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IS BABY TEETHING ? FTTHE fatal effects on Infanta frequently following the use ol soothing medicines, as is proved by the large number of in. quests on children dying after taking those dangerous remedies, make it incum- bent or. purchasers to be very particular to distinguish. DOCTOR j^TEDMAN'S SEETHING pOWDERS From all others, siml-ir or dissimilar. The dangerous ingredient in all soothing remedies is the opium or morphia which they contain, but from which DOCTOR STEDMAN'S rjphETHING pOWDERS Are entirely free. as witness Dr. Hassall's cer- tificate. Renc. fer the welfare and safety of the child, purchasers should insist on seeing the Registered Trade Mark, a Gum Lancet, on every single powder and packet, and should refuse to have others imposed upon them. DOCTOlt gTKDMAN'S rj^tETHING pOWDERS CONTAIN NO OPIUM. The Analytical Institution, 54. Holbom Viaduct E.C., London. Nov. 29th. 1877. Report on the Teething Powder prepared bv Mr. James Stedman, Hoxton. "I herebv certify that I have purchased a sample of Stedman a Teething Powder, and have, at the request of the proprietor, sub- jected it to analysis for morphia or opium in anv form. "I am enabled to state that I found the sample in question to be absolutely free from morphia or any other alKaioid or constituent of ooium. Thus Stedman s Teething Powder is favour- ably distinguished from similar preparations. ARTHUR H HASSALL, M.D." 'ASK FOR DOCTOR STEDMAN'S TEETHING POWDERS Observe Trade Mark on every Packet nna Powder, without which none are genuine. Is. lid. and 2s. 9d. per Packet,, of all Chemists. DEPOT:— 125, NEW NORTH-ROAD, HOXTON, LONDON,N.
SAVAGE KINGS I HAVE KNOWN.…
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SAVAGE KINGS I HAVE KNOWN. [By SIR HENRY M. STANLEY.] Some fastidious writers will have it that we have no right to apply the term "king" so freely to African kinglets and chiefs. Bearing this objection in mind, I propose to describe a few of those who had real kingly power in the eastern half of Africa, and some of the most prominent chiefs of my acquaintance in the western half. The first on my list is Mirambo, whose name became so famous in the 'seventies, and who by his many wars, lasting eighteen years, caused ivory to. be doubled in value throughout the world. He was the son of a small chief in East Central Africa. While yet a mere youth Mirambo lost his father through a squabble with an Arab; his native village, Uyoweh, was burnt down, and several of his family were made slaves, but he himself escaped, with a few faithful retainers. He was next heard of as engaging himself and followers to carry goods at so much per load between Unyanyembe, in Inner Africa, and Baga- moyo, on the coast, and back again. He followed this vocation for some years, and mostly invested the earnings of his band in guns and ammunition, which he carefully hid away for future use. As he was near- ing his thirtieth year he left off travelling, and re-built Uyoweh, about half-way between Unyanyembe and Ujiji, the two great trading centres. The caravan road ran close to his stockade, which was strong and high, and consisted of hard-wood poles, closely joined together. When his village was completed he imposed a small toll on every caravan that passed by. collected ivory, which he sold at a good figure, and also made good profit from the produce of his community. All his gains were devoted to the purchase of arms and gunpowder. By-and-bye it was noticed that the tolls demanded by Mirambo, the Sultan of Uyoweh, were becoming heavier, and that whenever it was possible he toob them in guns and ammunition. His force was also greatly increased, he owned hundreds of armed slaves, and, as he had a reputation among the natives for being liberal in his payments, crowds of young men who had a grievance or loved adventure flocked to the village and became his enlisted men. The Arabs understood toU paying, but when the tolls became blackmail, and the blackmail became wholesale confiscation of property, the road to Ujiji was seldom tra- velled. One day, however, a proud Arab resolved to go by that road and no other, and try the effect cf armed resistance to Mirambo's extortion. It was soon after- wards heard in Unyanyembe that the Arab and all his men had been massacred, and everything he owned was in Mirambo's hands. Then the Arab colony declared war against him. When I arrived in Unyanyembe, in June, 1871, I found the Arabs were pre- paring a warlike expedition against Mirambo. Volunteers were not enthu- siastic, the palavers were incessant, and it was predicted that while they would be scaling the high stocksde of Uvoweh Mirambo would be raiding Unyanyembe. I had but a hazy idea at first how this in- tended war effected my expedition, but it was soon made clear to me that my pro- gress to Ujiji was effectually barred, and I was asked to assist the Arabs to clear the road. If I were unwilling to do so I had the option of staying at Unyanyembe during the hostilities, until myself and escort had devoured our stores, or of returning at once to the coast. Being impatient to advance, I decided upon join- ing the Arabs for the suppression of Mirambo. We marched against our enemy with an army of twenty-three hun- dred men. We made a brave'show, so far as cur war toggery, plumes and scarlet cloth, and vari-coloured flags went, and we made a great of noise and boasted tremendously. After lX long marchas a portion of-our force reconnoitred as far as Mirambo's stronghold. Being led by a rash Arab, and burning with an un- governable desire for loot, thpy scaled the palisades above, and drove Mirambo out of his stronghold. As the party were straggling back to us in triumph, with tons of ivory and loaded with spoil, they fell into an ambush laid for them by their enemy, and were exterminated. The consternation among cur forces was in- describably great. Over a fifth of our number had been destroyed. Every band, my own included, had last some or its more eager spirits. The widowed women howled their grief, snd, as someone started the rumour that Mirambo was coming to attack our camp, cur various bands, bended by their leaders, began a helter- skelter race for home. Khamis. a stout- hearted Arab, and myself, with half a dozen men, were the last to depart. Night found us far from the place where I had stored my