in Furs. FalSI aa usual, keep up their price, and even imitation specimens are not cheap. The very long round boa has come in again, and it may be as thick and long as the purse can affort, and of bushy far, of course. Sable, mipk and fox are used a grest,deal for boas, which are fashionable in black, brown, grey and white. Cream and white furs are, we are told, going to be much worn during the winter eeason, not only as boas and muffs, but, aleo as coats and capea. A cbarminsr coat, built in the Russian style, with a basque is of creamy-white citrarni-a most becoming thing, and provided as an accompani- ment is a bewitcbinR little polo cap with caracal brim and fiat crown of pleated, c ream-coloured cloth, a white, painted quill pierced through a rosette of cream ohifion decorating the brim at the left side. Stoles of cream-white caracul look well on costumen of grey or pastel blue cloth, but they are not so useful as darker stoles, being less inclined to adapt themselves tosurroundings. Although tbe long boa flourishes among fur fashions, those wbo cannot afford the expense of sncb. a.handaome article may content themselves with a abort stole or tie of good far, for even a"bow or fnr is fashionable. Ermine, by the way, is very fashiouable again, fur sets of tailless ermine and of ermine decorated with a profusion of tails taking their place in the list of peltry vogues of this season. Bows and collar-Dands of chinchilla are also fashionable. Quite a novelty. too, in the high P-russiaa collar of ermine, sable, chinchillct, or other for, attached to which are two loug stole-ends with mitred tips and fnr frixaea. This novelty, which is sketched, occurs someti mes in mixed furs, such as a collar of ermiln with sable stole-ends. Ona of the handsomest for wraps of the smaller kinds that I have ssen ia a stole of sable, broadened over the back and shoulders by the addition of a second width of fnr, fringed with tails. This fit a oaoat becoming wrap, the tails falling on to the Brma, and the breadth of the stole thereabouts suggesting a pelerine. An example will be found among tbe furs illustrated, which include also a handsome, long boa of busby fox or bear fur, very round and thick, and with it a uiofl to match. Mutts are very large tbis season, and are flat rather than round. The remaining sketches show a lovely stole-collar of cbiochira, frilled with old face and a mink tie. The New Short Coat of Seal Plush. Fashion is accused of frivolity as times, and tealiy a iaost frivolous note is touched this sea- son by the absurd little COIltIl of clotb, Dlrftb, and far tbat bave pn8 in an appearance with autumn fashiODa and modes for early winter. These coat. are unugnaltv short, and by their draughti- noes onggest spring i.,ttber than autumn. Lack of warmth is made up for, I suppose, by the putting on of woollens under the coats. Charm- ing in themselves, the new comers are bardly suited to winter, since not only are they cut low in the neck and short at the waist, bat they boast elbow sleeves, and the fronts of the coat are cut on a new principle that causes them to stand well away from the figure on tbe lower part and freely admit currents of air. It would be advisable torspeno these dainty little coats V for will days, an.1 scorn their use in frosty weather. Since tbiv are very smart and chic they will sasfadty be worn, and I recommend fur or plush for their composition, In which materials they are at their warmest. As every fashion ia open to moderation, the net" short coat appears, of course, in a modified form —that is, with longer fronts and back than on the ultra-smart models. Our sketch shows one of the new coats in sealskin or seal plneh, with a triple, scalloped edge, and cloth-embroidered roll collar. Fancy bnttons, surrounded with mixed gold and brown fine cord, punctuate the tips of the scallops and travel down the fronts of the coat -and the abort sleeves are drawn into tucks at the elbows and conclude, below folded bands of clotb, in triple scallops and accordion-pleated frills of Hiik or Isce. Gloves ard Glove-Cleaning. Fashion has declaied in lavour of white gloves again, but these will be worn in change with pale-coloured kid, all the delicate sbades of fawn and string an 1 grey being available. Long gloves are necessitated by the short sleeve, but of course the, two-button glove remains a general vogue, with long coat sleeves. Buttons are, bow- ever, discarded on a great cnauy new gloves in favour of wrist straps or elastics, which draw up the gloves snugly to the wrists, and are pta- ferred bv cyclists and others to