The Cardiff Times

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15604 WORKMEN'S TOPICS. BY MABON. RAILWAYMEN'S CONGRESS. The twenty-third annual congress of railway- was held at Manchester a few weeks ago. nis Was an event of special interest to the mem- kers of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, and also to all railwaymen who are available for membership in that society. The IlAtereat in the proceedings is. however, not con- fined to railwaymen only the Amalgamated of Railway Servants is a trade society, 4mds as such, the proceedings would be of great hterest to all trade societies. Beyond that again. '8 railwaymen are not only servants of the many railway companies tbab they belong to, "boil they are also the servants of the <Mtb!io as well. Therefore the conditions under -blob they have to work cannot fail to be of treat interest to that public, inasmuch as the tatety of our travelling public is so much in their lunds. Could that public be in any way in. different to those conditions in the interest of the workmen themselves, they could by no Means be indifferenb to them in their own Interest and for their own sake. It becomes, therefore, the duty of all,, each in his own way, to do what we can to help in securing to all Railway men such conditions of labour as would •eeure in them the highest possible efficiency. These annual congresses are, as a rule, the best I .a_8 of informing the public what has been lODe, is being done, and what should be done to bring those conditions about. Hence the para- mount interest of the congress to the public at farge. Be who cares to read the able and appropriate "Address of the president, Mr Hudson, of Darling- will find that the railwaymen have an Alarming number of grievances standing in need Of redress. His address, in fact, contained the lardinal points of their programme. In the first place the demand for a full wee s Pay may nob be an intelligent one. much less a fast one to portions of the public which under. stands not their case. But when one learns that there is a class of railwaymen that have the ftnerous duty of manipulating the traffic, and that these men are often paid only for the time they •*e actually at work, although tbey must a wa^V at the call of the railway company, the deroan that they should receive the full week's pay is eel" Uialy not an unreasonable one. | The next grievance relates to the long -ours *bat men ore often required to stay in signa 'eo1te&, and in reference to this a considerable tzbension of the eight hours* shift is demari ec • Then comes the system of counting over im.. The present method is to begin counting overtime after a week's work has been accomplished. This. justly so, is not considered fair, and especia y when it is remembered that some companies are nob willing to pay the men the u >*y. though they compel them to be at »eir c all times. In the opinion of the railway men and fair-minded men, the only fair and jtot Method of determining the queetion is that in -.ch day all time work above the standard hours of work should be paid as overtime. The question of Sunday work is held, and again lastly no. to be of very great importance. "Sunday duty." according to the chairman, is becoming more and more common on our rail- ways. and the men contend that this should in all cases be paid for at an advanced rate. 1 dOW6 think that many reasonable men can be found to find fault with the justice of this demand "ther. In regardto the question of Employers' Liabi t y the grievance of the railwaymen is the same as that of other workmen. Some contend that it is greater, inasmuch as they have greater dangers to Contend with than most other workmen—and I thoroughly agree that it is greater, but only to the degree that that dangerous occupation is blore so than other kinds of work. On this sub. leell Mr Hudson, the chairman, declared that II the action of thao irresponsible and non-represen- !TO body, the House of Lords, in the contracting-out clause, showed that ^•y are more ready to listen to a privileged few a million of organised workmen," and. added, "we claim our inahenable right, as British -bleat., to unlimited compensation for either 1-. of life or personal injury but what we desire with respect to this question is immunity the many dangers that beset our em ploy- Noble sentiments these. And these words, as they do from the chairman of the **llwaymen's Congress, and accepted as they by the delegates present, are mosb oppor- and valuable. It has been contended that Wag the desire, and for the sake of these men, *t least, of most of them, that the detestable ^Olracting-out clause was inserted in the late incomparable Bill on the subject, •hat delusion, especially when we consider that "as by the votes of this class of workers the •oanapion of contracting out, tbe member for ~r*We, was thrown out of the House of CommoDS, "^tisf&cfcorily demonstrated. *h» other important demand made was the Ifrl 0f representation to either Trades Union Uncial# or some other person appointed by those at coroners' inquests on railwaymen I ^meet their death while engaged in their This, again, is a most reasonable lequeet on their part. The miners of the country ^■■ess this already. Moreover, they have the not only of appointing their Trades Union %Mcial or any other person to attend and examine Witnesses on coroners' inquests, but the relatives the deceased have an equal right to do so. This so, there is no reason why the same should J *°t be granted in the oase of railwaymen. At the close of the congress resolutions were I **°pted embodying tbe foregoing demands also I j* favour of a legal Eight Hours Day against suspension of men before inquiry into the fcuiads of their suspension in favour of the Anient of overtime at the rate of time and a JjJ^ter; and of Sunday duty at the rate of time, etc., etc. ™he chairman closed bis address by a reference w oandidature of the general secretary, Mr 5»acford, and the nominee of the society, at °*thampton ab the General Election. He also i^&atted that in the use of the franchise bour as a whole has no fixed policy." and he Ped that in future the principle that all men brethren shall be mote fully illustrated and displayed in the ranks of the Rail way men's u»ion. ^^his, as we have often pointed out, is a matter greatest possible regret. Here we have a J* and rich society, which lays claim, in Zv^Parison with the number of workers em- to have a greater nnmber of its members ^fc,Oied and killed annually than any other class Workers in the country, still they cannot agree to the House of Commons a direct ^fc&entative to place their claims and grievances °re that assembly, while, on the other hand, capital and monopoly have a host of '•esentatives therein. Were they too poor to '"is tboy would be objects of sympathy and pity "•at respeot; but that is not so, for it is one of tifc* Fortunate associations that of late have had i%"ItY for finding profitable investmeut for thoir

Why Some Strikes Fail. ^•nd • How's business now—bad as eve* J j^ttfaetnrer: No-o; doing better than we e. |»0 ^ad to hear that. You told me some weeks •• your mills were running ab a loss," «• jj° loss now not a penny." KONE °P Men are jn strike."