goods. We stumbled over all kinds of baggage that had been dropped by the fugitives in their panicky fiiht. and over many bodies of men who had fallen dead through sheer fright or over- exertion. After a few days' halt at Unyanyembe Mirsmbo came in person to hunt us up. He planted his tent in full view of the Arab colony, and challenged the Arabs to come out and fight. My brave companion Khamis and his kinsmen accepted the challenge, and were immediately killed, to man. That night Mirambo's people made a war broth from portions of their bodies. The next dav, having set fire to several houses and secured much booty, they departed again to their own country. leaving every soul in our community effec- tually cowed. After infinite trouble in getting up my expedition to the required strength, I at last left the colony, and. steering south instead of west. I continued in that direction for several days. When I judged it safe I turned west, and, travel- ling along a curve of three hundred and twentv siiles, had the satisfaction at last of knowing that I was far to the west of Mirambo's stronghold. A few days later I happily stumbled upon Livingstone, and ray object was achieved. Some few month" later I led Livingstone along the road I had discovered through the wilds to Unyan- yembe, where I had to leave him. The war was still raging. Mirambo's name was on every lip, and was quite sufficient to hush fretting children and make everyone solemn, for it was a terror to all the country between the lake regions and the coast Four years later I was again in the neighbourhood of Mirambo. The long war had just been concluded. When some seventy miles awsy from his capita] our camp was electrified by the news that Mirambo was advancing towards us with fifteen hundred of his veterans. I sent some of my men to him. but they pre- sently came back with the news that Mirambo's mission was one of peace. The next day he came with a small, but well- armed, following to mv tent, and at last I had the satisfaction of seeing face to facn the mni of the best known name in all Senatorial Africa. Mirambo was then about forty years old, and in height a little under 6ft. He had an admirable figure, with no superfluity of flesh about it. His features were regular, and the expression intelligent. His nose had the negroid's, largeness at the base, but was otherwise shapely, and the thinnish lips assisted to make up his general good looks. His clothes were such as belong to the Arab costume—gold- edged cloak, white shirt, and turban. He also carried a curved sword richly scab- barded. more a sign of rank than for use. Though in his bearing, his amiabi- lity, his regulated voice, and he altogether gentlemanly appesrance he was a great surprise to me, what struck me most was the expression of the face. on which the consciousness of power had irremovably made its impress. He was now, no doubt, practising his best behaviour, and he cer- tainly succeeded, if that was his object, 'in making me wish that he would thrive in the nurpose he said he had now in view, which was to prove himself as good as the Arab at trade 88 he had proved himself i;i war. At parting he left three men with me to conduct my expedition safelv past the country of his allies, the predatory Watuta, and sent three other men back to his capital to get three milch cows and their calves and three fat bullocks, to meet me at the frontier of his country as his psrting gift. I heard no more of Mirambo, after receiving his gifts, until 1A80, when I heard that he had been, unintentionally, the cause of a great calamity to people in whom I was much interested. His forces, having captured s. hostile force in South Unvamweizi, turned their weapons in the heat of battle against the unhappy "Elephant" expedition, commanded by Captain Carter and Lieutenant Caden- head, who were resting there unknown to Mirambo's people. The massacre, in which the two white men fell, was general, and but few of the hundred and fifty members of the expedition survived to explain the affair. Mirambo died about thirteen years ago, it is said, through poison, which had been administered in his beer. He left a rich district to a son, who now occupies his father's place, though, of course, he can never possess his authority, power, or influence. Urambo, called after its founder, is a large town, and according to report is the most civilised place, outside of the German station, between the sea and Lake Tan- ganyika. Between Mirambo's country and Ruma- nika's there was a group of chiefs whose viciousness was apt to harass and disgust the most patient traveller's soul, and Mankorongo, of Usui, who ranked as a king, was, according to universal belief, the worst of all. He was an adept in dis- simulation, and used to offer dazzling prospects of wealth and pleasure to the traveller to entice him into his power, but when he had got him within his boun- daries he squeezed him until he was beg- gared. He was devoted, besides, to every form of vice, and every sub-chief in his country imitated him, so that, what with the infamy the stranger witnessed and the knavish tricks practised on him, none left Usui without a feeling of inexpressible gratitude that he had survived his many troubles. On account of the general testi- mony to Mankorongo's depravity I did my best to avoid him. We were compelled, however, to pass through a corner of his country, where an embassy from him met us with the usual grandiose promises; but no appeals or threats availed to stop our march, and we were well beyond the border before the threatened danger could overtake us. In wonderful contrast to Mankorongo was his neighbour, King ¡ Rumanika. To enter Karagwe from Usui I was like reaching a well-watered and ver- dant oasis after crossing a sandy desert. Why Karagwe should remain a pleasing memory and Usui be remembered as a land of torment, though the one country adjoined the other, is explained by the fact that the people gave character to the country, and in Africa the King or Government, gives character to the people. Mankorongo was a demon in his I disposition, and Rumanika was next to an angel. Karagwe is the southernmost extremity of the ancient kingdom of Kittara, that formerly stretched as far north as the outlet of the White Nile from the Albert j>:yanza, and was inhabited by a migrating body of Abyss,inians ages ago. Rumanika's