buttons. I bavs lately seen some very satisfactory examples of glove cleaning at home, and the way in which the defining was performed was the ordinary one of dipping tbe gloves in benzine, putting them on the bands first, and then rubbing the gloved hands together, as in ths usnal process of wash- ing. Many shillings are saved by being one's own glove-cleaner. The Skin in Cold Weather. Unless special care is taken of the skin in cold weather, it is probable that chaps and chilblains will come alo g with the frost and canse a good deal of discomfort. To avoid this the akin should ba well supplied with eoftening creams that will prevent the possibility of injoryfrom Jack Frost. Timely precautions are better than after- remedies, ani those who. in the winter, are in the habit of suffering from )* chapped skin, should begin their treatment early, and fortify themselves against the ills of bittsr winds. Every day tho skin, if it is Keenly sensitive to the influence of cold, should be anointed with a reliable akin food, with glycerine and rose- water, 01 some such simple preparation, and :Jnsted with oatmeal powde.r Farther, an excellent :emedy lies iu rabbing the skin till it glows-tbns keeping it soft and supple, and maintaining a healthy action of the skin. Coffee Cream. As a sweet for supper parties coffee cream 13 a favourite. It is ma.de thus Beat np a couple of eggs, and on to them pour half a pint of milk. When well stirred, turn the liquid into a siuce- pan and hold it over the tire until the cream ia thick, but avoid letting it boil. Take about an ounce of gelatine, und dissolve it in a gill of strong coffee then add three ounces of castor sugar. Whip up half a pint of sooO, rich cream, and mix with it the gelatine and coffee, and the custard. Stir all together for five minutes, and finally pour the creaoo into a mould, moistened with cold water, and set it aside to cool. Pattarna of all the designs appearing in this column can probably be obtained from the nsarest pat tern-making agency but Kny readers who find it tfifficuit to secure p«u«-»ns locally, sbonld send postal order, value Is 6i:i. for blouse or sbott coat pettternor2s6idlor ooattun* gtftttnito Miagltift MeUor. C.o.ehe Ødhtr. "'oj

SCIENCE AND HEALTH By Dr. ANDREW WILSON, F.R.S.E., Se. Earthquake Disturbances. The recent lamentable outbursts of earthquake in Italy bave, as mv roaderaknow, been followed by minor shocks taking place within the compass of tbe British hIM. One shock iu particular affected the Ochil district in Scotland, and gave very definite evidence of a convulsion of the earth's crust. Upon the horrors of the Cala- brian earlhqaaKe there is 00.: need to dwell. Suffice it to say that in tbe presence of these greit cosmic disturbances at large, mankind will stand appalled. That we know something of the nature and origin of earthquake? does not in the least degree limit onr sympathy with tbe sufferers from these disturbances, OOr in the least dees it detract from our conceptions of the magnitude of the forces which are involved. A point to which I have not aeen allusion made in connection "itb the Caiabrianearthquake is that which relates to the occurrence of ti very famous disturbance in the same region in the year 1783. This earthquake, Sir Charles Lyell tella materially aids geologists i in understanding the changes in the earth's crast whichearthqaajjes produce, because it was so materially and substantially described. The shock commenced in February, 1783, and lasted till the end of 1786. The alterations occasioned by it were not Bo^reat as those effected In other localities, 80 that geologists in this instance bad the opportunity of describing the effects of an action similar to that which in past sges proaucetl a very considerable amount of change on tbe surface of ths globe. We are told that the snrface of tbe couutry during the Calabrian earthquakes even heaved, as ljyell puts it, like the billows of a swelling sea, produc- ing 11 swimming in the head resembling that caused by sea-sickness. fle adds tbat it is stated in almost all thp accconta of it that the clouds appeared motionless, These earthquake waves, Lyell says, are to be regarded as tbr- effects of vibrations radiating from deep-seated points, each vibration reaching the surface lifting tip tha ground and then allowing it to subside. Earthquake Science. Geolooeists remind us that iolcanoes and earth. quakes are intimately associated, not merely as regards their origin, but «|go in respect of the localities (n which they occur. Liaeaofearth- quake action ara, in other words, lines of