The Cambrian News and Merionethshire Standard

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Economics for All. By G. C. Lawrence, M.A. (Hons. Eoon3 I. JOHN SMITH-HIS DIFFICULTIES. Smith was one of the most intelligent of his class. He had started life with few advan- tages, but by diligence and application, he had worked his way up and was now foreman in an engineering shop in one of our large industrial towns. I had known him for years, and though I bad lost sight of him during the war, I was not at all surprised when he walked in one night to see me. He was obvious-y troubled, and had come to talk over his diffi- culties. For a while we talked of his army experi- ences. He had done five years in the ranks, and had. been back at work for 'some nihe months. It was his work that was bothe ing him. "It's this way," he said. "I'm not an edu- cated man, but I like my newspaper, and 1 don't get any satisfaction from it. The news- paper says work harder, and if I work harder my mate says I'm doing another man out of a job. The newspaper says the wo kirg man must learn the elementary rule^i of economics, but though I've bought books on economics, 1 can't read them. So I came to see you about it. Can vou tell me the truth about work and wages? How is it that I can't buy the things I could before the war, when my wages were only haif what they are now?" In a flash I saw the position. Here was one of his class seeking instt-uction and guidance, and asking for it. For one who came and asked there must be thousands all over the country trying to worry out the difficult e^ for themselves. "Yes," I said. "I think I can help you. Sit down and let's talk it over. Let's take your firsti question fi.st and then some ot en- night we can talk of the so-called 'laws of economics.' Smith sett'ed himself down, and l't bis P' "It was a hard struggle," he said, to settle down to regular work after life in the Army. At first I didn't want to wo.-k at all. but after a. bit I got imtetes^ed in the shop and found I could get along as well as before. I could do more than I did before, for afte- all, when we did work in the army, we had to put our barks into it. Now I've quite sett ed down, but it don't l'eem worth while when things are so dear. Why are things so It was my turn, and I to'>k a. simple illus- fration to show why the cost of living had gone up. ISLANDERS AT WORK. "To-night," I said, "I w-,nt you to fo-get all about Britain and Br ti-h conditions. Think of an island shut off from all intercourse with the rest of the world. It has a thousand inhabitants, and the population does not in- e-ease or decrease. At first earh man in the island is a worker. So many tH the land, so many mill the flour, so many bake the bread. So many make the clothes and boots and otbei. Pirticleq required. And there is enough pro- duced in the island for all. There is no moneV in the island and goods are exchanged bv barter. A pair of boots is obtained for so much cloth, or so much flour, and everyone is satisfied. "But a blight comes on the land, ana a' tne bootmakers except three are killed off What is the result? There are not enough boots to go round, and though the three bootmakers that remain work all they can they can t keep up with the demand for boortfi. Then someone who wants boots very badly oomes along and offers double the amount of cloth that formerly obtained a. pair of boots. He gets them, of course, and the three boot- makers suddenly make a great discovery. They have all the boots in tlO island and no one else can make boots, so they can force the othetr inhabitants to give tihem a. double ration of cloth or flour or whatever they really want fo" their boots. Now the nrice of the boots was really the amount of flour or cloth handed over to the bootmaker, so that the p ice of boots has been doubled. There was a shortage in the supply of boots, and the «c»re:tv fere'1 110 prices. THE BIJHJT OF WAR. Th" same thinf baR happened in Britain dur- ing the war. Before the war there was a cer- tain amount of everything to go round. Then the bootmakers had to maka b-ots for the army. tle. engineers had to make guns and ammunition, and men who ha.d previously been making what their fellows rounl about them reouired had to go and fight. Like the boot- makers in our phantom inland tl-ey were killed off as far as the reeds ef the cfvmmmyty were concerned. And, as in that island, prices harve risen. Now if prices have risen, because there is a shortage of goods in the country. prices will fall in the same wav if tVe supplies are in- creased. There will be enough to go rornd again, and each man wH be able to buy what he requires. If the bo"tmake-s in our island could he brought to life again as easily as they we,-p killed off, and worked at the same I' rate as before. they would not get any more flour or cloth than they previously did. "So vou see thb brings us to yo", diffi- culty about wo'-k. Price* are high because supplies are short. If" supplies a.re incrca e/L prices drop, and supplies ran on y be increased prices drop, and sunnlies ran ony be increased bv harder work. You say tlia-t you can work harden than hefrt-e the war bo"ul" you v j learned to put your