father was King Dagara, who reigned from about 1820 to 18c0, during whose life Karegwe was much larger than it is to-day. If all that was related of Dagara bo true, he must have been an exceptionally intelligent king, with great engineering conceptions. He left three sons, and according to priority of birth they were Rumanika, Nanaji, and Rugeru or Rugero, and, according to the native custom, Rumanika, born first after I Dagara.'s accession to the throne, was his father's heir. The headman whom I ap- pointed to convey my salaams to Ruma- nika before my visit was asked on his return what kind of man the king was, and whether he resembled Mtesa oi Uganda. He replied If Mtesa is like red pepper, Rumanika is like milk." The next day I paid my visit of ceremony, and found Rumanika in a beautifully-made hut, which was exquisitely clean, and fur- nished with many specimens of the native founder's art—copper spears with chain- shaped staves or twisted iron rods, sword-blades, brass or copper figures of ducks, elands, and cows, four-headed maces, and such like. As he sat down I thought him to be of middle size, but when he stood up he was the tallest man I had so far met in Africa, so extraordinarily lone were his arms. As the crown of my head just reached his collar-bone, I esti- I mated him to be over 6ft. 6in. in height. His gentle greeting, delivered in the most soothing voice, put me at my ease at once. He possessed that kind of peaceful, restful face which, when accompanied by corre- sponding action, succeeds in winning one's perfect affection. As from beginning to end of our acquaintance Rumanika appeared with the same tranquil bearing and <ni'lele,ss manner, and was, besides, assiduous in promoting my comfort and content, my impression that his was the sweetest nature in Africa deepened the longer I knew him. His serene features, to which it seemed to me passion and rage were strangers, the noble dignity of his manner, and the tenderness of his smile and voice, 1 thought were more appropriate to an ideal Christian bishop than to a Pagan king surrounded by v/i id-cat barbarians and blackmailing chiefs. The old man—he was fast verging upon sixty years-was a great gGssip, and simple and credulous as a child. An in- teresting chapter might be made of the legends he related about his ancestors. His grandfather, Ruhinda the Sixth, reigned so long that his peonle thought Daqara. his son. was to be pitied for being' excluded from the throne until nearly old age, and Ruhinda himself got so wearied of his unusual longevity that at last hp resorted to some medicine to make room for his son. Dagara was a great traveller, and knew many secrets about countries around him. He was curious about where the rivers came from and whither they went. He had been all about the Mfumbiro Mountains, the tops of which were covered with "water turned white like salt," and he found a way by which canoes could go from his lake up as far as the Tanganyika and down to the Lake of Unyoro. When Dagara died his body was placed in a canoe and kept in the micldlo of the lake for some days. Among the worms that came from the body one became a lion, one a leopard, and one a stout. staff-so Rumanika assured me. The jpeople took this as a sign that it was time to bury him, and they made a deep and wide grave, into which they put the body, and along with it many young unmarried girls and a vast number of cows. Nothing delighted Rumanika so much as to witness my note-taking of his legends and adventures. He had not wandered so far as his father, Dagara, but he had been round about his own country a good deal, while he had sent his people on trading journeys to many a Jand of which he scarcely knew the name. It was his custom to ouostion his men about the things they had seen, and it was in that way he had heard what wonders were to be found in the lands towards the sunset. Thus, he had heard of the little people who did not reach his knees, and who lived in trees; of snother tribe, who I' had ears so long that while they used one ear as a. mat to lie on they covered their bodies from the cold and rain with the ether; of hills which spouted fire and I smoke, and which shook and groaned as though spirits were fighting and drum- ming underneath; and many other curious sights. "Put it all down," he would say, after each story, "that your people may know what a land we have." His geographical knowledge was very extensive, but the manner of imparting it led me to doubt whether it was worth while publishing it in detail. Many items, however, which then perplexed me have since turned out to be facts, such as his statements about the Rusizi escaping from Lake Kivu and the points about the Albert Edward regions. I subsequently, in 1887-9, and Von Gotzen, some two or three years ago, proved them to be true. Rumanika died ten yearsi after my visit, at the age of seventy, and was royally buried, without the usual human sacrifices. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Kyensi, who reigned only nine months. Then the throne was usurped by Kakoko, a younger son, who after reigning three years, during which time he slew seventeen cf his brothers and I put out the eyes of Luajumba, his youngest brother, was speared one night by one of the chiefs. The present King is Dagara II., son of Kyensi, and grand- r-on of Rumanika, end he is m his twenty-sixth year at the time of writing. [Copyright, U.S.A.. by Perry Mason Co., Pub- lishers of "The Youth's Companion.")
ALLEGED SACRILEGE NEAR NEATH.
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ALLEGED SACRILEGE NEAR NEATH. Augustus Petrouse, a Belgian, living at Briton 'Ferry, was brought up in custody at Neath County Police-court on Friday charged with unlawfully and feloniously breaking and entering the Wesleyan Chapel, Crumlyn Burrows, on Sunday last. and steal- ing therefrom three books, value 6s. Mr. Henry Thomson (Swansea) defended.—Evidence was given that the defendant was drunk that day. and that he was not responsible for his o.ctions.—Monsieur Robiette spoke of the good behaviour of the prisoner during the four years he had known him.—The Bench took into consideration that the prisoner was a foreigner, and did not think he had any felo- nious intent at the time. They thought, how- ever that Petrouse should be summoned for drunkenness and damage to the chapel.—The case was dismissed.