^he'*»!010us-Tke Girl Lottie told me the j%ttjB^*y khat ,«lje had no idea of such n thing as The Other Girl (after a pause): *1^ woat h> is ? "?ca A-ND SHOW OF IT.—" I hear fety P*°r is short in bis accounts." 51 Well, he in his accounts, but he II 10111 "It J

Musical and Eisteddfodic. By Maelgwyn. arB DfLfN EVANS ON THB ORCHESTRA IN OHOBll. COMPETITIONS. The October number of the Ctrddor, our prin- i Wolnh musical magazine, contains an able XMr Emlyo v than whom no mote incisive writer and trencb'ant critic can bo found. I regret I cannot hiil tbe whole of Mr Evans's remarks, but the reader can obtain tho magazine for the modes There are two points, however, in the article wt.ioh dllServe thfl unql1alifiod approval of *M'"i'El^°fr»pT™°liisl«cidM Committw over Mr Evans r3 h b cottingof Welsh soprano t'10-1fcaU^ the concerts,and says that while we have artistes at the co and Ma(fg|e D<ivie9 auch sl"8«r further afield. But things were in we need not g than Mr Evans imagines. M for the three concerts when they ninety guine Maggie Davies for about ffi5ght have had M^s Magg thirty. I am by arti8tes< butf 0n the engageme js nofc a]waya a guarantee of other hand. Not was jb so in the case transcendant Evans. I have the warmest raised by Russell's vocal powers but at the sa fl ter of the music of very much bette^ and j without there «» "■"i,- "a, wL ». Da. i» Warbling Choir, Russell sings «« « the ll » e«.irel» wi»h moch |tn»»er PO ^opoliun in on.. jstJ—^ m -o61 ty *•f,b'8 M In the subject of the orchestra .n the too soon upon the su j Whether great choral competi i cj,;ef choral orchestral accompaniments in fcime wiil comPetiti°ns will be com against deoide. Th.re is much r" ITSi» «h» » md "'otou. choir moa, have .ocompummenb oon- "TT ^ilh it..irewth before it o". »»* training » to fcheir fellow-singers r-°r tss reT,t < £ »» ,he ,S thab y thelr choral works without a ductor brought nob only his own choir but his own most disciplined choir with an or- f which he knew uothing be- fTnd without having a preparatory u «al but how could this be managed in reg-ard to competitors, is an unanswerable ques- Sn One thing, however, is certain, that not «omo of the instrumentalists should be masters of their work, but all of them; and this Zd5 not get this year. Some of the mstru- ments were hopelessly out of tune from the start, as we are informed by competent persons. This shows the foolishness of hiding the adjudicators, for they could not see the manner in which the conductors treated the material under their control, and when there were mistakes or faults to place them on the proper shoulders. That is one of the advene lessons taught us at Llanelly-tbe lesson of "How not to do it." There is with our We« as a rule sufficient room for perfection before they will be capable of conducting a choir and an orchestra, and this year's experience ought to teach them one lesson, via., that to beat the air Lore in .rra, of i„.trom.»t.l»t, Mt pay thev must have a plain and proper beat. So spsaks Mr Emlyn Evans, and one could almost interpolate "Hear, hears and '• Bravo',1'just as Carlyle has done with the Uravo*, J Evans speaks of tbe "T r °L?n7»lrLe to the conductor. baa «» pooaibllity of th. he em rg hostile to one or more orchestra being actu^J WRS 80 at L'anelly of the competitors? That it, .nfomation I can sta? ou o d dreadfully out of When ad^cult leadis^starte fcentf tune, we may well ask, Bthatm or does he deliberately abtemp fchePorchestra OFj out ?" and when we hear th „ do our very best to-day tiause before we that choir only, we may well '.g unhesitatingly declare hat I # advantage. At Llanelly it wM :P if not something worse anfl our port will dowel to make it kno oidedon the chief choral wrapel'taon shall the old lines. I they ipula^ fo, accompaniment, there will be & competition at all.

AND HE HAD TRIED IT. <• Good gracious, Jehonee t 7 your face and bead so IrlgMfully swelled up fa m A newspaper article. ««T don't understand." # ^fha aeo "My wife happened to read a few » that bee-keeping was a light and Profi*» d. pationfora man with some leisure andagooa siznd back ya^d."

Always Polite. The ooolest man I ever saw, said II Teteran f^jsr ssrjrsasrajsttu- JKr-inSBT to him -h» « dreB H^ had on a low waistcoat and his drew coa« "s:? into his hair again and went on jje put matter of fact, he was about ready. Me P« down thecomb, put on his coat and hat, and P'^NO"V!>I'm°ready, gentlemen."hesaid. We starÐed, bub tbe suirway bad noW beeu men h»d (3 » «P «>n the ho~Now then," we said to him. when we came gentlemen*" L wid, »*»ndIn* ^nd I assure you we had to go down>l» ladder first and let him come last.

One incident which marked the opening tbe bZZ Z.1»» Friday h;. appa^ntly noticed. It was this. Mr O'Connor m makmg his application on the exbradition J»"«\ referred to his client as Balfour, pure attd simp.. The Attorney-General, on the con brary, sbudiouely inserted the Mr when naming the decants, and omitted it only in the case of the oonvicts Newman, Wright, and Hobbs. Tbe lady who oeve» marnei ihould W "»« IdiJKliM

