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BRITISH BIRDS. o

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BRITISH BIRDS. o G.-SEA-BIRDS, By THE REV. F. 0. MORRIS, M.A., Author of A History of British Birds." +. pur British sea-birds maybe said to corn- jttlse the gulls, terns, petrels, auks, cormo- £ MDts, divers, and representatives of other [families but those mentioned above are kertainly most in evidence, and certainly furnish abundant material for a single paper. THE BLACK-HEADED GULL. Qf the many species of gulls which are Vtind on our coasts, probably the Lest known r-- .1 BLACK-THaOATID DlVkU. is the black-headed or laughing gull. During the winter it might almost be called the jflrhite-headed gull, for, with the exception of a "tlnsky patoh behind the eye, it is completely ),hite. The dark colour appears to be assumed again in the spring very rapidly; the feathers are not shed, but their colour is changed. In a bird kept in the gardens of the Zoological Society, the metamorphosis was begun on the 11th of March and com- pleted in five days. In spring and rammer these birds dwell by marshes, rivers, lakes and ponds, and for the remainder of the year resort to the sea-shore and the mouths of the large rivers. Many must leave the country in the autumn, and return again in the spring, the numbers of those seen in the latter season and the summer being very great. Their flight is easy, noiseless, and buoyant, and they sometimes hover for a short time over their prey, and then dash on it into the water. They feed on small fish and insects, cock- chaffers, mayflies,, beetles, and moths, as also on slugs, worms, shrimps, and other orustacea, and if need be on water plants. They almost always follow the course of a stream, and in winter advance up rivers in the morning going downwards again towards night. In the spring, months they resort towards ploughed lands*-followed the plough in quest of worms and insects; and in summer repair to water. The note is a hoarse cackle cack, cack, cack, cack, which has been likened to a laugh, whence one of the trivial names of the birds. Where large numbers dwell together a great din is produced. This pretty looking bird resorts to fenny districts and the sides of pools and inland waters and their islands to breed, and vast multitudes congregate together for the purpose, as well both near the sea as further from it, and on the lands adjoining the sea itself, if low and marshy. The nest is fiat, and is a composition of grass Íl the tops of reeds and sedge placed in a tuft of rushes or other herbage. The eggs lire two or three in number and vary ex- ceedingly in colour and markings; some are light blue, others yellowish, and others green, red, or brown. The eggs are valued as food, and in some places breeding sites are formed. THE SKUA OR rInATE GULL. When birds are shot down and their nestS robbed mercilessly, and when, in addition, their nests are close together and easily discovered, there is a very great danger of their becoming extinct. This has been the case with the skua for some years past, and, if not more jsirictly preserved, we may expect in a very few years to lose another interesting member (Df our British 'fauna. Its breeding place is on the island of Foula, in Shetland, and the number of birds is annually becoming less .and less. They may be considered as a sort of H sea-ha wk," feeding on fish, together with small birds and eggs. Not always taking the trouble to fish for themselves, they watch a gull fishing, and when successful, descend on jiim, and make him disgorge his hardgotten Jjrey, and seize it ere it reaches the water. T-SNXS, OR SEA SWALLO-VS. The name tern is derived from the habit the bird has of turning in the remarkable manner it does when pouncing on its prey. bTerns are true birds of the air, ard pleasant kU is to watch them, as each and everyone of (the tribe, floating, falling, rising, sailing, turning, diving in the kindred element whose rghtness they almost seem to equal, One of V— .I COMMON CORMORANT. I the prettiest of these "sea swallows is the >ommon tern, found in large numbers on the JXMisfc from Cape Wrath to Land's End, It Seems to be partially migratory arriving m [various parts of the country in April, May, ^nd leaving ag^Q by September 9t October. it migrates by day, and, it is said, travels slowly, All the varied movements of the "sea swallow" in flight are performed with that striking ease and grace whioh are charac- teristic of these birds, whether on a calm summer day when the clouds float lazily along on the wings of the Western wind-their gleaming whiteness between the observer and the deep blue sky-the glassy surface of the sea shimmering in the sun is broken only by the leaping of the shoals of fish over which the terns hover, or later in the waning year, when the Winds their reVt Is keep The graccrul terris skim o'r the heaving deep, Like winged fleets that elfin hands might frame Or hang in clusters round the headlands steep. Their food consists of small sea-fish, and, in fresh water, of minnows and any other small kinds. They sometimes pursue the gulls and make them drop what they have caught for themselves, and then seize it before it reaches the water. They also capture inseots, running in pursuit of them on the ground. The tern contents itself with a slight hollow scratched either in the bare sand, gravel, rocks, or grass, a little of the latter forming a lining, by the seashore or mouths of rivers. Great numbers build together, and the nests are so closely contiguous that it is hardly possible to avoid walking upon them. The eggs, two or th ee in number, are subject to almost more endless variety than those of the gulls before mentioned. Colours and shades of white, green,brown, blue, and yel- low, blotched and spotted with grey and brown, are the most common. Of the other species of sea-swallows the most abundant in Britain are the roseate, Arctic, lesser and black terns. THE STORMY FETRELS. This is the smallest web-footed bird known and has received its name of petrel from its habit of skimming the water. This tiny sea- bird, ever on the wing, as well in the serenest as in the most tempestuous weather, finds equally its home in each and every quarter of the globe. Away in the north, a thousand miles from land, the petrel care -re along the driving drift, and revels in the advance of the coming storm. Now, it flits round and round, poises for a moment on its sooty wings, and next is hid behind the brow of a rolling wave. Now, the petrel follows in the wake of some gallant ship sailing on in mis- taken security, and