IN THE CZAR'S HOME. • ■■j
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IN THE CZAR'S HOME. • ■■ j A MORNING IN THE WINTER PALACE. [By THE VICAR OF ABERPERGWM.] St. Petersburg, though one of the capi- tals of Europe, is as strange to most travellers as if it were in the heart of Asia. They have read of the Winter Palace, the Nevski Prospect, and one or two of the other sights of the Czar's capi- tal, but their knowledge of it does not extend much further. That the fair city on the Neva is not more visited-by tourists is partly the fault of the Russians them- selves. They do not lay themselves out to cater for tourists, like the people of other European countries, and, as a neces- sary consequence, they do not get them. To take only one instance of their neglect of the interests of tourists, officially they ignore the existence of every other lan- guage but their own. As Mr. Henry Norman has recently written, "If you do not know Russian, there is but one thing to do-learn it." Finland, on the other hand, takes care that all official notices should be in no less than six languages. It even labels the streets in three lan- guages. In St. Petersburg, as in Russia generally, you get only Russian. You walk down the great Broadway of the city —the Nevski Prospect—and, though its fine shops have their frontages covered with advertisements, the eye is rarely relieved by a name in Roman characters. Visit the great show-places, such as thev Winter Palace, the Cathedral of St. Isaac, and that of St. Peter and St. Paul-it is everywhere the same—scarcely a word in legible Roman letters to gladden the eye of the English visitor. Illegible Russian characters are almost alone in evidence. You see far greater recognition of other languages in the streets of Tokyo than in those of St. Petersburg. Then, the rigid passport system is also to some extent accountable for visitors from other coun- tries staying away. It would be easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a foreigner to en-ter Russia these days with- out a passport. The system is getting more and more rigid instead of being relaxed. After making a good deal of official fuss on your entering the country— carefully scrutinizing the passport, copy- ing it, and taking it from you from time to tune-they ma Ice the same fuss on your leaving. They keep harassing you during your stay with questions as to when you intend leaving. They give you the idea that your presence amongst them is a matter of much concern to them, and that it will he a great relief to them when you are gone. But they will not endorse your passport and let you go till they have satisfied themselves that you have not broken the laws of their country during your visit. A friend of mine, when assailed by such questions, impatiently told the officials that the only mischief (for which he was extremely sorry) he had done during his few days' stay at St. Petersburg was that he had spent his money there—that he had made too many purchases and given too many tips. Rather inconsistent with this suspicion of foreigners is the freedom with which you are admitted into the Winter Palace and taken round. I send you an article made up out of a few notes which I jotted down on my return to my hotel (at which, by the way, though it called itself Hotel d'Angleterre, scarcely anybody but the hall porter knew a word of English) from a visit to the Winter Palace, where I was privileged to see things that, in Russia of all countries, I never dreamt I should be permitted to see. I was one of a party of two ladies and two gentlemen that spent throe hours one morning in the Czar's winter residence- the largest Imperial residence in the world. We went prepared to be taken round the State rooms—we dared not hope that we should be admitted into the private rooms of one of the world's greatest Monarchs. But imagine our surprise when we found ourselves in one after another of the Czar and Czarina's most private apartments. We almost suspected that we did not rightly understand our official guide—who knew no English and only very poor French —but there was no real doubt about his meaning. Those comparatively small rooms into which we were ushered were really those in which the Great White Czar, surrounded by his family, lived his home- life when in residence at the capital. We each sat in their chairs, at their writing- tables, examined their writing material?, and did other audacious things that cer- tainly we should not have bad the temerity to do had not the guide given us to under- stand that all visitors to the rooms did so. Examining the Czar's books in his study, I found that a large proportion of them were English, consisting of histories, novels, and a good many works of travel. H-?vinf stood upon the snot on which the attempt was made upon the Czar's life in Japan, I was specially interested in observing his books dealing with that country. I failed to complete my inves- tigation before I had to move on to the next room, but it is very possible that a bumble little volume in which I am interested, called "Journeys among the Gentle Japs" (not "Jolly Japs." as recent]- called by the "Western Mail"), may be among the books in the Czar's well- stocked private library. Next to my oriele in tho fact th"t it was one of the last books read to Mr. Gladstone, when too infirm to read for himself, would be my pride at the thought that it had been thumbed by the great Czar of all the Russias. We examined also the photos cf various members of the Imperial family taken at various ages, and were much mterested in that of our Duchess of Coburg in frock and pinafore. We sat in the Czar's chair in the Council room, in which were ranged round a table the chairs —ordinary enough-of the members of the great Council of State, and it required no little mental effort on our part to realise thst there, in that very room, the great business of one of the world's reatest Empires was transacted. Our viit ended with a rather gruesome experience. With difficulty we made out our guide's meaning as he pointed at a narrow bed in a certain room, and laboured to express himself in broken French. It was the bed upon which Alexander II. died after having his legs shattered bv the bomb of a Nihilist, as is well remembered by those of my readers who are still young. The bed is left as it was when the mangled body of the great liberator of the serfs was laid upon it and his useful life, always overshadowed by dread of the assassin, came to an end. One or two of us sat on the bed, and it was with saddened hearts that we left the Winter Palace and mounted our droski, as we vividly re-called the tragedy which stirred the world as another of a like nature has so recently done, and reflected how the world's greatness is humbled in death.
NOVEL LICENSING PROPOSAL.
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NOVEL LICENSING PROPOSAL. A novel proposal will be submitted by the mayor (Mr. Harman Graves) at a meeting of the Devonport Town Council this week. It is as follows:—"That, in view of the extension of the residential areas of Devonport, and the certainty that licences to sell alcoholic liquors in new neighbourhcods will from time tJ time be applied for, I beg to move that the Corporation of Devonport shall in future themselves apply for stch lioences to be granted to them to lease or sell, as they shall deem fit. such licences to be attached to such premises as the corporation may acquire for the purpose."