THE HOUSEHOLD. HERE is, perhaps, no way in which crochet can be of more prac- jjitical use, and at the same time ornamental, than as a yoke for a cotton chemise or woollen combination it often adds greatly to the expense to purchase such articles, which can quite easily be made at home if one will only take the trouble to follow this recipe. The pattern may also be applied to any purpose for which a wheel design would be suit. able. A ribbon should be run through the open insertion which encircles the neck and sleeves, it may be white or coloured, to suit the taste of the wearer, and should be finished off with butterfly bows. The wheels are connected in working the picots forming the last row of the wheels. In the yoke before me there are thirty-eighfc wheels around the neck, one inch in diameter, and twelve for each sleeve six of these, however, on each side, form also a part of the thirty-eight wheels of the neck. For the wheels, begin with a ring of 8 chain, into this ring work 24 treble. Please observe to work a treble you throw the thread once only over the needle before taking up the stitch. For a double crochet, sometimes called a half atitch, the Fthread is not throwc T,C-,rer the needle at all before taking up the stitch a single and slip stitch are the same. the thread being drawn through, the stitch taken up, and the loop I 1 A ACTIO A R. CROCHET. on the needle at the same time. For the second row on the wheel, work 1 tre. into every treble in previous row with one chain between each treble. For the last row work a double crochet under a space of 1 chain, make a picot with 5 chain, 1 double crochet into the double croohet just made, then work another double crochet into the same space, 2 double crochets into the next space, then repeat all round from the beginning of the row there should then be 16 pioots. The draw- ing shows clearly where the wheels are to be caught together in working. To fill in the spaces between the wheels in front make a ring of 5 chain, work one double crochet into the ring 4 chain, oatch into picot of wheel 4 chain, I double crochet into ring connect all the picots to the ring in 'the same way there should be eight picots in each space. Beauty unadorned may be ab its best, but assuredly the back of a cottage piano is not. It is a great difficulty to know how to treat them without leaving the space too severely alone or make it a kind of target, against which tawdry draperies are pinned and Japanese fans are hurled, with o2casionally the additton of a crazy looking vide pocM" which has been picked up at some bazaar and is absolutely out of harmony with, the surroundings. A plain curtain of a J AN ORKAUKNTAL PIANO BACK. good tapestry pattern is one of the best ways of getting out of the difficulty, and another manner I here illustrate. and which consists of putting a small bookcase back to back with the piano. The two upper shelves will be devoted to books, and the monotony relieved by the two lower ones being further ornamented with fret. work archways filled underneath wtth bits of china. The top makes an excellent stand for photographs, the large ones can be lent back against the piano and the small ones stood against vases or other nick-knacks in the foreground. The great rage just now is malachite furniture. and one of the best ways of getting an effective sfcaii is to use some of Judson's ordinary dyes and mix emerald and sage-greens together until the exact tint is produced, which is a very clear, bright tone of colour; when a rather more bronze sbade is required it may be obtained by adding a little walnut dye to the two mentioned. The material to work upon may be obtained extremely cheaply, in fact a great number of pretty articles may be purchased in white wood for considerably less than we could buy the wood and make them ourselves, to say nothing of the uncertainty as to how tbsy might turn out. The articles upon which I tried my hand were two flower stands, both of which are sketched here, as they may serve to show some of the artioles which may be bought ready for the fascinating work of wood staining. A good green is a particularly effective colour to use for a flower stand, as it is less aggres- sive amongst the foliage and other tints. It is always as well to scrub any suoh article with strong soda, soap and hot water, and let it dry before commencing operations also if there is the slightest doubt as to whether the surface is oompletely smooth, it is just as well to give it a thorough good rub down with sandpaper. It will be found best just to dilute the dyes with a little hot water, and a camel's hair brush is the best to use. and have a good sized one if the article is as large as this flower-stand it will save the worker a considerable amount of time and MALACHITE FUBNITOM, I trouble. Sbaining wood is perhaps not quite as diffioult M eBMMHing, as if one uniform shade is not produoed it is of very great importance, seme degree of variety in the shading being more effeotive than a uniform whole. After the article is stained and dried the next thing to be doee is to varnish it, and for this purpose colourless French polish is cer- tainly the best, and the way to apply is this: a pad of cotton must be soaked in the polish and then over it a piece of linen tightly stretched as as to form a pad, on this pad a drop or two of linseed oil is applied; some care will be required to put this on to the surface of the article without rubbing off the colour, and the first ooat of polish must be allowed to dry thoroughly before a second is applied, and it is this second application of polish that must be rubbed in the direction of the £ r&in. When a good surfaoe has been obtained a fresh pad moistened with methylated spirit and oovered with a linen rag must be passed quickly over the surface so as to destroy neither theoolour nor the poliab but to remove any superfluous oil. One application of this kind should be .enough. BøJL. ¡- T

Love's Sacrifice, M Are you sure you love him f Am "I sure I Do you see this dress I am VBMinK 1" Of oouwe I do. What of it ?' ■■ Will you kindly tell me if it bears-theslighresc resembianoe to the present fashiou J" «' Well, really, it—•or—it- 11 ■ It doesn't f' M NO." II Well, really, it—•or—it- 11 ■ It doesn't f' M No." VZ-W-&A