volcanic action. Also, we are taught, ihat both owe their origin to the fact tbat the eartb, which has cooled down on the surface, presenting ns with a crust on which we live, sijii posbesees a healed surface. Volcanoes and earthquakes owing their origin to this cosmica! bsat, thay be said to stand in a certain relation to ou6 another in that the internal force, when it make.. its escape to the surface of the earth, produces a volcanic etup- non. bnt when, on the other band, it exorla its fury beneath tho crust, produces the earthquake. The proximate cause which brings the action of internal heat tntoptay has been referred by most I geologists to the irregular cooling of the earth, producing breaks and 6Morea in the enjat It is undeniably the case that both votcanoeaand earthquakes occur near the 8ba 0r by beds of inland water. Hence it is opposed that large masses of water escaping through soma fissure of tbe cmst into the interior of ths earth and coming in contact with its fedeat heat are con- verted into steam. So that in tbis view of matters the volcanic eruption and the earth- yuakes are Flmol, the result of a cosmical explosion. This, ronghly stated, is a prevailing notion of the origin of the forces which are capable in their full development of effecting such disatrous results, not'tartly on the earth's crust itself, but (itill mote npon the affairs and possessions of mau. The Origin of life. I notice that in last■ months magazines several writers deal with the problems connected with the origin of life. I baVe aire ad v made my readers familiar with the ze8aarcbea of Mr Burke, who, through the Rction of radiam on certain solutions developed microscQpjQbodift fvrhich'have been termed radiobes." Theseb°diea appear to divide by a process of separation similar to tbat seen in lower orgaaitmis, aDd not by Slejivage, as a crystal divide Hence it |g coocltiqed that the action of tbe radium on the ^r$cular substance on which it has been allowef^o ytay has prasti- eally evolved some low fotrafrqpf living nature. Mucb cesearch, however, will be required before this view can be held to he substantiated. £ et another lino of research has been taken by Dr. Bastian, who claims to have proved microscopi- cally that certain Jow forms of life are capable of being developed from other and higher forme, wblist the contrary process of tbe development of higher from lower forms, it is alleged, baa also been proved. Thus he finds that from the •RK of a particular kind of animalcule known as a rotifer, or wbeel anirnalonle, certain lower forms of animalcule life have been developed. Pro Bastian claims to have traced the appearance from tha egg of the higher form of these lower organisms. The difficulty here, of course, is tbat of proving that the egg of the higher form bad not become sombow or other infected with the spores or germs of the lower. These latter questions, it will be noticed, deal witb what may be called the development of: life itselff; that is tc say, we first of all admit the organisms we are dealing with to be living It is a very different matter when we come to speculate regarding the manner in which lifebasappoared on tbe surface of the eartb, I maka this last remark because it is very necessary for us to distinguish between these two questions. The one deals w?th the beginnings of life on the earth itself; the other refers to the possibility of one species or kind of living thing giving birth to another of different nature. About Sunlight. A statement appeared recently in a. meiicll1 journal referring to the influence of sunlight in producing degeneration of the human frame. It need hardly be said that this is a somewhat startling idea, aeeing that all sauitarians are agreed that in the absence of sunlight the proper development of the body is not attainable. Com- mon experience of life amply endorses the con- clusion of science. A critic of this view, tbat sunlight has any influence in inducing degenera- tive changes, gays that it is not the sunlight which may prodnce degeneration or weakness m tbe race, but beat. It is remarked that the Northern rac6a are more active tban the South- ern races, simply because in the nortb the sur- rounding conditions of atmosphere and the like are of more bracing character. This writer say! it ia easier to take a long walk or cycle ride in Yorkshire than it is in Devon or Somerset. Again, there can be little doubt that the influ- ence of sunlight forms a very powerful adjunct to the cure of such a disease as consumption. The writer I have quoted remarks tbat tbe Crystal Palace itself would form a very typical s'matorinm for the treatment of consumption itself. In addition to plenty of free and open-air Bnnligbt would be also represented. I quote tbis case because it illustrates how very easily a fallacy mav slip into thecoutgeofttrgument. The distinction between the effects of heat and sunlight, in respect of race development, may therefore be very well borne in mind. Views About Appendicitis. ;A very large number of theories have been ven- tilated to accoant for tbe prevalence of appendi- citis. Some of these view.