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AND A STUDY OF POLITICAL CRIMINALS.j
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AND A STUDY OF POLITICAL CRIMINALS. By Professor CESARE LOMBROSO. [Author of "Ppiitical Crime," &c.] As I have demonstrated in my book, "Political Crime," the political criminal, especially the regicide, whilst being a person of quite distinct character (espe- cially in so far that he is highly endowed with an altruism which is not to be found in the majority of people, still less amongst criminal), also possesses the instincts and characteristics of the latter, and can be divided and classified in the same way that we classify common offen- ders. Thus, there is the criminal by birth, and the political criminal who murders, who steals on the pretext and, indeed, with the object of being useful to his party and his country, though at the same time with the more particular object of benefit- ing himself. Such were Ravachol, Pini, Parmigiani. Then, there is the mad criminal, like Passanante, Acciarito, Sipido, and Weiland, who, instead of wreaking his homicidal mania on a private individual, directs it against a King, a President, or a prominent politician. There is, above all, the criminal by passion, like Caserio and Orsini, led on by exaggerated altruism, by irresistible fanaticism, and especially by hyperesthesia carried to its highest pitoh; such men suffer from the evils inflicted on the people by its Govern- ment far more than other men do, and sacrifice themselves for the people's delive- rance. The question arises whether there are not; also criminals who become so by the .force of circumstance, men of almost normal character, who are led on to crime by external circumstances rather than by their inner tendencies or by some psycho- logical flaw. I have decided that this is so, and if proof be needed it will suffice to read what Dostoieveki wrote in his novel, entitled "Besi," in which political criminals of every colour are depicted. In this novel, for instance, he explains the various means by which cunning conspira- tors are able to transform into revolu- tionaries the most peaceful of citizens. 'In countries where the right of voting is widely extended many take part in political warfare to bring about the triumph of some party leader, with the ulterior view of using this for their own advantage. A large number servilely follow a leader who foists himself upon them by force, by eloquence, and some times by the mere strength of his voice. And, finally, individual circumstances may play a most important part. These can be described as the real cause of fortuitous political crime. The assassins of Domitian, of Nero, and of Caligula were inspired by the idea of personal defence alone (Gibbon). However, neither the artifices of their leaders nor the influence of then- surroundings would be sufficiently strong to destroy in the minds of these criminals by circumstance their hatred of crime (misoneisme) and their love of existence did they not find in the mental organism of these men a field already prepared. These men, indeed, possess—in very feeble degree, it is true—the intellectual power of geniuses and the altruism of the impas- sioned without the temperament of either class. Their leading psychological charac- teristic is their inadaptability to their social surroundings. They are led on by a restless desire for betterment, by a kind of hyperesthesia, which shows them exist- ing social evils in a heightened light, and prompts them to the boldest acts. The secret of their influence is that they always march in the van, throwing them- selves, heads downward, on the enemy, often without. knowing what they are doing. In ordinary life they are choleric, irascible, and disdainful persons. In many cases—and this is where their strength lies—they possess low mental powers. The striking physical characteristic of fortui- tous political criminals i? their normality, the absence of all symptoms of degenera^ tion. Out of 52 of our political criminals studied by me 0.51 per cent. alone present the degenerate characteristics of the criminal type, whilst amongst the non- rrirrrnal classes the percentage is 2.0. History, for the rest, gives us the portraits of some of the more celebrated of these fortuitous criminals, of these regi- cides by circumstance. Cassius was a criminal by circumstance. His moralitv ras much inferior to that of his brother- n-arms. Brutus, who was a criminal by passion. A better known type is Robespierre, vhose intelligence was certainly dispro- jortioned to his ambition. His moral tense was very restricted, and but for the :orce of circumstances and opportunity he vould never have become anything but a nuddle-headed barrister, like so many others in our Latin countries. "In Robe- tpierre writes Taine, "we have a man jossessing a free and proud disposition. tie is full of verbositv, and fancies himself itill of ideas. He enjoys his own phrases and deceives himself in order to dominate others. The contrast between his heart and his talent is great. He would never have got beyond the limits of a small pro- vince, as a barrister, but he was sober active, not easilv corrupted, and toward the end of the Constituent Assembly, all the men of value having disappeared, hr found himself in the public eye on thp political stage. His own suspiciom- appeared to him bis best arguments. Every aristocrat, he held, must be a corrupterl man. In the space of three years be brought himself on to a political level with Marat, and appropriated the politics, the ends and means, the work and almost the vocabulary of that madman." Besides war on the bourgeois classes, Robespierre desired the extermination of the rich and of "vicious men." When he was accused he prepared himself, supported as he wa" by his friends, for resistance, but. being at heart an honest man, he did not dare to go so far as to excite the people to Tevolt, and so he succumbed, He a theorist, whose fixed idea was radicalh right, but paradoxical when put into prac- tice. Circumstances, vanity, and 2 hd, of moral sense impelled him to realise i; by means of terror. However, of the work of this man, who wss for some time the master of France. little or nothing remains. The reason of this is that poli- tical criminals, who become so by circum- stance, who in the upheavals of revolu- tions find the means to push themselves to the front, have not the intellectual ability necessary to give any lasting stabi- lity to any great political design, suppos- ing, as they sometimes do, they are able to conceive such a design. But the existence of the criminal by circumstance has been confirmed by the study which I have been able to make of the latest Italian regicide, Bresci. The sad events which preceded and accompanied the assassination of King Humbert are too well known for it to be necessary to refer to them. But the facts relating to the biology and psychology of its fitful hpro, those facts which interest students of criminal anthropology more 'han the crime itself, although very insuffi- cient to give a, complete idea of the crimi- nal's physiognomy, permit one, at any rate, to form an approximate idea of it. Gaetano Bresci, in his early childhood, had to suffer from the miserable poverty of his family; later, however, becoming good workman, his position improved, and at the sge of twenty he was earning twenty shillings a week. When he was about sixteen years old he was present at some Anarchist lectures at Prato. His imagination was deeply struck by the speeches, which so closely pictured the misersble conditions of his class, and affable till then, he became restless, short in his speech and violent, declaring loudly that he could not witness, without pro- testing, the triumph of the rich, whilst so many wretched people were suffering from hunger. His state of irritation was aggravated by a sentence of a few days' imprisonment for insulting the gendarmes. He emigrated to America, all the more willinglv because his Anarchist ideas had 1,- ":1 on bad terms with him family, •"f 1, had no abnormal charsc- T hologically, also, he was *g.'> 1. jt-bsc:- of remorse, tho long premO' Inch he went so far as to in his bullets, so as to render m more murderous, his almost com- ^rretfnJness of his wife and children, Pr,n enfecblement of his moral sense vl""l?on the other hand, political crimi- rv who act from passion are affec- t: ti oe towards their families, and show r mc-rse after their crimes. His place < .ecefore, is somewhat between the normal criminal man, from whom he is iguished by altruism and by hyper- esia on account of the political and economic conditions of his country. It is probable that certain Anarchist "lectures ^■hich he heard at the period of his puberty, when the uncertain and wavering' tendencies of man become fixed, had a regrettable influence on his mental orga- nism, and all the more so because they coin- cided with the wretched conditions of his country and his family. His hyperses- thesia could not but develop itself in the fanatical centre of Patterson, especially after the sanguinary political reactions of Sicily and Milan, which inflicted sorrow and suffering on millions of people, with- out, however, prompting them to plans of vengeance. Up to the present Anarchist regicides have been either madmen, like Passanante and Acciarito, or criminals like Ravachol, Pini, and others. Sometimes they have been men of strong passions, like Caserio and Vaillant. In all those cases the state of their organism had far greater influence than external circumstances. Here, however, circumstance outweighed organic conditions. The circumstances lay in the wretched political conditions of our country, the corrupt government, the tardy administration of justice, the loose military system, antinational alliances, the system of protection in our finances, and forced emigration. The phenomenon of Anarchy, as also of political assassination, is the outcome of a bad system of government. The riots in Sicily followed on the scandalous revela- tions in the B:nk of Rome. Adouah was followed by Acciarito's attempt at assassi- nation. Thus political crime, caused by circumstance, may be the most subtle thermometer of the Government's value. C. LOMBROSO. [Copyright in the United States of America, by D. T. Pierce.]