Our Country Column. Be It is surprising to fii)<tjphab an amount of ignorance prevails even "I egg bee-keepers of bees, seeing that a bettor knowledge of these industrious insects wou enable the apiarist to manage bis apiary so liliw lilifi interest and profit would be considerably iiiMtmm Eveey hive in proper condition will cotSlin during the summer months three kinds of oeef, a queen, workers, and drones. The tatter two kinds are found in varying quantities and proportions. according as to whether rules for the proper regulation of the brood-chamber are carried out. The queen is the'most important bee in the hive. because she is the only egg-layer, and therefore the mother of all the bees. If she deteriMttes the colony suffers, and may ultimately be IOME- In her prime the queen lays over 2,000 eggfa day, and it js there- fore to the bee-keeper's interest that he should maintain at the head of every colony a queen in her second year. Some queens do good work in their thitd season, but that M exceptional, and therefore in order to ensure good results young queens must be secured. The drone is the male bee, and he practically exists for the sole purpose of mating with the virgin queens; but there is no reason why such an army of lazy bees should be found in hives worked for profit. By using worker foundations for the production of combs, the raising of drones is limited and the "surplus" consequently increased. Drones exist only during the summet months, bdpjjj; .turned out of the hive to die at the close honey-flow. The worker or neuter is the bfj^Vipon whose increase depends success. EveSfck hive should be so managed that it is full 0f workers at the com- mencement of the honey-f^M- The workei's length of life is usually short, • depending as it does upon the amount of work it performs. The average length ot life is only 46 days, but those bees in the hive when it j" packed up tor winter en October 1, remain until the spring. It will consequently be seen .Ahab to have a good proportion of these bees young, that is recently hatched, is of immense importance to the future prosperity of the colony. v The Pig-keeping to the smalfWmer, when properly managed, is the portiou business which, considering the return, j»$^better probably than any ordinary commercial undertaking. But when we say properly do not mean in the slipshod fashion in whioh totiMnany farmers treat their pigs, and in A\» wasteful manner in whioh "the P9?8 the> rint" is reared. We are not^ptfbg to advocate for profitable pig-keeping the pellicular merits of any one variety which we hear talked of from day to day. The perfect pig in evwry respeob has yet to be discovered, so far one breed is concerned. We do not purpose pricing any sweep- ing alterations in the pijji ifb$lk»a<M'e kept in any particular dietriot, as pi' weiiflf seem not unreasonable that on |b&> ^Jbciple of the survival of the fitted the..Ittteed of pig whioh is most adap$d to l^the climatic and dietetic conditions of^aoh district should have gravitated and contiiiue^f £ r&q £ iftJ|iere. But we are sure that in manv cookies thSjjj^fs are far too closely bred iu point of and also that some of the best of the thoroughbred strains have been destroyed by close breeds#^ and by fattening for show purposes. The mAe^profitable pig rearing, or what has been such fdr^some years past, has been thr keeping of breeding sows; putting them to a thorough-bred boar, »^d selling the brood, or perhaps reserving a few foapne's own feeding, as food and facilities afford. pThere seems to be an unlimited market for a g<$!d stamp of young pigs, or as they are called in Ireland "bonhams," at from eight to twelve weeks old, at whidh age they are generally sold at about 2s per week of their age—that is to say a boaham ten w4pks old frequently makes £1. often more, sometimes a little l^^b^$<$#re^piportanpe in choosing a brood «ne couie from a good northerly strain. Size and good looks are all very well, but in a brood sow maternal qualities should be the first consideration. Maternal instincts are almost invariably transmitted through bhe female line, and if the mother is a good nurse, and raises a large even brood, feeding them up to the time of weaning, you may be almost certain that any and all of her daugh- ters will have the same characteristic). Treatment of Apple Trees. When the trees are received for planting, great care should be taken that they are not exposed to frost. If the ground is suitable for planting, a hole is dug snfficiently deep to receive the tree, aud with a circumference capable of taking all the roots without cramping any. The jaggred ends of the roots should be out off with a sharp knife. The tree must not be planted too deep; it is almost better to go to the other extreme and plant too shallow. The depth the tree should be planted is fairly inaioated by the mark left by the earth when taken from the nursery. In poor land a spadeful of manure is thrown in with the soil. The tree is placed in an upright position, the roots being well spread out; then fine soil is plaoed on them and firmly trodden down, the re- mainder of the earth being thrown in and also trodden down. A stake should support the tree when first planted for protection against the wind, and a band of sacking or cloth should be placed round and tied firmly to the stake. Tbis band fastening the tree to the stake must be loosened every year as the stem increases. Carelessness in this partormance has ruined many trees, either from the string eating into the bark of the tree, or from tbe stake rubbing the stem of the tree in times of high winds. Dwarf trees on the Paradise stook are planted in the same way. but require no staking. Young standard trees for the first four or five years are pruned tolerably hard, and the branches should always be out to an outside bud. The cuts shouldlbe made clean with a sharp knife. It is advisable not to prune during a. severe frost. The after treatment of standard trees is very simple, and consists in keeping the heads well open and allowing the sun and air to get in. Cross boughs and dead wood should be out out. When the trees attain a large size an instrument called a standard pruner" is generally used. It is better not to prune standard trees the first year of planting, although if planted early in the. winter most growers out their trees, and some even do this if their trees are planted in the spring. Our illustration, for which we are indebted to Messrs Maomillan, shows an open bush appte tree. BreedingTewls for Eggs. The art of breed! n? for egg production and for meat is one which is quite worthy to be classed with the art of breeding for the winning of prizes. Its success in practice depends upon a knowledge of the capacity of the various pure breeds, and the method of mating them, in order to attain the object in view. We are acquainted with 100 varieties and sub-varieties of poultry which are recognised in the show-pen in this country and upon the Continent; but we may discard the great majority of these as utterly useless, from an eaonomioal point of VMW. Wa should divide the remainder into two oJaueø-thoae which are espeoially useful for meat production, and those which have more or less merit as egg producers. The tatter includes the six varieties of Hamburgh —assuming for this purpose the Redcap to be a Hamburgh—the Minorcas, the various sub- varieties of Leghorn, the Andalusian, and the Spanish, two or three French breeds, and the L ingshan. The above varieties might be again uub-divided into tne hardy and the delioate breeds. Among the latter the five kinds of Hamburgh, omitting the Redcap, would be included. It is a somewhat strange fact that almost all these laying breedi ft* prodnoerl bl «l41 eggs jaw! it fce t«■»*■*•»«>» *«t tbe smaller and more delicate the variety, the more numerous the eggs they produce. as, for example, in the case of the silver-pencilled Hambuigh. Answers to Correspondents. Embden Geese.—"J. K. Long" may safely keep as regards being hardy; they are extremely 80. Potatoes going pulpy and sofb.-A. D. B., Ardrossan. You say the potatoes were dry, but ib is probable that they were not dry enough. Thorough drying is a long process, and if the tubers are spread on a dry floor for some time before being placed in the barrels, they could not have suffered in the way mentioned. Even well ripened potatoes generate more or less heat, and for this reason it is never well to hasten storing.

Here, I shay, ole chap, are you as drunk as ou seem ?" Well, that depends. I'm not as drunk as I seem to you. but I am a good deal drunker than I seem to mvaelf." f

IN THE "JAWS OF DEATH." It was not until noon that the living mass of human beings and animals was once more in motion, the task before them to thread the stupendous gorge of the Khoord-Cabul Pass, overhung on either side by perpendicular preci- pices. The Jaws of Death," as the Afghans style the ravine, were barely entered when the slaughter was renewed. Lady Sale, who rode with the advance, bad a bullet through her arm and three more through her dress. Some of the other ladies had strange adventures. In one of the panniers of a camel were Mrs Boyd and her little son, in the other Mrs Mainwarivg with her own inf&ct and Mrs Anderson's eldest child. The camel fell, shot. A native brooper took Mrs Boyd up behind him, and brought her through safely another horseman, behind whom her child rode, was killed, and the boy fell into Afghan hands. The Anderson girl shared the same fate. Mrs Mainwaring was making her way on foot, when an Afghan horse- man rode at her with uplifted sword. She was rescued by a Sepoy, who killed the Afghan, and then conducted the poor lady and her child through the dead and dying and the heavy firing to the mouth of the pasn, when a bullet slew the chivalrous grenadier, and Mrs Mainwaring had to continue her weary and hazardous tramp to the bivouac beyond. Near the exit of the pass a commanding position was held by some detach- ments, supporting the only gun remaining, and under the cover of this stand the rear of the mass gradually drifted forward while the Afghan pursuib was checked, and at length all the surviving force reached the camping ground. Akbar, accompanied by the chiefs and hostages, followed in the track of the retreat. He professed that his object was to stop the ficuig, but Pottinger distinctly heard him shout" Slay them I" in the Pushtoo tongue. In passing through the scene of the heaviest slaughter they came on one sight of horror after another. All the bodies were stripped. There were children out in two. Hindustanee women, as well as men, were found literally chopped to pieces, many with their throats out from ear to ear."—" Battles of the NtneteeuthCenbury." e,"