* may be rejected because of an utter absence of evidence by way of supporting them. Iwassttucktheother day in the opposite direction by a very noteworthy communication from a mediaa' man who attri- butes tbe increase of appendicitis to the unwar- rantable and unwise drugging which i* prac- ticed by the public nowadays in tbe shape of the swallowing of aperient medicines. There can be little donbt IIHt immense ^quantities of drugs of the cb .oior indicated are consumed in an entirely haphazard way. Thev are nsed without rhyme or reason for the cure of any and every ailment in which the digestive system is con- cerned. The medical man in question points ont very truly tbat in due course of time constant stimulation of the intestm" by powerful aperient drugs causes the bowel to lose its rnuacular tone. It therefore becomes an inefficient instrument in the work of digestion. If this be so, we can understand bow the last ute.se of the person who abuses pnrgativts becomes much worse than the fhat, and the writer from whom I quote considers tbat the appendix and sarroonSing parts partici- pate in the general loss of toue in question, and ao danger is indncet. This appears to be an extremely reasonable view of matters. It may, of course, not be a correct view, but at tbe same time if it succeeds in drawing the attention to a great evil of modern times, namely, the abuse of purgative medicines which are nsedwhete diet should be employed to correct digestive disturb- ance, the writer will not bave penned hIS words in vain. Sanitation and Railway Carriages. There can be little doubt that railway com- panies have many conditions to contend with preventing them "from effecting all they iviight wish to do in the way of promoting the cleanli- ness of their carriages. In tha first place., large quantities of dust must necessarily enter these vehicles, and in the second, not inconsiderable section of the public, and especially those using third-class carriages, are ot extremely dirty habits. The state in which many a third-class smoking carriage, (or example, is left may be regarded as a perfect disgrace to the nation at large, Little wonder is it that scientists are able to say that railveay carriages are perfect hot- beds of getms. It Is a mistake, however, to sap- pose that these gorms are necessarily all of a disease-producing order. Recent researches made in Americn regarding the bacilli found in railway cairiageB i u that country show ibat no germs of consumption were to be detected. In er-iu cases the germ of inflammation of tbe iuuga was present, and other germs were also detected, amongst them thos-> which are capable of producing blood poisoning when gaining ad- mission to wounds. Mechanical processes of cleaning are now in such universal use tbat it is io bo hoped yhe railway companies may adopt for their carriages eor"e snch meaM of restoring and maintaining tbeir parity. I think tbe satuo remark applies to tho oftbins of ahipa, and espa- oi»Uy pf «b9M vent<i> wbfoh citrry Invalids to health resorts in various parts of the worJd. The idea of occupying a cabin which has been for weeks, maybe, the abode of a consumptive going abroad in search of restoration of health, is not pleasant, if it is known or suspected that no disinfecting measures have been adopted.

Illustrated Humour. Were They Accomplices ? A man was rubbing out of a restaurant. Stop him," yelled tbe proprietor, he has not paid for his dinner. I'll stop him," said another man who was just finishing his dinner. He has taken my gold-mounted umbrella. I'll bring him back, tbe scoundrel." Without a moment's pause he dashed out of the building io hot pursuit of the thief. It is six months ago now, and the proprietor is beginning to suspect that neither of them will ever come back. At The Tobacconist's. -1 Pleaee, air, father wants to know if it is true tbat there is such a thing as a tobacco trust ? Yes, my lad, there is," replied the man. Well, father would like to be trusted with two ounces." At Barnum's. The Manager: What vian all that trouble amongst