back into it in the arm-- It's to your own interests to do it. If y work harder when you're at it. an,i persuadr the next man to do that, too, there's qroing tr. be a distinct gain all round. And you're goin, to be the first to noticfc it in tihe reduction c' prices." Smith had sat through it. listening sorefully. "Thank you," he said. "I think I see what you mean." And I made a bargain with Smith. Every week he is +0 come round and Im to give him le=sons on the law* of economics, which he's so perturbed about. He wilt then talk ibem over with his mates, and tell me the result. I've great hopes of Smith. "He wamts to 1I-now the why and the wherefore and he feels keenly that, the country's interest is his own. Tf "c.t SfMth can see that work is the solution of the diffi'nilties of the country to-day, '11 soon bring his whole shop to see it too. I 1

relapkone-No. 54. relogmms-Hartley, Merchant, Aberystwyth.. Hartley's GRAIN STORES Queen Street, ABERYSTWYTH BUYER AND SELLER OF OATS, WHEAT. BARLEY, MAIZE. FEEDING MEALS, CAKES, Etc. SEED WHEAT! SEE!) WHEAT! STANDARD RED, BENEFACTOR, VICTOR SQUARE HEAD MASTER BROWICK. < A Grand Stock of above Seeds, Wheat of best tests in purity and germination, are sold bv E. D. JONES, ALEXANDRA ROAD & MILL STREET ABERYSTWYTH. a6t8 The Borth Motor and Engineering Works Adjoining the Hotel). Under the Management of late Woikshops Officer R.A.S.C.—M.T.) Cars for Hire. Petrol, Oil. Tyres, Repairs, Accessories, &c Quotations for Car Lighting & Starting Sets -also for- Electric Petrol or Acetylene Gas Lighting Plants lor Private Houses. Estimates Free Morris-QUALITV Morris -VA I U t Flour Merchant AND Provision Dealer Eggs, Butter in any quantity taken. Cash payments on receipt of oods. J. J. MORRIS, The Lending Groctr TEA WAREHOUSE:, LLANILAR. NEW ST. DAVID'S HOTEL, HARLECH. Close to famous Links and Seashore, Garage, Inspection Pit, Stables, Billiards, Excellent Cuisine. Write for —— descriptive booklet, "—— FINEST SEA and MOUNTAIN VIEWS. SHAFTESBURY TEMPERANCE HOTEL. MOUNT PLEASANT, LIVERPOOL. ibout Five Minutes walk from Lime Street and Central Stations. ttoanfc Pleasant Can from Landing Stage stop at the Door. Telegrams: "Shaftesbury Hotei, Liverpool." flome-like and Moderate. Welsh spoken. HOTEL GW ALI A UPPBR. WOBURN PLACE, LONDON, W.C. CENTRALLY SITUATED. Within 5 minutes walk of Euston Station and 10 Minutes from Paddington Station by under- ground to Gower-street Station. U0 ROOMS LUXURIOUSLY FURNISHED. Passenger Lift to all Floors, lied, Breakfast, Morning Bath, and Attendance, 6s. each Person. Telegraphic Address: "Gwaliatel," London. Telephone: City 5010 and 5011. 0734. Managing Director: JOHN JENKINS.

j' -1" "&r.2r'\ fPpf WELSH MADE (In the Country in North Wales) OLEO MARGARINE IS THE BEST AND THE XEARES T APPROACH TO THE FINEST 8 BUTTER. -4l1lI>- -.ø. -4. IT CONTAINS 50 PER CENT OF OLEO I from BEEF FAT, and with the rich g Welsh Milk, has a rich Country Butter E taste, and is just as nutritious. I MK YOUR SHOPKEEPER FOR IT AND SEE THE FOUR 1 DAIRYMAIDS ARE ON EACH PACKET. I >0 0 £ HIGH-GRADE PLOUGHS NEW PATTERN 2-3-FURROW CONVERTIBLE SELF- LIFT, WITH COMBINED DISC AND SKIM COULTERS. A TREMENDOUS SUCCESS! f Jl. JOllal 3bIia Sudttj I jf A(;RICULTURAL SHOW NEII 8IHPLEMBIT y, AWARDED THK saaETrsawusBtti ANOTHER COCKSHUTT SUCCESS I-Awarded the Silver Medal (highest award) at the Royal Society of Dublin Show after demonstration before the iudge*.—JuM. 1919. The Best Plough yet made for Tractor work R. A. LISTER & CO. LTD., Telegrams: DURSLEY, GLOS. ttUKSLEY. 'ESTABLISHED 1S67.) MJHSLEY. ^,fDENNlS'S-| HH|r "LINCOLNSHIRE" ■^nc POWDERS cuts ALL DISEASES OF PIGS. Socm repay their small cost. "d every wtwre, 10d. per diz. post il- j/fe §p*^»= £ from the Sole Proprietor, WT JgK Sfc" J. W. DENNIS. Cknaut, LOUTH, Linn. -<r AVID WILLIAMS Wilder and Undertaker, '¡¡, f I: PECT STREET, ABERYSTWYTH. t £ £ ?15R1ENCED WOhKMEN EMPLOYED. e8 given for every description of work. w4L LI VTRINE THE FISH MEAL. MAKES HENS LAY Now being sold by all Poultry Food Dealers. MANUFACTURERS: V, EIRINE LIMITED. GRIMSBY. HAIR DESTROYER JAMES' DEPILATORY. Lfr»>*ntly removes Superfluous Hairs from the 4 Neck or Arms, without injury to the jfcTJL Of most chemists; or, free from obser- nrtC-r.. post free on receipt of Postal Order fOT •j>, gp 9d., or 56.—Mrs G. JAMES, 268 Caledonian Road, London. N. 1. Ellis's Pharmacy Dispensing of English and Foreign Prescriptions. Medical and Surgical Requisites. ROBERT ELLIS, Pharmaceutical Chemist, 53 errace fctoad. 