SERVANTS WHO LEVY BLACK- MAIL. By Possession of Bangerous Secrets. There are in the West End of London some half-dozen, at least, places where the servants, male and female, of the wealthy congregate in their hours of leisure. Some of these are devoted to men's and women's use respectively at others Jeames" meets Jane. Each rendezvous is patronised by its own particular little clique. An outsider attending one of these gatherings would be at once struok by a peculiar feature. Amidst the buzz of conversation on all sides would be heard the repetition of famous names. The business, the fads, and the follies of my lord and her ladyship" are discussed with a freedom that strikes the venerator of the aristocracy as being little shorb of sacrilegious. This circumstance is turned frequently to nefarious but profitable account by an individual who, in the guise of a bona fide servant, lurks often amidst the throng. Skeletons exist in not a small number of gilded cupboards. Their presence once suspeoted, ingenuity and shrewd cunning soon turn mere conjecture into evidence-supported fact. The blaokmailing valet or lady's-maid is a reoognised terror to society. A season or twoago;the personal servant of a well. known man, having saved a nice little sum, resolved to purchase a small oountry public- house. Chatting one day with a colleague casually encountered, the stranger declared he knew of the very thing. Growing confidential over their glasses the valet foolishly hinted that his master was not altogether the saint he was usually set down as. The blackmailer chuckled. He went diligently to work to find an investment for the valet; and, when he succeeded, made a bargain that, in return for his services, he should be recommended for the vacant place. He got it, and at once commenced to pry into his master's affairs. Bit by bit be learned the gentle- man's whole history gathered proofs of various things not to his credit and then one evening, just prior to his master's marriage to a lady of position, he confronted him in his own study, mentioned the evidence he was in possession of, and demanded eight hundred poucds as the price of his silence. And the money was paid on condition that the man left England. Substantial as was the amount thus extorted, it is not every viotim that escapes even thus cheaply. Sacrifices yet dearer than the making of monetary payments are sometimes called for by the blackmailer's demands. Nob a great while back a gentleman of position poisoned 01 himself. Reason for his so doing there appeared to be none. On the death of an old servant of his, however, the whole truth came out. The man had, it seems, faithfully served bis master, and at last retired. Evil days came he lost all his money, and applied to his late employer for aid. A small sum was sent; the man asked for more and, being refused, mentioned the faob that he was in possession of a secret. Twenty pounds came in answer to that. As nothing more could be extracted, the man sold the informabion he possessed for another j610 to two villains, who, going scientifically to work, squeezed hundreds of pounds from the unfortunate viotim, ere, harassed and worried out of hia life, be sought the relief that £ a dose of strychnine offered to him. In a blaokmailing case reported from the Continent some four years ago evidence showed that a lady of much wealth had for years been paying a third of her income to her discharged maid, who had obtained possession of some in. criminating letters written by her mistress, whom she threatened with exposure whenever the allowance was delayed. Similarly a lady owning an important dressmaking concern was compelled to give a partnership bo a designing attendant, who, discovering the particulars of a little in- ttigne, used the information to her own advant- age. Fear of exposure in nearly every case pre- cludes resistance and once the victim gives way, it is all over with him or her. The blackmailing servant is one of the most formidable foes of any that dog the footsteps of the individual with a past. "-Cauetf, Saturday Journal.

She Called Him a Donkey. I-aw-observe there is a fine collection of plawnts here," said Dudely Canesucker, at the New York Flower Show, to Miss Bondolipper. "Yes, they are very fine," observed Miss paisy Bondolipper. I'm very fond of plawnts, myself, doncher know. Do you know th* zuuae of my f&vourifo plawnt r "I think I ou tune it. It's tbe thistle, igwb it?

It was by bein' too tender-hearted that I got here," explained the gentleman behind the bars. 'Stid of takin' all the feller had I left him enough to hire a lawyer and a jury on." To MKET THK CABE.—" Anna, your sweetheart was again in the kitchen till ten o'clock last night. I cannot allow that any more." I, too, have been thinking if we couldn't have supper a little earlier," was Anna's response. Bingo I want to change the combination of that house safe of mine.-Safe MaD: What's the ttitttt t Servants found otittMoM tmmbet |— SiofotKo, Mvfrife tet

Andrew Fletcher, ot Salteun, in a letter to the Marquis of Montrose, wrote :—" I know a very wise man that believed that if a man were permitted to make all the ballads he need not care who should make the laws of the nation."

A POET'S EPITAPH. Ebenezer Elliott thus summed up his own character as he wished it to be known to posterity Stop, mortal Here thy brother lies, The poet of the poor His books were rivers, woods and skies. The meadows and the moor; His teachers were the torn heart's wai% The tyrant and the slave, The street, the factory, and the jail, The palace and the grave Sin met thy brother everywhere And is thy brother blamed ? From passion, danger, debt and care, He no exemption eltimd The meanest thing, earth's feeblest worm, He feared to scorn or bate, But honouring in a pleasant form The equal of the great. He blest the steward whose wealth makes The poor man's little more Yet loathed the haughty wretch that takes From plunder'd labour's store. A hand to do. a head to plan, A heart to feel and dare Tell man's worst foes, here lies a man Who drew them as they were.

GOING TO SCHOOL. (Written on a young girl whom I met regularly every morning for some months in Bute-street.) Ev'ry morning do I meet thee, In thy chintz old-fashioned gown (Dark and shapely black-eyed maiden With thy schoolbooks lightly laden), Going up towards the town. Be it rain, or be it sunshine, Ever seem'st thou just the same; With thy dark anf flowing tresses, Which the wino] wth love caresses, And thy glowing eyes aflame. With the health of early girlhood. And thy guileless soul unknowu To the bitter pain and sorrow Of a darkening to-morrow, Which thy future years may own. Happy, winning, artless maiden, Going off to learn at school— With thine early, half-blown beauty Claiming homage, friendship's duty- Little things we learn by rule. Keep thy sleeping soul, sweet lassie, From the world's embittering touch; Keep thy sinles6 mind from drinking At the spring of worldly thinking- Keep tt, save it from all such t Yet a day, alas is coming When thou'it drop thy chintz old gown, And emerge in radiant gladness. That too soon may know the sadness Of a bitter word or frown. E. PATTEBSOK.