WELSH IN PATAGONIA.
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WELSH IN PATAGONIA. COLONISTS OVERTAKEN BY A NEW DISASTER. Fuller details are now to hand confirming our report of some weeks ago that another disaster, similar to that which occurred about two years ago, has befallen the Welsh colonists at Patagonia. The River Chubat has once again overflowed its banks The harvest had not been gathered, and the people had to flu to the mountains. By a great effort the embankment on the northern side of the valley has been kept intact. Lower down the river flooded over many farms. The place was like a sea, and the embankment had to be broken down to allow the water to go bacK into the river, and it ebbed gradually. At GaimaTi_ grwrt efforts were made to safeguard the houses, but the river rose higher than it did two years ago, and flooded three-quarters of the valley. Only three houses are reportel to have collapsed in this locality. but the whole of the year's crops are practicallv ruined. The colonists have held a meeting ask ng the Argentine Government to grant them land on the hills on each side of the valley, where they could escape in case of need. It was also resolved to ask the Government to relieve those who are in need, to assist the colonists gene- rally in making good the damage, as well as to tnke measures to protect them against farther floods. The breaches in the embank- ment are being filled uo. but a good many colonists declare that they will emigrate to Canada.
EARLY CLOSING OF SHOPS.
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EARLY CLOSING OF SHOPS. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE. The report of the Select Committee of the House of Lords on the early clos- ing of shops was issued on Satur- day. The Committee state that the evidence taken has convinced them that earlier closing would be an immense boon to the shepkeeping community, to shopkeepers, and shop-assistants alike, that the present hours are grievously injurious to health, espe- cially in the case of women, and under these circumstances the Committee recommend that tcwn councils should be authorised to pass provisional orders making such regulations in respect to the closing of shops as may seem' to them to be necessary for the area under their jurisdiction, these provisional orders to be submitted to Parliament in the usual manner before acquiring the force of law. The Committee add that special enactments for restraining the outlay involved and pro- viding for its discharge may be necessary.
DRINK AT A HARVEST HOME
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DRINK AT A HARVEST HOME RECTOR FINED FOR SELLING WITHOUT A LICENCE. At Shepton Mallei on Friday the Rev. Walter Collyns Baker, rector of Batoombe, was finpd £23s. 6d.. inc udirg cr st-s, for being privy to the sale of intoxicating liquors without a licence, and William Lumber, innkeeper, was fined a like amount for a similar offence. The case arose out of a harvest home festival in the Rectory grounds, for which the rector issued 2d. refreshment-tickets for beer, lemonade, or ginger beer, which Lumber supplied, receiving the tickets in return. The rector, who is o temperance advocate, said he adopted the ticket system many years ago to check the evils resulting from indiscriminate sale under a licence. lie gave notice of appeal.
BISHOP WHIPPLE DEAD.
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BISHOP WHIPPLE DEAD. The Bishop of Mînneeota-Henry Benjamin Whipple, LL.D., D.D.—has just died at an advanced age. Dr. Whipple was born in 1822 in Adamson, Jefferson County, where a pions mother and the reading of religious books to a blind grandmother were influential in his training as a child. In 1850 he became rector of Zion Church. Rome, and two years later of a Church in Chicago, where he inaugurated the free and open church system throughout America, and did especially noble work amongst railway servants. He was consecrated nrst bishop of Minnesota in 1859. and subsequently earned h. himself the high title of Apostle of the Indiana—of whom he had 20,000 under his spiritual care. The names "Straight Tongue" and "St. John of the Wilderness," applied to him by the red men "nd the white men respectively, show how universally his straightforwardness and sin- cerity were adnrred. He preached the opening service of the Church Congress in Westminster Abbey in "■ 888. and his sermons preached in England at different times have been highly valued.
THE CHARGE AGAINST A PORTHCAWL…
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THE CHARGE AGAINST A PORTH- CAWL EX-POSTMASTER. Mr. William Huph CHatworthy, the ex-post- master at Porthcawl, was brought up at Briclg end Police-court on Saturday charged with defrauding the Poet Office. The magistrates on the bench were Mr. R. W. Llewellyn (in the chair), Mr. W. Howell, Mr. W. Llewellyn, and Mr. G Sibhering Jones. Mr. T. J. Hrghes appeared for the prisoner, who felt hi3 position very keenly. He did not raise his eyes during the bearing, which lasted only a couple of minutes, the police having asked for a remand as they had not completed the evidence. The magistrates granted a remand, and prisoner will be again brought up on Satur- day next.