71 ABBRYSTWTTH < MP,—i win 11 ■■ « "—immmm—— J. VEAREY, 17, Northgate Street, ABERYSTWYTH, Fresh Supplies of Vegetables, Fruit, Flowers, & Home-Grown Tomatoes, From our Own Gardens. PRTiSB EVERY MORNING OLD TEETH OLD ARTIFICIAL TEETH BOUGHT Messrs. Browning. Deatal Manufacturers. W. Oxford Street. London, the original firm who do wktt advertise misleading prices seiid per post and reteire full value per return or offer made. 6). Oxford SifMt London, W, 1. ESTABHSHED 100 YEARS. ESTABLISHED 100 YEAIS. ——— )" ASK ANY im USER lg™| of the Lister Cream Ulw Separator, and he will HHXl tell you of the eatisfac- tlon it gives. The reason Is that Its Xfft Design la right, the u9 Materials and Work- II W manship the very finest jjr —nothing to go wrong. The Made In 8lx Sizes. I 10"TCT D with capacities from I L- ■ m 26 to SO Gallons. mmmm m Cream Separator can be delivered from stock. Write for Catalogue and name of nearest Agent, to R. A. LISTER & Co. LTD. DURSLEY, Glos. < ,I fJ:i; V /a^ Estimates Free "T>Sh,eiaeiiai^S^Rk REPAIRS AND I "^S¥3K?I PAINTING J TOSXa Neatly Executed 1 WHEELS RE-RUBBERED on the Premises while you wait L Thomas and Sons, Coach Builders, SOUTH GATE, Aberystwyth. — BUILDERS OF FLOATS, GOVERNESS OARS, and TRAPS of every descriptioin Agents for Worthington's Oil & Gas Enginet "'0 .c I 0 Z == Prams, Push Chairs. Rath Chairs, Wirec on Tyres with Patent Core. Chairs. &c- on Hire. Furniture stored 01 bought for cash. All classes of repairs. J.(;.S-Y'VLES, furtiishcr 10, Terrace Road (Near 8uttol Aberystwyth. FOR THE BEST PIANOS. PLAYER-PIANOS, ORGANS, 6 £ C. Dale, Forty Co., Ltd. HIGH STREET, CARDIFF. Send for Catalogues TeL H03

tllNTS FOR ALLOTMENT HOLDERS. By SPADE-WORKER. DIGGING AND DRAINING. During the late autumn and winter- months many allotments become almost waterlogged. A good deal can be done to remedy "matters by keeping the sides of the plot clear of soil and veeds—in. other words, by forming and maintaining a small ditch all round. A plan I have found to work vveil—and in other ways to be of great value, since it increases the depth of cultivated soil—ia. after having ridged up the ground since it increases the depth of cultivated since it increases the depth of cultivated soil—ia. after having ridged up the ground for the winter, to dig up the furrows be- tween tha ridges. Excessive moisture natur- aliv passes through broken soil better than thr ugh that which has not been culti- vatoo, and I have been surprised at the gcod effect of the method advocated. Once tho soil is thrown up in the form of ridges it is a simple matt?r to dig up the furrows APPLYING LIME. Thosa who have heavy, clayey land to cul- tivate will find that its mechanical condition ii crreatly improved by an application of lime in autumn, the lime being used in suf- ficient quantity to make it appear as thougn thera had been a light fall of snow. If the liino is in lumps when received it should be placed in small heaps on the 9ite, each heap being covered with soil. In the course of a week or so the lime win have slaked or fallen to a powder, and should then be dis- tributed evenly. It is better to fork it into the ground than to lease it on the surface. Chalk, which is less caustic than quicklime-, is considered to be most suitable for light land, but a grower of my acquaintance tells me that he has found dhalk excellent on heavy land also, and I intend to try it this autumn. Plot-holders whose land is light should use lime sparingly, or the soil may becoma impoverished. 1 GREASE-BANDING FRUIT TREES. All those who possess standard or half standard apple trees should practise grease- banding. This consists in fastening a band of grease-proof paper round the tree stem. 2ft. to 3ft. from the ground, and smearing it with special grease (or -ordinary cart- grease may be used). It is done for the pur- pose of trapping the wingless females of the winter moth, the caterpillars of ,which do enormous damage in spiting and summer Grease-Banding Fruit Trees. I Fis. 1 shows how the grease-band should be applied Ftn iv illustrates the cater- pillar which 18 so destructive the following 1.son, aud Fig v shows the female winter rn,:th which crawls up the s'cini and may thus be caught by the sticky hand. If grease-banding is practised there will bo fewer caterpillars on the apple trees next season. ABOUT POTATOES I recently attended an interesting lecture on the all Important potato, given by tho superintendent, of the Government potato trials at Oriii-sk-irk The lecturer dealt mainly with the Hiil)jer.L of iiluck ecab or wart disease, the most serious malady to which the potato us subject Although many suggested remedies have bpen tried, so far no cure has been found But its. ravages can he prevented, everi in infected land. by planting immtitie varieties It is a remark- able thin? that if you plant such potatoes as British Queen. King Kdward. Arran Chief, aneI Up-to-Date in land infested vvith wart dispnse the crop will be practically useless, whereas if such immune varieties are chosen as (ireat Soot. Resistant. Snowdrop, Arran Comrade, Kerr's Pink. Abundance, and White City neither the plants nor the tuhera will be affected The lecturer remarked that King George potato, an immune variety, is probably the worst cf all for home use, aa when boiled it goes black After all, it is not much use getting a big crop of a poor potato. All the other immune varieties named above are of excellent quality. PRIZE-WINNING HINTS. This is the way Mr Richards (to whom a prize of "GardeninZ Difficulties Solved" is awarded) lessens the elug nuisance on hie plot. Take an old tin and bury it in the soil so that the rim is on a level with the surface; half fill it with water, place a little raft in it, and cover this with bran. This soon attracts the pests The bran should be I renewed frequently. Mr iC. H. Carter (who wins a prize of "Allotment Gardening") says that the white cabbage butterfly (of which the caterpillars do so mubh damage among gfeens) can be kept away from the allotment by laying piece* of rag soaked in a disinfecting fluid between the rows of vegetables. PRIZE COMPETITION FOR ALLOT- MENT HOLDERS. Everv week two prizes are offered for the best allotment hint or recipe. The prizes consist of useful gardening books. All en- tries for this competition must be addressed "Spadeworker," care of Editor of this paper. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. "M W S --One generally finds that a cer- tam number of sprouts do not become firm, but are open and loose. If, however, most of the sprouts are of this kind you must have obtained a poor strain of seed. E S, W.—It is a mistake to thin out the autumn sown onions too freely; some are certain to tie killed during winter. The chief thinning out should be done in spring. ''Spadewcrker'Vis open to give practical advice, free of charge, to readers of this paper. Replies will be sent by post if a stamped addressed envelope is enclosed. Address your inquiries to "Spadeworker," care of Editor.

Cupiss* Constitution Balls. I For Grease. Swelled 5.5 TTsNtin or* Lens. Cracked Heels. 2 2-1 &0rS6S tE £ £ CSVd^d Z S is" L!ver' Broken W!nd- Influenza. Low J> 3E g of Appetite, etc., etc — 2 f J: For Hide-bound Starins ? Pof+lck Hove 5 "wo VjdiLLJLt; Distemper. Epidemic 22 a V = a Surfeit. Conditioning O i- t'c"2 Preserving Health. Scouritw iu Calves O" < n 2 S etc. K ^3 For Rot or Fluke, and H sa Q U r\r\f\ keeping ia Health = £ -S s wi lln" U Asiisriwt to Bet into r/s 5 •- 8 Coaditioa. Scouring ID _J 51 Lambs, tte. Prepared upwards of 30 years bv the late FRANCIS CUPISS M R.C.V. DlSS. NORFOLK Sold in Packets 1/9 and 3/6 each, 6 small Packets 10/ or 6 1,Arge 2( by Chemists aud Medicine Vendors, or from FBAWCTS OUPISS, Ltd., The Wilderness, Diss on receipt of amount. NOTE NEW PRICES 7id., 1/a, a/8, Port M. \BWP01S0Hj HARLBY.^FCENUET. PSRTH Ie. P. Wynne, Chemist, Aberystwyth; J. W. Brans, Chemist, Llandyssul^ T. Jonea, Chemist, Tregaroa; R. BvajxaJ Chemist, Lampeter; J. R Jones, Chemist, Newcastle Emlyn; H. Lima Jonas' Chemist, Aberayrcn; H, Davies, Mach- fnlletk; W. J. Evana, New Quay; D. Jones, Lfoafyllin; J. Dlill. LltoybytW. 0

Welsh Farmers' Union. MEETING OF THE CENTRAL COUNCIL. Most of the Nh Wales counties, as well as Cardiganshire, were represented at a meet- ing of the Central Counoil of tho Welsh National Farmers' Union at Barmouth on Friday. Mr. G. H. Roberts, Tycerrig, Tal- sarnau, president, was in the chair. Several questions of interest to farmers were discussed The President submitted the report of the Provisional Executive Committee. It had not been possible so far, he said, to cove" much ground, because the process of woding four unions into one could not be expected n> make prog-rass without having to overcome many in- itial difficulties and obstacles In fact, it was stmnge that the little boat had been floated at all without capsizing. At tihe first com- mittee meeting difficulty arose owing to dis- agreement an the question of appointing paid officials. On one hand it was contended that it had been decided when the four unions agreed to join that none of the paid officials of ti-t)so unions should be appointed officials of the new Union. According to the minutes, however, a proposition which was made to that effect was not carried, and on a vote the Committee decided that the minutes were cor- rect. As a result of that vote, representatives cf South Carnarvonshire Farmers' Union left the meeting; but he hoped they would return. (Hear, hear). The Committee deeded to appoint an organiser and asked Mr. Chambers, Llanrwst, ilo withdraw his application for the secretaryship in order that he should be appointed organiser. At a later meeting the Committee appointed Mr Morgan James, Lian- rhvstvd, Cardiganshire, as general secretary, and Mr Chambers was also appointed organ.ser Those appointments were subject to confirnia. t on by the Central Council that day. He ton siderod the Union fortunate in having secured Vie sen-ices of Mr Morgan James,, especially in the crisis connected with placing the Natio-iz-1 Ulnicn OIl a proper basis. As a barrister, Mr. J;>,mes was conversant with the land laws, and not only was he a splendid speakid, but was a1 so an ardent Nationalist in sympathy with thp. ideals which prompted the formation of the Union. (Hear, hear). With cc-operat.on and unity he (the President) did not see why the Union should not beoome a national strong- ¡ hold for Welsh farmers to protect their rights and promote their interests. In thatfking the Board of Agriculture for establishing the Welsh Office at Aberystwyth, he urged that the Union had the opportunity of drafting a policy which would prove an encouragement to W olsh farmers in pursuing their calling. Reverting to the question of organiser, he felt that there should c ba no disagreement because of the imperative need of making the organisttion as strong and 11 officient s possible. It was necessary to form branches and to direct them in order to enlarge tho scope -of the Union throughout the whole Principality. Personal feelings and prejudice