FUN ON THE FOOTBALL FIELD. Humour ? Mr Harry Wood, captain of the Wolverhampton Wanderers, ejaculated in reply to a query from a representative of Clwmà; "football simply bristles with it. The weather, of course, is one of the chief factors in its pro. duction, and the laugh as a rule rests with tile spectator. When a player, for instance, aftlr gallantly struggling through a sea of mud towards his opponents' goal, suddenly finds himself on the broad of his back in a pool of water, as I have done, he may be pardoned if he fails to see the joke in the same light as the spectator." But football grounds are a vast improvement on what they were!" I ventured. Well, yes," he replied taken as a whole. they are—though there are a few in need of attention even yet. I ftball never forget a game we played on a Lancashire enclosure some few seasons ago. The ground was entirely hidden in places by great pools of water; and, to make matters wovse, it rained mostof the afternoon. In the course 01 the game I found myself some 40 yards from goal, with the bat) at my toe, aad one of these miniature lakes imme- diately in front. Of course, I made a dash for it, and, getting within range, attempted to shoot, when I found that I was stuck fast. The specta- tors roared as I wriggled to get at the ball, which bobbed about in front, and finally I had the mortification of seeing one of the home backs rush up and kick the ball literally from under my nose. Why on [earth didn't you pass, Harry indignantly demanded my parter on the left. I could have scored.' I daresay he could, too but as my foot was firmly wedged in an unseen drain-pipe, passing the ball was out of the ques- tion. Luckily, that Lancashire team is not now in the Fiist Division of the League, and a visit to the ground, which has been vastly improved, how- ever-is not now a matter of compulsion. Perhaps you never noticed it," continued Mr Wood, but football players are almost invariably practical jokers. I remember on one occasion we visited Preston to fulfil a League engagement with the famous North End Club. We had made great preparations for this match and as the men had been out in the oountry for a week's training they were naturally full of spirits—animal, of course. While in the train I said something about getting a new pair of boots, one of my old ones having been damaged in the previous Saturday's match, when David Wykes, the outside-right of the Wolves,' expressed a fear that no bootmaker in Preston could supply me with a pair of the requi- site dimensions. I had forgotten the circum- stance, and we were nearing the football ground at Deepdale, when I heard an uproar in the rear. I turned to find Wykes carrying a huge gilt model of a Wellington boot which he bad skilfully appropriated h-oma shop door. 'Put this on, quick, Harry,' he exclaimed. We shall find another before the kick-off.' The next moment he was seized by the irate owner, who had given chase, and we had the greatest difficulty m persuading the tradesman that it was all a joke. It might have ended seriously, for without Wykes we should undoubtedly have lost the match-as it was we just managed to win." I suppose you meet with some humiliating experiences on the field," I asked. Rather," was the reply, more than a few. The worst half hour I ever experienced, however, was in an English Cup tie at Perry Bar. We were playing the Aston Villa team, who won the toss and plaoed us to face a raging hurricane. No onewhodid not witness the game could reahse the force of that storm. Hate were blowing about all over the field of play, and a glance round the enclosure revealed thousands of the more cautious specta- tors with handkerchiefs tied over their headgear. On many occasions during the first half of that match the t)all-kicked by our own backs from Roal-was blown back over the line, and a corner- kick resumed. We did our best, but the game was almost a succession of corners.' The last straw was added by one of our own supporters behind the goal-posts Why don't yer play up he yelled, as the ball glided over the cross. bar from a goal-kick. You're supposed to be kicking the other way-not this!' I'm not naturally a vindictive man, but I did wish that spectator bad been in my place for half an hour." —Chums.

BY MOONLIGHT. He (waxing sentimental): What a beautiful thing is the soul, Angelina. SRB (unromantic): By Jove, yes and if wre having soles for supper let us hurry in to them for it's ohllly out here in the blessed moonlight.

The invasion by the rich of the demoeratio pastime of cyoling bas led to all manner of ingenious devices to add to the cost and beauty of cycles. A club in Milan has succeeded in beating the record in this direction. It has had a machine made with wheels of pure gold, which it has presented to the Queen of Italy. This may be very well for ostentatious display, but for every day use good steel would certainly be preferable. Mr Price Hughes describes the West End of London as the most tricked, the most wealthy, -4d the wort nieeoble qwtip the whole nnhrm»