OUR SHORT STORY.I .
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OUR SHORT STORY. FAITH AND THE POET. I "It's perfectly lovely! Neither Milton nor J Shakspeare ever wrote anything like it." Such was Faith's verdict, pronounced with rap- turous awe when he paused at the end of the last line of his first poem, dedicated to their two-months'-old baby. "Where will you send it? The Poet hastened to assure her that it was not intended for publication. That"s just ike you," she replied im- patiently. You haven't a sparkle of ambi tion. Why, you"v'e only to get that into a T good magazine and your name will be made. You would simply be inundated with applica tions for verses, and you could command am price you liked to name." I The prospect was a dazzling one, enough t turn the head of any man, and it took son: resolution to reply. It wouldn't do. Gra and Sweat are most particular as to the pri vate character of their employes, and this sor of thing ian"t considered respectable in the City." But your name need not appear. Write to the editor and tel him not to publish it. Oh, do! It would be so exciting to have everyone asking who the author was! Faith turned to a pile of magazines, and. after scanning the contents of some half- dozen, held up the Trumpet." That she declared with decision to be the lucky one destined to produce his maiden effort, because it lacked readable matter, its contents being mainly advertisements and announcements concerning bicycles to be given away. Your poem will fill two pages/" she con- tinued with the same decision. And if you only get one guinea a page, that means two guineas an evening—twelve guineas a week. Firty-tvvo times twelve guineas makes how much a year? What a troublesome sum. Well, say, fifty; that allows for a fortnight's holiday. Then, there are Bank holidays. I wonder if poets work on Bank holidays? Sup- pose we say X600 a year—more than four timeo as much as you earn in the City. But when your reputation is established, as it will be in a few weeks, you should mafi double and ten times as much." But how to gain the confines of the El Dorado that lay before him? That was the problem. Practical and businesslike, Faith found the solution, and read it triumphantly from the pages of the Trumpet Though the editor does not invite contri- butions, he is willing to consider such of an original up-to-date character, and, though he does not hold himself responsible tnr any matter submitted, will endeavour to return a llfound unsuitable, if accompani ;d by stamped and addressed envelopes.' T How simple it all seemed. In v.ractions to the editor were soon penned, an^, wita manus- cript and stamped and address r-d envelope, placed inside another, directed In the cilice of the Trumpet." Together tli-y wont to the Post Office, registered the packet lH'rause it was valuable, stuck two penny stamps i;p(.n it. for it was bulky lso, and li for the thud that told of its "ri 7al at the tottc m cf the letter-box. From that hour the ,h):l routine of dd'y, drudgery was lit with the light of romance. Musty ledgers at which the Poet toiled be- came tomes of folk lore and legend. Ink-be- spattered desks grew quaint and historic. When Sweat, the junior partner, called him sharply to account for a moment's inatten- tion, as was his wont, he smiled It mattered not. Sweat was an uncultured brute, and the day was drawing near when the Poet would pass him with a careless nod and a "How do. Sweat?" At home the spirit of poetry ran unbridled. Whilst Faith built castles in the air, the Poet immortalised her in two pages-his ac- customed nightly task. As he turned the mangle on Tuesday evening he ground from its discordant coga sweet melody. Black though his fingers often were with coaxing refractory fires, he needs must hasten to com- mit the thoughts inspired to paper. So the week sped, the Poet, conscientious to his mis- sion, ennobling each night some homely ob- ject, or glorifying the commonplace. Faith building still loftier castles. Friday morning came, and with it a dozen copies of the Trumpet," ordered by Faith. Each seized one, and turned from page to page in breathless haste, but not a verse of the poem lay between the covers. Perhaps it may be in the others," said Faith. Neither of the remaining ten copies con- tained a line that the Poet could claim, or any reference to the future publication of his work! How very unbusineBS-Iike," was Faith's sole comment. They had it on Tuesday morning, three days ago." The Poet was not discouraged, but, though he would not admit it. just a litle disap- poitnted. As he started for town he dis- covered the family cat, dead and stiff, in the gutter. The domestic bereavement was for- gotten in the joy of a fresh subject, and he began upon it in the train, with laerior de- signs upon the black-beetles in the kitchen Week by week Faith and the Poet scanned the columns of the Trumpet" with anxious haste, yet never so much as one familiar line gladdened their eagr eyes. It will be in next week," was all Faith said as she came to the end of the outside cover. The Poet was less patient. Letter after letter he despatched to the editor, begging, beseeching, and threatening, always accom- panied by the requisite number of stamps to cover postage and registration of the priceless manuscript—and always unanswered. He even called upon him at his office, and learnt with surprise that the great man was only there one afternoon a week. On the appointed afternoon the Poet called again on private business," and heard with joy that the editor would see him-when dis- engaged. As he waited in an outer office the door of the room marked Private stood ajar, and he drank in the words of the great man spoken through a telephone. The telephone rang off, and the Poet entered the presence of the real live editor with a beating heart. Editor and surroundings were so totally op- posed to his expectations that he gasped in amazement. He had once seen a jncture in a magazine of a kindly old gentleman seated in a well-furnished room, talking to a young lady who held a roll of manuscript in a neatly-gloved hand. Such was his sole con- ception of an editorial office. Both editor and Dffice of the "Trumpet" were of a different type. The man, who looked inquiringly at him, wore no coat, but a Wild, sour expres- sion, and smoked a dirty pipe. Such furni- ture as the office contained was broken. One rickety table groaned beneath a