should be ignored and consideration should be given only to those qualifications which would help to facilitate the organisation; of the Union and to extend its inffnence. No movement had ever been started without having to overcome opposition. He hoped tho Union would not allow its progress to be thwarted by, those who opposed it and wished it to be destroyed. A discussion followed on the appointment of Mr. Morgan James as secretary and of Mr. Chambers as organiser. Mr. J. N. Thomas, Holyhead, explained that the financial aspect 112d been changed by the genevous promise of Sir R. J. Thomas, M.P., to contribute £ 500 to cover the firs*, year's ex-1 penses. If the Union was to become a power i in the land, it was essential that the organisa-I tion shou.1d be proceeded with immediately and energetically. There was plenty of work to do. especially if South Wales was to be orgain- ised and h become part of the Union, and for that purpose the Committee felt justified in appouiting an organiser in addition to the Secretaryl Replying to Mr. Roberts, Yny3faig he said the apportioment of jMOO as salary to the. Secretary and E300 to the Organiser was ( fair, having regard to tho different character of 1 thftir duties. Mr. W. H. Fcx, Flint, said if it was propose 1 to covet- the whole of Wales, as he hoped wcu'd be done, it wns unreasonable to expect one official to do all the secretarial and organising work. Mr. Ap Rrwlscids, Llanuwchllyn, objected to the appointment of tho Organiser; hut Mr. J. N. Thpmas. appealed ti him to let bvegones be bygones and said misu7ide"sfandings apper- taining to tho former Welsh Union should not be allow.<1 to interfere with the welfare of the new Union. The appointments were then confirmed, Mr. Ap Rowlands aJone dissenting. A reply was read stating that the Prime Min- ist-er hr,d caused inquiries to be made, at tue Ministry of Food rosratdincr the controlled price fixed for butter. He is informed" the let"1 p/lderl, "that having regard to the fact that butter is closely rationed and that this involves a complex scheme of distribution, whicih w"uld bo difficult, to carry cut if different prices were fixed for imported, aid British-made butter, if is p«<5e.ntiaJ that a uniform price for both imported and British, varieties of butter should be maintained. If ti ts were net done it would he possible for large quantities of imported butter to be illicitly sold as Britifdi.made butter HIt a price in excess of that fixed for imported butter. On the other hand, the higher price for British-made butter would not be justified in view of thn prico at which im- ported butter is purchased by the Ministry of Food. The lack of I;a--itv between the maxi- mum prices of milk and butter is fully recog- nised bv the Ministry of Food; but. this is un- avoidable as it is necessary to fix a dispro- portionately higher price of milk in crdor to Encourage producers to dispose of it lor con- sumption as fresh milk in the interests of in- valids and children." The reply not being considered satisfactory, it was agreed to ask for a free market tor butter. Referring to the system of r,-ad;ng cc-ttlc and sheep, Mr. William Jones, Plsnnewydd, Mold, pointed out. that the price of fodder had in- creased out of all proportion to the price of meat and that it was unfair to force farmers to keep cattle at a loss. The Ministry of Frod should be asked to aJlow a free market in order to itaducc farmers to keep their stock until the sprine. Mr. John Phillips. 17yuppit Vardre, Llan. drillo (secretary of Merioneth branch), spoke in favour of urging the desirability of discontinu- ing the grading system and of establishing a free market which would effect an immediate reduction in tho price of meat. Mr. J. N. Thomas criticised the present methods of control. The remedy was for the Ministry of Food to fix a. retail price which would protect consumers and leave farmers end butchers to make their own bargains. That would obviate the grading system and dispense with the host of officials now em- ployed. The Ministry could arrange allocation of meat without having an elaborate and ex- nons-ve gradiiirr system. It was natural that highly-paid officials desired to continue the present system; but farmers feJt there was no need for official interference in carrying on their business. It was agreed to appoint a deputation to submit th the Ministry of Focd an alternative svstem of allocation and to make representa. tions for the abolition of the grading system. The deputation was appointed to consist of -s. William Jones, Plasnewvdd: J. N. Thomas. Holyhead; F. Lcogueville Lloyd, Llan rwst; John Phillips, Brynwichell, Cardigan- shire. and the Secretary. It was also agreed to spirit the support of other interested organ- isations. The Secretary referred to the question asked by Mr. Haydn Jones, M.P. (reported in last week's ,:Cambrian News "), whether reisolrt ons bad hem reoerived frrm We's», Farmers' Unicrv9 and whether, in view of the many condition* ooculiiw to agriculture in Wales, the necessary legislative action would be taken to o-stabli-,h a separate Wages Board for Wales. The Parlia- ment arv Secretary's reply was tiiat a resolution had been received