Welsh Tit-Bits. Neu Wreichion Oddiar yr Eingion. [BY CADRAWD.] Tudur Aled. Williams, in his "Eminent Welshmen," says that the eminent bard, Tudur Aled, who flourished [ from 1480 to 1520, was of the Order of the Black or Dominican Friars but it is apparent, from an englyn which ho composed, than he really belonged to the Franciscans, or Grey Friars. Following is the englyn which he composed when he was made vicar of that Order:- Brawdd i St. Francis, na bo brych—f'wyneb Pan fyner ei edrych Yn eu grefydd yn giyfwych Yn ei wisg wyf yn was gwych. Gruffydd ab Ieuatl ab Llewelyn Vychan, who was one of the chief promoters of the first eisteddfod held at Caerwysin 1513, in his" Elepy to Tudur Aled," distinctly states to which Order he belonged:— Ymroi i Dduw a Mair ydd oedd, Wedi'r sidan drwsiadoedd 1 Ddofydd yr addefwyd, E, ddewis glog oedd wisg lwyd Cryf oedd o serch crefydd saint, Crefydd frawd cor ufudd fraint; Ffydd y sant hoff oedd ei swydd, Ffrancis a hoffai'r unswydd. Buasai well yn y bais hon Bwrw deuddeg o brydyddion. A Welsh Epigram. Iu tho South Wales Daily News for last Saturday there appeared the well-kuown Welsh Epigram to the Spider, in which there are no consonants at all, with a translation of the same by leuan Ddu. Here is another translation which seems to me to give a clearer idea of the original, but I cannot say who the trans- lator is :— From his own eggs the bu&y worm Attempts his hasty webs to form, Like rings in ice, they seetn.to view, Beauteous like those and brittle too. The Welsh language is reproached by persons who must be quite ignorant if the dear old language spoken by Adam Jones in the Garden of Eden," and to day is used by a greater number of tongues than in any age gone before, that the Welsh is arough and a harsh language, abounding in consonants. "Whore ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise." It is as absurd as unjust. In what other tongue can stanzas be written, consisting entirely of vowels and of few occasional diphthongs. Here is another epigram, without: consonants, written by one Joan Thomas, of Montgomery, in 1770, describing the woes of the ungodly :— Ow ia yw ei aia e, Oei au, E' aua Ji wye A'i wain gw ei weue, E re i wae a'i we." Cnly two consonants appear in the following beautiful six lines :— "tin wen Helen Auwyla. A wna Ana i ni'u ha,' A'n hoyw ha' oni weni A a yri ana l ni, Un ach in' ni lawena Ni wen haelwen Ewi ha. Helen, one gracious smile will bring In winter all the charms of Spring And, when thou smil'st not, Spring appears In the dark gtCHb that Winter wears And sorrow ev'ry visage shrouds, Ant Summer's sun are lost in clouds. I An Early Religious Order. A religious community was established as early as the fifth century. at Ty Gwyn ar Daf, which is situated in Llangan parish, Carmarthen. shire. Pawl Hen, about A.D. 480, is said to have enlarged the institution, of which he was made or elected the first abbot. St. David and St. Teilo studied under Paulinus at Whitland. There is an old MS. extant in which il7 is recorded sub anno 1144, that some pilgrims from Dyfed and Cardigan were drowned. They bad as guide a monk of the Cistercian Order, which a little time previously located at Trefgaru, .ita Pembrokeshire." The Cistercian monks first assembled in the year 1097, at a place called Cistercium, hence the name and it is said that their first leader was an Englishman by the name of Harding. They were brought to England by a Bishop of Winchester early in the 12th century. Their first settlement in this country was Waverley Abb?y, in Surrey. They habited themselves in a white robe like a. cassook, a black soapulary, a hood, and a woollen girdle. They debarred themselves the use of eggs, fish, cheese, and milk, neither did they eat meat except in cases of sickness. Tbis Order became most powerful, and at one* time its members virtually governed nearly all Europe, both spiritually and temporally. Welsh Folk Lore. Theophilus Jones, in his History of Brecon," tells us that the Cwn Aunwn was as familiar to the inhabitants of Pontneddfechan and Ystrad- fellte, in his days, as the cry of the night watch. man was to the people of Covent Garden. To cut a child's nails before he is 12 years old was to make him a thief. If a dog scratches the hearthstone with bis feet, and barks when nothing seems to disturb him, it is a sign that some one from that house will soon be buried. Happy is the eye that will notice a pin. Itching on the right eye brings with it joy but if on the left tears will soon follow. Branches of the birch and the hazel trees were used by the Welsh as emblems of love between young people. If a young girl was deeply in love with the youth who solicited her hand and heart, she would present him with awreath of the birch, but if she desired to refuse him then he would receive from her a rod or a twig of hazel. David ab Gwilym often makes mention of the birch field and the bircli hat which his beloved Morfudd sent him, as a proof of her love for him, and he men- tions the summer house made of birch trees in which he and Motfudd were so fond of meeting each other. Y Uwyn bedw dianedwydd, Lie da i arw Ii w dydd." 1 It was of the birch tree the Maypole was made called y Jedwen Fat, and sometimes only y fedwen. In olden times the first of May was one of the chief feasts of the year. The game was called in South Wales Cadi 'r Fedwen, but in North Wales they called it y Fed men, neu y (Jaug- hen Haf. At this feast there was much dancing, a recreation tho Welsh at one time were most celebrated for, and the very best dancers were always found at these gatherings, The fashion in South Wales in preparing the pole was as followsThe pole was first of all painted with many colours: then the leader of the dance, or master of the ceremonies, would walk up to the pole and tie a ribbon round it; then he was followed by all the danoers, each one tying a ribbon, until the pole was fuUy decorated with ribbons of many colours. Then it was taken up, and the dance would commence, eaoh dancer taking his place according to the order in whioh the ribbons had been arranged round the pole. The Bird Family, Cardiff. The older members of the Bird family in Cardiff used to say that the first of their family who came to Glamorganshire was an artist. He had been employed by Sir Edward Stradling, of St. Donats to paint the pictures he wished to place ill the mortuary chapel. When that. commission was executed, Mt Byrd (as the name was then spelt), liking the country, settled in Cardiff. These pictures are still to be seen at St. Donat's, on the west wa!! of the Chapel of St. Mary, in excellent preservation. They are in panels of a large size. Their present good condition is due, I am inforaied, to their having been sent to London about 20 years ago by Dr. Carne to be restored, which restoration seems to have been most judiciously performed. These pictures represent Sir Edward Stradtiug, Knight, the 5th of that name, and Catherine his wife, and da. of Sir Thomas Gamage, of Coity, and the Lady Agnes Stradling, his. wife, da. to Sir Ed. Gage, of Sussex, Knight, and Elizabeth, his wife, da. of John Parker, in the co. of Sussex, I' Esq., which said Sir Edward Stradlillg now in his lifntjiue has set fort- t>,ese monuments of Lis I ancestors, deceased, and by God's giace h both he and his wife ootapany in this wlf same placr, Anno Doriizni 1590. Above th-i I pioturw is hung the irca helmei of a kniohs. This remarkable series ..f pictures are probably unique it' monumental art. Iu the nave of the unureli at St. Dcnat's a mural monumei t to Richard Hytst, steward to Ed. and William Stradlmr, whose death took place in 1749, aged 70 ytxw*, with the following interesting epitaph :— "It all men followed his exaunht ViQwc Mwunotiesi be mgfa*