pile of un- opened correspondence that reached almost to the grimy ceiling. There was not even waste paper basket; one-half of the roOlO served as such.. Twice did the editor demand the Poet's business before he could collect hivase sufficiently to reply that it concerned manuscript sent in two months before.. The editor removed the pipe from his moflt^ and, rising from the one broken-seated eh3,1 which the office contained, fixed an eye him that glistened like a rattle-snake's, as P replied in a voice husky with emotion: Do you mean to say that you have had audacity to force yourself upon a busy like me on such a matteT? I thought 7 were from my tailor!" "But I've written to you at least a doze; times," cried the Poet. I want to kJ1 when you are going to publish my poem? f Poetry!" roared the editor. "I nevef publish such drivelling rot." But I want my manuscript. Where is tt gasped the Poet. Over there, most likely," was the scortifu. -eply, and the editor indicated that half or he room which served for a waste-papa basket. "You can pick it out." The Poet gazed hopelessly for a moment !loG he mountain of torn paper; then. catchi0.? ight of something, drew it forth with a "1-1 of despair. It was the blue ribbon with whic he had bound together the many sheets of 111 manuscript. Further search amongst wreckage of many a hope revealed a scraps of paper recognised by the handwr1; ing which they bore as the fragments of first poem. The overwhelming sense of humiliation despair with which the poet journeyed ho& that evening was short-lived.. "The 'Trumpet' is a disreputable, swindll rag," said Faith, when she heard of interview with its editor. "I shall tell to newsagent not to send it any more. tunately. you have plenty more poems. 11 y you can send them to npapef-taHio. mpg-n whose editors have more serine." Aa if to vindicate Faith's belief in as a class came a bulky packet by that nigh1 post. It was "The Mangle." returned an absence of only a month. The secOrL. disappointment turned to triumph when Fa1 read from a printed slip of paper that f0 unheeded to the floor: "The editor regrets that he is unable to make use of enclosed M.S., for the kind off of which he is grateful.' So the poet was recognised, and, though his work was not accepted, the editor of high-class magazine took the trouble to writ ar,d thank hitn. "You must send it somewhere else," sal., Faith, and that same evening "The Mangle was re-launchea.. Spring came—a bitter, cruel spring. 0 basest mood, and the Poet sang its praise. His hair grew long, the slight slope Sllgge tive of many hours a day spent at a ies" grew more pronounced, and the cuff of h1* coat grew ragged. Still, the Poet struggleC on, appreciated by none but Faith. Summer came, breathless and scorching' turning the thoughts of, men to sea and river" Even the Poet wavered in his voluntary tas}{' The two pages an evening dropped to one, tIle one page to a column, and the column to veree or even a couplet. He had exhausted every available subject, and, though he h?1 scarcely touched the edge of available, magazines, the cost of more than a score Of manuscripts drifting continually homeward" and outwards was telling on the somewb. straitened household. Baby is looking ill, dear," said Eait^ "Would it not be well to leave the poet" alone till after the holidays? You, too. watl rest and chan&e." So the Poet rested, and for the first time itJ his life read the work of other peare, Longfellow, Browning, and some Ile had not even heard of. When the Poet returned to town he wrote no more poetry, nor did he attempt to dispOse of that already written excepting when ¡;gJt- ing a fire. Hi> application to business becaC1^ so remarkable ^uat Messrs. Grab and Sw^3, discharged their elderly managing clerk a0 £ promoted him to his pla<fb and half Y salary. In the City he is regarded as a risilag man, and. amongst her confidential frieO^ Faith refers to his employers as his partnei*'
THE BIRMINGHAM WATEp SCHEME.
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THE BIRMINGHAM WATEp SCHEME. The Birmingham Water Committee, at theit meeting on Friday, determined to propose tD the next meeting of the city council that All application should be made to Parliame^ next session for extended powers for the carll" pletion of the Elan Valley Waterworks. 'T11 time for completion under the Act of 1^1 will expire on the 27th of June next year, afl^ as it will be impossible to complete the work by that date, an application to Parliament for an extension of the time is ziecessary.. A(ivql" tage will be taken of the occasion to 0bt. the sanction of Parliament to the abando11 ment of certain works authorised under tto old Act, but found to be unnecessary, ard substitution of others in certain cases. of these variations are of particular iinpol" tance, but their general effect will 1 a saving on the entire scheme, which it k- been found possible to advantageously in certain cases. The committee are forward to obtaining the water supply in 19¡¡'" though the entire completion of the gc "ewe will be at a considerably later date.
NEW CEMETERY FOR THEDEGA#-
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NEW CEMETERY FOR THEDEGA#- The cemetery at Cefn Goleu, which served Tredegar for upwards of 50 ye3,1^ having become filed the district council pose providing a new one on the opposite s1■ of the road. The estimated cost is £ 2.000, Mr. A. A. G. Malet, A.M.I.C.E., on Friday 11C ¡¡" an inquiry on behalf of the Local Gove 0 ment Board into the application of llt- council for sanction to borrow that a Oti The area of the proposed new cemetery be five acres, two acres of which wi11 tlJlI consecrated to the uses of the members 01 5 Established Church of the district, two a_ir £ V; and a half will be set apart for geOi burials, and half an acre will be devotel u the interment of inhabitants of the 0 Catholic persuasion.—Mr. W. C. Widdo^ the council's surveyor, submitted plaOs^er estimates, and Dr. G. A. Brown (medical of of health) spoke of the absolute necessi of health) spoke of the absolute necolm.iti the provision of a new cemetery for thotld trict. The water supply of the district- tjje in no way be affected by the draina £ e 0 -gcv- proposed new burial-ground.—The evi- Eichard Jones (rector of Bedwellty) £ aV dence as to the granting of the necessary by the commoners. The inspector V1S1 u(j • site of the proposed new cemetery, a report will be presented in due