from Anglesey: but no evidence was forthcoming that the present arrangement was unsatisfactory. Agricultural condition varied in Wales. There wore how- ovor. districts in England where conditions were similar. Local peculiarities were fully repre- sentor' by district wa,,es committees, of which there were six in Wales. The Secretary added that the qm*st;on showed that in Mr. Haydn Jones the WeTah triian had a. friend at court, and there was no doulbt that Welsh farmers were with the Agricultural Wages Board in London. (Cheers). Mr. J. N. Thomas said that beino- a national body the Union should demand that all ma-ttors doinCtwaing Welsh agriculture shouJd be dealt with in Wales. That was the root reason for the existence of the Union, and every effort should be made with the greatest energfy to attain that object. Why should Wn'sh farmers be subjected to officials in London who were ignorant of their peculiar conditionÛ He proposed a resolution demand- ing the estnblishmemt of a separs-te Wages Board for Wales. While thanking the'Govern- ment for tile Welsh Office at Aberystwyth, the oittly way Welsh farmers could get mpre was by asking for more. The President ag-eed and said there was no reason why Welsli farmers should have to go further than the Welsh Office act Aberystwyth for any business eonoerrung bhér industry. l Mr. John Phillips, T/landrillo, seconded the pro position and incidentally suggested that the censt'tutdm of district wages committees should be altered. Instead of professors and I

Poultry. THE POULTRY YARD. The poultry keeper with an extensive farm will not have a very pleasant time for a while now, because the weatner is all against out- door work, and the one who keeps fowls for a hobby, and wants the summer will give the birds short shift now. But this is not good for the stock because they need more atten- tion during the winter than when the spring hour is shining. This is where the intensive culturalist sftores. The birds are all kept in the dry, very often when in big kits a passage way is made through the house so that all the feeding and cleaning operations can be carried an no matter what the outside elemcmte may be. To get eggs you must keep the foeit dry and provide a dry Amor raised from the ground. There is no objection to the house being two feet off the ground except that it, needs more support, but if there is dear space of three inches it is enough t > allow the aii- under although the least rub- bish which collects encourages the rats to take up their abode. Where the birds are kept in big flocks one" man can attend to more birds than when they are spread out into lots of a dozen or so in each run. These smaller flocks do best, for they grow faster and should anyone become ill it is noticed much quicker and one gone is missed at once. The winter in a lot must depend upon the size of the house, but often up to a hundred-care run together and they can be kept in the one horuBciproviding thE) drfop .boards aro cleaned each day and all their wants supplied in the way of water, sholl, grit, green food, besides the ordinary rations. If kept. on the semi-mtensive plan, that is, a run in which til-lay cam be let out of fine days, see that the we.a.ther is fine before they are let out. Should the situatirm be cold and clay, never lot them out in the early morning, but (iniv when dry and the sun is shining for an hour or two. Wet feet wi!l stop thn egg supplv and when you have shut up a flock for eggs ahovo. the idea is get all you can in the time and then give them a change, or if thought hest, clear out providing the price is satis- f a^torr All birds hatched before the end of April sl;)uld-n-w bo laving or if not., why not. Y" will probably find the result is with yourself and that the food is not right or the birdll net comfortable. The stock cannot, be happy with muddy feet a.nd though it looks a small thing to the novice, they will soon find that koepimg them indoors alters the look of the birds and bnins alomo. more eggs. Every- thing to-day points of less labour and th* dry mash system of feeding will reduce work and helps along with the first dutiws. But to always have this food before them it. is not good and it cannot be so easily digested as a prtptHv made wet mash. All the coarse foods like Bran, Malt Culiins, Maize Meal amd the meait is best scalded, then you can dry them off with half each. Ground Oats and Middlings and when thoroughly mixed it makes a food which soon begins to nourish the bedy and in ecmsequence hei'ps tio produce eggs. A go^d plan in feading is to go round as soon up light with just a few hamdfuls of grain to 1 each house, a.nd then have the soft food ready and give a good meal so that the btrds feel e-m- iortable amd then they will soon be ready for laying. The evening meal consists of grain which should bo glvbn fairly early so that the birds can find it before it gets dark. It so often happens that one year you may be very successful and have a plentiful duppiy of eggs, but tho next fail in this respect al. though the food and treatment is the same. There is more in qljmatic influence tjian may realise and this is often tho causa of failure