GOSSIPS' CORNER. 1 The Queen has forwarded, through Sir Fleet. wood Edwards, her annual subscription of j650 to the Army and Navy Pensioners' Employment Society. The principal county in England for fruit cultivation is Devon, where there are 26,955 acres of orchards. Hereford comes next with 26,538 acres Somerset, 24,520; and Kent. 23,260. A railway journey to the nearest fixed star at the cheap rate of one penny per hundred miles would need the £ 700,000,000 of the National Debt and £ 103,000,000 to boot. The newest market novelty in America is the tomato sausage. It is a delicate pinkish white, and tastes of sage and ripe tomatoes. It has made quite a hit at Portland and surrounding towns. Lord Chief Justice Russell, at Lincoln's Inn Hall on Monday, suggested that the shortcomings of the legal education might best be remedied by the establishment in London of a great school of law. As illustrating the present high value of ivory, it is announced that the top price of the sale! just concluded by Messrs Donald Gray and Sons. Mincing-lane, was JB103 per cwt., or nearly Bl per lb. A Belfast paper states that a marriage has been arranged between General Lord de Res. premier Biron of England and ex-Lord-in-Waiting to the Queen, and Miss Geraldine Mahon, nieoe of Viscount Bangor. Things still seem rather bad in Australia. A well-known Sydney solicitor recently t' went into possession under an execution, and remained for three days as bllm-bldliff-glad to pocket the regulation fee, 8-; a day. Some stamps rank as guineas. Ab a sale of stamps in London on Friday night Mauritius twopenny blue, post paid, unused, with original gum, was sold for B140. and a pair of Mauritius twopenny blue for JB50. Cabmen would be Sabbatarians. A ballot of the members of the London Cabdrivera' Trade Union as to whether they were favourable to taking their cabs out on Sundny shows that 87 were for and 100 against it. A Mr Brown, 01 Belfast," has been baving a round on the eternal subject of stage plays and stage morality with Mr Edward Terry. Mt Terry, being a Churchman and a churchwarden of Barnes, has demolished Mr Brown, of Belfast. General Bobs," after being presented with the freedom of Wick, stepped along to a photo- grapher's and made one of a group with the old soldiers who had formed his honorary escort. Proud, proud men these 20 veterans win be here. after. It is claimed for Paderewski that be can crack a plate of French plate-glass half an inch thick by placing one hand upon it, as if upon a piano keyboard, and strike it sharply with his middle finger. It is quite likely; for he is ft crack pianist. A statistician says be has observed that musicians have, as a rule, excellent heads of hair. In the prime of life the musician's hair flourishec most, and in every hundred music devotees only one hairless bead is met with while in other professions about 11 in every hundred are bald. There have been a good many English visitors of note in Canada lately. Mr Justice Wills, Six Edward Russell, editor of the Liverpool Port, Lord Playfair, and others, have been travelling through the Dominion, and all appear to have been genuinely pleased with what they saw. The number of Freshmen who have signed their intention of studying for the MB. degree at the Cambridge University is 151, a number larger than in any previous year. At the present time there are nearly 200 students engaged in practical dissection. Forty thousand tubs of American creamery butter are stated to have been received in Eng. land during the past fortnight. Hitherto th< usual American shipments of factory buttei have not exceeded a couple of thousand cases poi week, there being no sale for the creamer:" 91 best butters. A charming fashion in fancy work is now beint introduced. Instead of the hideous designi x which have long been excused because they were considered naturalistic," it will now be possible to buy linen stamped with designs after the various chinas in vogue, Delft china. can bl most successfully imitated and is very effective. A high-class American monthly intends to illustrate its serial stories with photographs of living persons, who will presumably be found ? answer the descriptions given by the writers. It the case of beautiful heroines, it may be that mon willing subjects may be found than for the die- agreeable characters of a story. Mary Cowden Clarke, the author of the Con cordance to Shakespeare, will in June next be 8( years old. This is the venerable lady to whom Douglas Jerrold once said, On your first arrival in Paradise, madam, you must expect a kiss front Shakespeare, even though your husband should happen to be there." There is a good story about counsel's fees tol4 of a. very high legal luminary who, while at tb. Bar, was more renowned for ability than in- dustry. The barrister sent his clerk round to thii solicitors to ask for his cheque for such-and-such a case. If Mr So-and-So will open his brief w think he will find the cheque pinned inside," wac the polite reply. At the stroke of 12 on the night of Novembet ht the last of the old turnpike system will b< swept away. The turnpike gates which will enjoy the distinction of thus being last in the field belong to that portion of the Shrewsbury and Holyhead road which traverses the Island 01 Anglesey, the trust for which was continued by a special Act of Parliament until November l«t 1895. An attist of unique gifts in his own special branch of work, Louis Blasckka, has just died in Hosterwitz, near Dresden, at a great age. He I was a glass blower by trade, but he had the skill to form the most delicate imitations of flowers and plants out of a mass of glass, and did it so wonderfully that it was almost impossible to dis- tinguish some of his artificial formations from natural flowers. Gossiping about the five children which weM born to a bricklayer's wife the other day a corre. spomdent says he is reminded of a disfcriol reporter who sent to the newspaper he represented a paragraph recounting the birth of triplets, He ended his narrative in this remarkable fashion Great sympathy is felt for the father, who is a hard-working man and much respected ir the neighbourhood." ===s==="=r JS

A SATURDAY SERMON J!0. »3 *reab P'cture by Gerome named Thirst. A vast barren desert stretches away from the foreground, far as the eyo can reach, until it blends with the distant horizon. There it no tree, no shrub, nor any green tbing. Above is the white heat of the quivering air and the brazen ilky. In the front, just up against the spectator, is a huge, gaunt lion, lyinp; on the sands by tIN sideoi what was a pool of water, but is now dried away into a ftetid puddle of slime. That lion haa ouce ravaged the desert and the forest; at hii roar all tho beasts hid themsehe-?. Now he lie# there old, toothless. starving, dying of thirst by that putrid slough his tongue lolling forth and t <d licking the fonl mud in a vain effort to find one |§ cooling drop. iEsop's ass might come and kick al lm hitn. Already the desert eagles gather in the ah 1 overhead to his death. It u a parable. TIHW dying brute is but the symbol of thosa amanrf passions and forces which, uncontrolled by the moral Batnra. sometimes for a while bssm to beat everything gentler and better in the world down befoi>. tkheir roaring onslaught. But at l.-at tlv,j lie prone beside the exhmmed pools of passion vbveh th* fcttt rf lust has b.tfned dry, and there perish in mis&i-y ca'lm-, I,ko Dives in hell, fot one drop of water to cool their thirst. Tiut is the fate of high ability domiuated by the tawet nature. It dies of its own fever. Men are glalf. lid tile tJOIid ir bet- when it is g<,C< A. 0.