the freaks this morning ? Why, the two-headed man got into a quarrel with himself as to which of them ahoutd get shared first." A Good Chance. Village Schoolmaster So yon've got a situa- tion, Tbomas ? Well, I hope to see you rise in the; world. Thomas: Yos, sir, there a heaps of chances, Bir. I'm going to work in a fireworks factory. Could Politeness Go Further ? Why don't you answer I" said madame im- patiently, to the man on the step-ladder engaged in putting np new window fixtures. The man gulped and replied gently, "I had my mouth fat! of screws; I could not speak till I awsllowed them." His Own Verdict. I wouldn't be -a fool if I were 'ion, If you were me you wouldn't be a fool." Nonsense Rhyme. An artist went to sea to see What he could see at sea to draw; He only eaw what all may see, The sea was all the artist saw. And when be saw he'd seen the sea, Proceeded be the sea to draw, And since his scene, I've often seen, I've seen the sea the artist snw. Too Bad. "I Mother: See hare, George, what a lot of nice round stones. Yea, grumbled George, as he cast a search- ing glance around, 'and not a. thing to threw 'em at." All The Way Back. "I think," remarked an old farmer, "that we'd better have JoRiall stop stndyin' so hard. 'Tain't good for his mind. When he come home for his holidays, what do you think his fOil" words was ?" He says, Well, father, I'm half back now.' I eaye.. Joisab, son, don't ye realise where ye ale? Ye're all the way back, and I'm glad to see ve And all he done was to jast laugh and say he'd tell me about it some time." 'j Another Favour To Ask. Sure I'm wearing the trowsers you were kind enough to give me, sir, an' it's another favour I'd be after asking yon." What is that ?" A good square meal to fill *em out." It Was Enough. A block of dwelling-bouses was being built in a certain suburb, and when it was nearly finished the builder and his foreman went on i tonr of inspection. They proceeded as follows The builder went into one house and the fore- man into the next. Then the builder spoke through the wall, Can yoa bear me, Jack r" Yes." Can you see me ?" No." Tbeo all right, Nixt ^L_

WELSH GLEANINGS. News and Views in Lighter Vein. An old boat. something like which theaocient Britons used," is the description which has reached us of a discovery just made on the Nant- iwian Farm.Clydey, near Llanfyrnach. The relic was found by some men while digging a trench, on a site of what was once a Jake. Having been ordered by his medical adviser to winter in Egypt, Mr Gwynn Jones, the Welsh chaired bard, will sail on Saturday next for Alexandria, accompanied by Mr Robert Bryan. It is gratifying to learn that the national testi- monial to Mr Gwynn Jones is likely to produce the total amount which the committee are anxious to raise. Sir Alfred Thomas, M.P., made an ideal chairman at the Unhersity Settlement meeting at Cardiff on Saturday evening. His opening speech consisted of the words, Ladies and gentlemen— Sir John Gorst," and at the close of tbe meeting he said, That concludes the busi- ness," before anyone had a chance to move a vote of thanks to him for presiding. It is a mistake to suppose that lunacy is' necessarily a bar to longevity. On the presenta- tion of the annnal report of tbe North Wales Counties Lunatic Asylum Mr Pennant stated that a patient bad died who had been an inmate for 55 years continuously. At the present time hare is a patient in the institution at Denbigh who was admitted the first week the asylum was opened In 1848-fifty,seven years ago. It may not be generally known that the junior member lor Merthyr (Mr J. Keir Hardie) is a Scottish tenant of Lord Bate's. When the Socialist leader reached Cardiff the other da.y he jocularly assnmed an air of bewilderment at see- ing the festooned and decorated streets, and with mock gravity, said Have I become ao popular as this that the town of Cardiff should pro- claim a gala day on my arrival ?" ,4> Wenaili writes In the Gossip colamn lecently there was an inquiry as to who were tbe authors of the words "Gobejtbla." for Band of Hope, and Safon" for standard. The former, I find, was coined by the Rev. Ebenezer Pngh, at one time a Calvinistic Methodist minister at Liivydcoed, and the latter fcy thelfev. Robert Owen, of Jewin-crescent. Both terms were coined as the result of a prize offered at one of Carw Coch's eisteddfodan at Trecynon, Aber- dare, The British Weekly," in its cuirent issue, speaks of the Rev. Charles DAvies, Cardiff, as a sweet and saintly-looking man," while the Rev. Justin Evans is describsd as one of the wittiest and most genial