TREGARON COAL SUBSTITUTE.—The utilisation of peat as a coal substitute w- discussed at a meet- ing a.t the University College CardiP Mr. F. W. J. Popham (Bristol) in an instructive address, said there were enormous supplies of pea.t in the world, ono-third of Ireland being bog. Many experiments had been made from time to time in alit countries to convert peat into a suitable state for burning. Up to the present the attempts had not generally met with success. The difficulty lay in abstracting the large percentage of water in the peat. Air-drying had been most extensively tried, but was rather hopeless for providing fuel for household and factory purposes. Air-dried peat was only in use in cottages and smad towns near to bogs. Experiment-, were made in the South of Scotland under Government control, but had not yet come to any successful issue. The process which he considered could be brought to a commercial success was that of wet-carbonising. Ho was connected with re- cent experiments on those lines. The peat, turned out by tho machinery in small blocks, made excellent burning fuel. The vieid was 140-bs. per ton of peat, the calorific value be- ing 800 to 900. ^—MIHB MM I—1 W W'l

(Continued from previous column.) schoolmasters, the committees should consist entirely of representatives of employers and employed. Mr. J. N. Thomas said the constitution of the committees could be discussed when the main principle of having a separate Board was co-needed. The proposition was agreed to, copies of the resolution to bo semt Itto the Governmeint and to Welsh M.P.'s. The Secretary gave an interesting exposition of tho Agriculture and Fisheries (Councils, efc".) Bill so far as its provisions affect Wales. He did not think that the Bill, which passed its seeocul .reading that week, had recr-cved con- sideration in the House of Commons cemmen. surate with its importance. Statutory Councils of Agriculture were to be sot up in England and Wales to discuss all matters of public in- terest connected with agriculture and rural in- dustries. The existing Agricultural Oauncil for Wales *ould be made statutory; but not hav- ing administrative powers it would merely be a talking shop. There would also be an Agricul- tural Advisory Council for England and Wales. With regard to the Advisory Council, however, Wales was not treated separately and would have to take abacI. seat. Instead of having two only out of twelve members en the Advis. ory Council, he thought Wales should have a separate Advisory Council. Agricultural com- mittees would be appointed in counties and county boroughs. He did not know why Car- diff and Newport, for ins tance .should have an agricultural committee. He also objected to the proposed fconstituticn of the Agricultural Council for Wales. Each county committee would appoint two representatives; the Uni- versity of Wa.les, five; the Wages Board, four; and the Board of Agriculture would also be re- presented. Having regard to the powers that might bo transferred to the county agricultural committees to deal with agricultural educa- tion, land cultivation (under the Corn Produc- tic.n Act) and small holdings, he feared that their constitution would not be sufficiently democratic, or representative of the electorate. Schemc-s for the constitution of the committees r would have to be prepared by county councils a and the majority must be members of county 11 councils, unlepa the latter determine otherwise. t. There was therefore danger that tihe com A rnittees would be ruled by outsiders, e«pec:a.lly r ra at least one-third of the members would be y nom'tanted by the Board of Agriculture. It was therefore important that county councils r should be impressed not to delegate all their agricultural and small holdings powers to the committees and should require the committees to submit reports. He dfd Not understand why the University of Wales should be repre- sented on the Agricultural Council for Wales, ( A4:nPon:s¡,llv sis the Entrlisli Universities would net 1 be represented -tho Agricultural Council for England. He also failed to understand why the Wages Board should be represented at all. Mr. W. H. Fox suggested that the Union should require to be directly represented on the Agricultural Council. It was agreed that the deputation already appointed should consider the Bill in detail and make representations to Welsh M.P.'s with the view of proposing amendments on the lineci in- dicated by the Secretary, who was thanked for his address. It was also agreed that a resolu- tion emfoodving the provisions of the Blill and the proposed amendments should be communi- cated to the brajiohes. Referring to the establishment of the Welsh Office at Aberystwyth, the Secretary said that, like the Irishman, he did not thank the- Gov- ernment for anything, but wanted 0 ask for more until Wales would have complete agricul- tural autonomy. Resolutions from county branches were adopted to protest against the inclusion of agri cult.ure in the Hours of Employment (No. 2) Bill and to formulate a written agreement be- tween farmers and their workevs.

Paddings nourish twice orer If served with nutritious BIRD'S Custard. BIRD'S transforms /■* a plain poddine into a delightful treat.

Farmer's Column. NEEDS OF POTATO GROWERS. The Wart Disease of Potatoes Order of 1919 came into operation on November 1st. This Order limits to certified stocks of immune varieties the potatoes that may be sent into an affected area for planting. Any other stocks must be sent under licence' from the Board. Arrangements are being made to bring the pro- visions of this Order to the notice of all potato growers in infected districts, and to potato dealers throughout the country. In all cases whore prosecutions have been undertaken, either by local authorities or by the Bard, foT failing to report the existence of wart disease, convictions have been secured and publicity given locally to the new Order. The need for decisive actkxn has been e'np>asfsed by reports received from districts lying well cuts:de these chiefly affected. Four outbreaks have been re- ported frrm Lincolnshire*, two from Surrey, and cno each from Berkshire. Dcven, Essex, Hampshire, Kent. Middlesex, Wiltshire. Thero have been many applieat ons for certificates to expi-rt p^taoos to the Channel Islands, and thesa have been issued in accordance with the regu- lations in force. In one case where it was p-o- nosed to export to the Islands potatoes grown in Lincolnshire; the certificate was refused on account of an outbreak of wart disease re- ported in the neighbourhood from which the application came. SEED TESTING. The Board of Agriculture is greatly concerned with the quality of seeds used, whether for agriculture or horticulture. Provisions of the Testing of Seeds Ordcr" should be more thoroughly understood. The farmer is protected by this Order which rcqui-es the seed merchant to disclose to his purchaser certain particulars as to the qualities of seeds. Conversely, the farmer must protect bis neighbour. This is to say that when one farmer sclls the corn for seed to another as freouently happens, he must give the man who buys from him tho same measure of protection that he would re eeive if he went to a seed merchant. It is no answer to a charge cf contravening the Seeds Order of 1916 to sav that it was not nroperlv understood and for the convenience both of farmers and seed merchants the following notice is appended :—The attention of farmers and seed me<rc)hant<: is drawn to the fact Ulllt when selling wheat, barley, oats, or rye for seed it is necessary under the Testing of Seeds Order 1918 that the seod shan be tested fof permeation and thfrt a. declaration rivine the following particulars shall be made in writing to the purchaser within one month of sale or delivery*the name and address of the sel'e": the variety: the percentage of <rerm::na- Hr-n: if the germination is at or above ninetv per cent for wheat, and brrley, eightv-fivo per cont fbr oats, and eighty per cent for rye, a statement to that effect is sufficient, but if the germination iis below these figures the acrtual percentage must, be declared: the date of the germination test (if made more than six months previous to sale.) No declaration need be made as to the percentage of purity in the case of cereal seed. Failure to make the aly-)ve declaration is a summary offence against the Defeince of the Realm regulations. Samples of cereal seed intended for sale are tested at the Official Seed. Testing Station, 18. Leigham Court.road, Streatham Hill, S.W., 16, for Is. per sample. The sample sent far testing should not be less than four ounces. SALE OF HORSES. The disposal of the Board's horses began in December of last year. Sales were arranged at frequent intervals all through the country down to the end of March, by which time all animals not absolutely needed for this year's harvest had been sold. When the horse scheme was brought to an end on September 30th steps were at once taken to sell the remainder of the Bosrrd s stock. In some cases high prices were obtained, as much as 200 guineas being paid for one horse in the West Riding of Yorkshire, while a number of others made 100 guineas and over. The average price taken all round is £6a. With each horse a second-hand set of plough harness is sold for JS2. The outfit con- sists of collar and hames, bridle, backhand, chains, plough lines, and nose bag. Tu most cases purchasers have been glad of the oppor- tunity of getting so oompilete an equipment. Concurrently with the disposal of the horses, sales of the Board's stock of harness at Willes- den have been held at regular intervals. At the beginning of the month two more sales were required to sell all that still remained. The final sale has been fixed for November 27th. MOLASSES FOR WINTER FEEDING. It is feared that straw will have to take a prominent part in providing bulky fodder for stock during the winter. The hay crop was light aind lvxits are well under the average owing to the dry weather in early summer. The nutrieint valiio of st.7Eiw, particularly of oat. straw, is well-known. In order that the maximum benefit can be derived, it should be first chaffed, then mixed with cake or meal and moistened with warm water with which treacle has been mixed. From one to two pc-unds of treacle may be used daily, the pre- cise ajnount; varying with the size and age of the store or fattening animal. A chaff and treacle mixture cannot be depended on entirely to replace roots in the winter ration; but it will serve to finable animals to make satisfactory progress on a considerable smaller root allowance than usual. If fed with a little cake or meal, it will enable cattle to be win- tered successfully without rorts or hay. Those who are interested itn this question, and the majority of farmers are suffering from short, age of foodstuffs, will be we'l advised to procure Food Production Leaflet No. 20 (formerly Special Leaflet No. 47). entitled "The Use of Straw for Fodder." The present retail price of treacle is S12 per ton in barrel. AGRICULTURAL COUNCILS. In the House of Commons last week, Sir A. Griffith-Boscawen (secretary to the Board of Agriculture) moved the second reading of the Agriculture and Fisheries (Councils, etc.) Bill, the object of which is to provide for tfe con- stitution of councils and committees in con- nection with agriculture and fisheries, and to amend the Boaird of Agriculture and Fisheries Acts, 1889 to 1909. As regards the national part of the arrangements, he sa.Îd three bodies would be set up. First, a Council of Agriculture for England; secondly, a Council of Agri- culture for Wales; and, thirtfV,. a smaller body to be called the Agricultural Advisory Committee. There was now a nonstatutory body called the Welsh Agricultural Council. It was voluntary, and had done good work. Wales contained a vast amount, of land which was mountain and heather, and it was, more- over, predominantly a country of grass land. That was a. ireasom for distinct treatment. In addition there was WWSli national sentiment to consider-a priceless possession which the Government wished to encourage. The Board of Agriculture had lately set up a separate Welsh Office at Aberystwyth, and the Presi- dent of the Board had asked him to take charge of the business of the Welsh Office. Regarding the Agricultural Council of Eng- land and Wales. each county agricultural com- mittee and eountv borough which set up an agricnltura' comnlittee. would have a repre- sentative. There would be a ri?pi wertaiive of the Agricultural Wa/res Board. The Board o? Agriculture would have representation which must include representatives of Labour, women, horticulture, n.rd of edre^.tional research. The duties of the Council would lie to consider a-11 matters of publi" interest reading to agriculture and other rural industries.