public orators of the day." From the same source we learn that Dr. Forsyth character- ised the late Morlais Jones as one ot thepreciona contributions made by the Celtic spirit to one churches; and expressed the hope that tbis eDirit might continue long to enrich as." The Bells of St. Afan. St. Afan'a Church tower, Llanafanfawr, has a peal of six silver-toned bella. Tradition says these were to have been fixed in the tower of St Mary's, Brtilth WeHs, bat by some mistake the \I fry of bells intended for Llhnafanfawr were gent to Bailth Wells, and those intended for Bailtb Wells fixed at Llanafanfavvr. Near the entrance to St. Allan's is a tomb with a Latin ipscriptiop; signifying "Here lieth St. Afan, 1 BirtB^ It is supposed thisptacewaafora. I abort time the centre of a bishopric, which after- wards was merged in the See of HanbtntMa. Rather Stale. A correspondent writes;—One cannot help thinking that Cadrawd's shout of joy over the discovery of the translator into Welsh of The Book of Homilies is rather loud, and, as to the real discoverer, not altogether proper." FIrst of all the news is stale, because all who possess a copy of tbe catalogue of printed literatme in the Welsh department of tbe Cardiff Tablic Library, printed seven years ago, know that on Page 248, Column 1, the book is entered under James (Edward, chancellor of Llandaff), translator." Again the very, very few wbo bave seen a copy of the bsok witb a title know that the words, Gwedi en troi i'r iaith Gymeraeg drwy waifh Edward James," appear on the title. Moreover, to say that Edv, ard James was vicar of Caerleon- upon-Usk is incorrect-it was of Llangattock- nigh-Utk that he was vicar and the discoverer, with all due respect to the gallant colonel of Talycoed. is modest Mr William Hainec, of Y Bryn. Abergavenny.if I am not greatly mistaken. London Mason's Song. The London Welsh Lodge of Freemasons has a score all its own, every line of it breathing love and affection for yr hen wlad. Here are a couple of stanzas — In the heart of London City, In the home of Old King Lnd. We ore met, a band of brothers, Where our fathers shed their blood. We are met, a band of brothers, All around the festive board, And tbe land tbat gave oa nurture Is the land by all adored. Though we dwell beyond tbe Severn, We are of the Cambrian line And cur fellowship is sacred By the badge and mystic sign. For we sport tbe Leek of Gwalia, And we speak the Cymric tongue, And the songs of ancient Cambria Are among U8 ever sung. Oft we think of the dear homeland, Of swest homes among her vales, And of those who sleep their last sleep In the hallowed spots of Wales. Cawl Oi Hela. "Tally IJo I OJ writes:—"The regrettable poisoning of tbe Llangibbv hounds reminds me of many pccidents to these interesting sporting animals, some of tbe accidents being tragic, such as a pack getting on a railway track and being practically decimated, and others of a serio- comic character. One of tbe latter happened at a Glamorganshire village, and the matter is still a sore point with the inhabitants. The local publican was in tbe babit of preparing a large boilerful of 'cawl' (broth) whenever a. certain celebrated pack was hunting in the neighbour- hood, and this was distributed free to the hungry huntsmen at tbe end of tbe day's sport. On one occasion, however, the door of the brew- honse in which the savoury liquid was prepared was left open. A hungry bound scented tbe broth, leaped up to the edge of tba bailer, loet his balance, and tumbled into the eeethlng cal- dron. It escaped with its life, but with the lost of most of its hair. Utterly at a loss what to do nith tbe expectant guests the publican deter- mined to hold bis peace, and serve tbe cawl as if nothing had happened. Those who partook of it took tittle notice of tbe stray hairs that tickled their palates now and again. The true story scon leaked ont, however, and woe was the lot of any man who mentioned anything about cawl ci beta (hound broth) in that village for many years afterwards." A Tale With a Moral. Man from the Oills" relates the following true narrative for the guidance of suffering tradesmen, who find tbat with all their rare they cannot make headway in tbe world. Tbe trades- man is industrious, the wife economical, but there is a leak somewhere, and it is only by incident that it is brought to light. One day lately a lady was entering a shop in a busy town, when she was accosted by a poor, ill-clad, destitute woman, who exclaimed, "Missus, don't yoa know me ?" The lady stopped, looked earnestly at thepoor forlorn object, andcried ont, Why, Jane, it is never you ? It was Jane, an old favourite servant of hers, wbo bad lirod with her several years, and only left to gst married, Telling the tale afterwards to a friend the lady said, Jane was in many respects a good, clewnly, and bard-worising girl, but wastefal to a degree, The top of the loaf, crusts, were always thrown away. No matter what vegetables went from tbe tub's everything was thrown into the receptacle for waste, and there was never a day but that the fragments, sufficient for a good meal to a poor person, were wasted. Many a day Jane bad been told ebe wouttt come to want, and she did. Carrying her improvident habits into a poor workman's home, the couple soon got into &bt,48fl .snnUr. witb of ebilfora* and finally that of the breadwinner, Jane drifted down into beggary." Tradesmen talk of the keenness of competition, of heavy rates and taxes, of the struggle there is to keep solventf and overtook the leak in household expenses, and tbe urgent necessity to see that the servants, like the master and mistress, sbonld bear Is mind tbe golden maxim, Waste not and want not. The rainfall at Talgartfefor September WM 1'94 inches, with 18 dry days. I. Mr Herbert Lewis, M.P., thongb making satisfactory progress after a recent operation, will be unable to resume bis public work for some weeks to come. Sir Marchau: Williams has promised tfl addre!I"Cymdeltb8s Oymry Casnewydd on Octo- ber 26th ou Welsh language and literature. Mr Hobson Matthews on Novemboc 9th will speak on Newport Records. On resigning the magisrates' clerkship at Kington, Mr Anthony Temple has jast been presented with a silver inkstand and an illumi- nated address by the justices in recognition of 43 years' service. Signs of the comicg of winter are apparent, wild fowl having alreadt taken up their quarters on Hoath Park Lake. Within the past few days 10 or a dozen poachardf, magnificent handsome fellows with brilliant chestnnt-colonred bead and neck, made an interesting addition to the water fowl on the lake. A few coot are also already in residence. In view of the Nelson celebrations it is in- teresting to know that Mrs Letiice Joseph. Market-street, Morrison, has in her possession a medal won by her father in the battle of Tr«fal> gar. One side bears tbe inscription England expects that every man will do his duty," whilst on the other is an image of Viscount Nelson* K.B., Duke of Bront.* Z Ibis is the 19th anniversary of the moat destructive gale to life and property ever known in tbe Bristol Channel of which tbere are records. Miles of the coast each side of the channel were strewn with wreckage. There are yet two great reminders sf the disasters to be seen, viz,, tbe remains of the Malleny, near* Porthcawl, and of tbe Teviotdale, off Ferrysidet The kingfishers in the wild garden alFRoatb Park are petting hungry. The breeding ponds in the wild garden have now to be covered ovec entirely with netting to prevent the small fisb being gobbled op by their mortal enemies. Several mornings lately, when tbe caretaker hall gone to feed tbe fish, he has seen a kingfisher sitting on a. stump ciosebytookinR disconsolately at the ash below him through tbe wire netting. The moat refreshing thing to Welsh ears as the Mayoress's reception on Friday night Jas" wad to hear the Bishop of Llandaff speaking nn« affected Cymraeg to everyone that came in bia w&y and understood tha.t tongae. The same U4 mark will apply to the Mayor., and many of the guests hoped to be able to record the same experi- ence of the Marquis of Bate. bat he kept strictly to the etiquette of tbe occasion (the Marchioness being the chief guest on that night), and allowed bio" better half to be her own spokeswoman. Right worthily did she fulfil that part, for public speaking h, as a. second nature to every native of the Emerald Irfe. Welsh Topography. Mr A. G. Bradley, who has obtained a nniqaa position as a writer of books on Welsh topo- graphy, will gladden the hearts ol Welshmen by the forthcoming publica- tion of another volume on the country which he has described so faithfully and so attractively. The new volume, which ie en- titled" In the iuarsh and Borderland of Wales," is to be published by Messrs Constable, and bim numerous sketches by Mr W. M. Meredith. The regions described include the counties of DaD- bigh, Radnor, Monmouth, Glamorgan, BreoOO, Hereford, and Salop. Professor Littiedale's New Book. Amonu th<! forthcoming books to be issued by the Oxford University Press is a work of grei'-« interest which i* being edited by Professor H. Littledale, of Cardiff, Wordswortbians foofc regretted the supposed loss of an albnm of poems and extracts selected by Wordsworth and sept by him as a Christmas present in 1819 to Lady Mary Lowtber. Tbis very interesting compila- tionianowto be reproduced typographically, printed literally from the original) witb fac- similes. Professor n. Littledale atmplies an intndcction to the work. Welsh Mottoes. In view of the decision of many education authorities that Welsh shall be tacght in their schools Mr J. E. Soutball, of Newport, is issuing a series of 22 Welsh mottoes in decorative and eoionreddeaiene, suitable for being hung as pictures on tbe school walls. Underneath the Welsh words is an English translation. One could hardly think of a happier or less ostenta- tions way of exciting the interest of school "hildren in the native language and in giving; thoaeunfamitiar with it a rough Idea of ids qualities. Welsh is particularly rich in pucgenV aDd happily i-xpressed proverbs, and any boYr whether Welsh or English, who learnt them would have distinctly enriched bis mind in the process. Enterprise at Merthyr. Mertbyr having become incorporated, there ir, a reawakening in the public life of the town. Already distiict oouncillors exhibit a mors dignified air in view of the added importance tbey will attainshoDld they secure an alderonanio cluir: or IL BElat on the new Corporation. The revival in public spirit has grown to such an extent tbat a shoeblack has taken np a poiition nsurthe railway station. Tbe Cardiff commercial traveller who bad the temerity to submit to the operation a day or two ago will not readily forget his experience. In a few minutes be became the centre cf an interested and hnmorous crowd, whose observations no doubt gave him the im- pression that his patronage might have been withheld with advantage. The possessor of the boot stand though has not been long allowed to monopolise matters, for on Monday morning a dnsky skinned competitor appeared on tbe scene. Brecon Market. I visited Brecon market the other day. writes a correspondent, it was after a long absence bat there was the same condition of things going on as it bas for the last 20 and even 30 vealS; with this difference, that the apple cheek tinted old women who sold as geese, or fowlH, are resting from their laboars, and pleasant grandchildren come to the markek instead with baskets and produce. And what a gathering there is. Go in the early morning and see how. brought by every kind of vehicle (even a motor), come in tbe good things of life, the snowy eggs, the fine fat capon, the Michaelmas goose. What a. quantity. And these are not all. ft hat bacon. What one spareribB and what vegetables and fruit. As yon look at the beauti- fulapples you think of Eden, and the serpent, and the wisdom exercised in selecting so nine a temptation, Between all these good things, the crowds stream and deal, and boy, and c. pleasant interchange of gossip goes on, not solely about the purchases, but of old friends^ and old times for the market day is tbe re- union, tbe comiog together of old acquaint- ances, which like in the sister land are never forgot.' So goes on the dealing anl buying — quantities we are told for the bills and for Cardiff —until the midday in passed. It ia three o'clock and the stalls tne nearly all cleared, the people gone, and very 800n small boys will troop in $0 see if a red cheeked apple or a sweet has bseo left behind, and the farmer folk are joggiof comfortably hOlDe."

Songs for the People. -eo- Andrew Fletcher of SsJtoun, iu a iettoi- to the Marqnis ef Montrose, wrote :1 know a very wist mauthac believed that 11 a man were permitted*5 make all the ballads he need not care who shonll make i.h» laws of the natiOD.

UNDER THE GREENWOOD TREE. Under the greenwood tree Wbo loves to lie witb me, And tone bis merry note 7 Unto the sweet bird's throat. Come hither, come hither, come hit ber Here shall be see No enemy But winter and rongh weather. Who doth ambition shun. And loves to live i' the son, Seeking the food be eats, And pleased with what be gets, Come hither, come bitbec, some hither Here shall be see No enemy But winter and lougb weather.

WHO IS SILVIA P Who is Silvia ? what is she, That all onr swains commend her? Holy, fair, and wise is she The heaven such grace did lend bar That she might admired be. Is she kind as phe is fair ? For beauty lives with kindness. Love doth to her eyes repair, To help him of his blindness* And, being helped, inhabits tbetS. Then to Silvia let us sing, That Silvia is excelling ? She excels each mortal thing Upon the dull earth dwelling ( To her let uu btlpg. —