on a sudden a white squall sweeps across her course, and in an instant she is upset, founders, and she goes down among the gurgling waves. Still the petrel flits and flies on with untired wing. Now the little bird flickers forward in the calm stillness of t OS HATE TtiEN. the tropics; but she will not stay long, for it seems as though her very existence de- pended on the storms and hurricanes of the north. Wild is the scene on many a winter's evening: The sky scowls and low winds whirl and wheel about in uncertain eddies, all be- tokening a savage outburst of the fury of the elements; but while other sea-birds scuttle off to seek shelter, if any may be found, the wee petrel still stays and awaits the utmost violence of the storm. Sailors, always prone to superstition, deem Mother Gary's chickens to foretell a storm, but, as well might they ourse the midnight lighthouse that guides them on their watery way, or the buoy that warns them of the sunken rocks below, as this homeless wanderer, whose manner informs them of the approach of the storm, and enables them to prepare for it. These birds rise with difficulty from the SABIXHSGCt.L. ground, owing to the great length of their I wing, and run along some distance before they can get fairly under weigh. They use their hooked bills to assist them in climbing. They fly swiftly, and in the most buoyant and light manner imaginable, and are often skimming from the top of one wave to another, dipping the water in search of or to pick up food- hovering for the moment with upraised wings. They are able to swim, but seldom alight for the purpose. The food of these tiny water-birds consists of crustacea and mullusca generally, and small fishes and eat- able things of any kind that come in their way. They often keep company with ships for many days, possibly for the sake of some little shelter afforded, but more probably to secure stray morsels, either thrown over as waste or purposely cast to them by those on board. Wher: engaged with their nests they utter a very peculiar purring or buzzing sound, broken every now and then by a click," also towards evening a frequent shrill whistling sound. Their voices may be heard towards evening, under the stones, at a depth of three or four feet, where they breed on the beach, distinctly singing a sort of warbling chatter. The stormy petrel nesis in rabbit burrows, crevices of rocks, holes in cliffs at a great height abce the sea, and among loose stones. The single egg is white and of an oval shape, and frequently sur- rounded about the base with a ring of faint rusty spots. Recently hatched young birds have been found as late as October 30. AUKS. The gulls and their kindred, the skuas, shearwaters, and terns, and many of the petrels, are equally at home on land and water. The birds whose habits are about to be desoribed are essentially birds of the ocean, being rarely (save at breeding time) seen away from that element, The beat known of these oldlful mariners is the little auk, a bird not muoh larger than the song-thrush of our ffwaenii Xbo little auk, or rotchie, is alto. gether devoted to a life on the ocean wave," where alone it is at home. During the greater part of the year it never quits the mighty deep, either in storm or calm, though sometimes the tremendous gales of the North are too much for this hardy bird to struggle against. But except in such extremities, the little auk surmounts with ease the summit of the highest wave, or meeting it as it advances, dives through its crest and emerges safely on the other side to pursue its course over the watery waste. True birds of the ocean, these auks usually keep to deep sea-water, and approach the shore only during bad weather. They have, however, been noticed on occasion, on fresh-water lochs in Orkney. Their flight is swift, at a low- elevation on land they are able to walk about with ease. When diving they have been noticed to remain under water for fully two minutes. Their food is composed chiefly of small crustacea, and molluscs together with diminutive fishes. The note of this interesting little bird is a pretty chirrup or pipe, partly plaintive and partly lively; it resembles the syllables t y" and eye" frequently re- peated, especially when engaged in nesting. J he shelter of a ohance stone on the earth or rock in some precipitous spot, from whence it can readily drop into the water, or take flight, is all that the little auk thinks it necessary to seek or provide in the shape of a nest, unless some cavernous hollow presents itself, and this, if suitable, will be taken advantage of by several individuals. The egg of this small sea-bird is of a uniform pale bluish- green, occasionally spotted with rust colour. It is oval in shape with obtuse ends. Several birds build in company, often numbering a hundred pairs. The great auk has for some years been an extinct bird and is chiefly interesting on account of the great value of its eggs; as much as one hundred and sixty guineas having been given for a single specimen t an auction in London. THE CoitxroitANT. The cormorant is a bird of almost universal distribution and belongs to each of the four quarters of the globe. It is also accommo- dating in the situations it frequents, and makes itself equally at home on sea or land, in barren and rocky shores, in the most lonely wilderness, rivers, and lakes, fresh-water and salt. On land the cormorant is dull and heavy, and is only seen to advantage on the water. They will roost indiscriminately on rocks or high trees, houses, or other buildings or logs of floating timber. They now and then follow the course of a river for several miles inland, both by flying and swimming. When taken young the cormorant is readily tamed and may then be trained to catch fish for its owner, the precaution being first taken of placing a ring round the neck of the bird to prevent it swallowing its captures. Nothing is more interesting than to see a cormorant fishing, so well does he swim, and so quickly does he dive. There he is, long and low in the water, like a pirate craft, and equally swift for his size. To pursue is to capture, and to overtake is death. Now he raises his body, and down and onwards he plunges, as if making a somersault; you cannot help but look with iiterest for his re-appearance, and on a sudden he starts up after a lengthened dive—a fish you may be almost sure he has. The cormorant in common with o!her sea- birds is shot only with difficulty-divilig on the flash aud re-appearing far oat of gun- shot. As already mentioned it feeds on fisb, diving and pursuing them under the water with the greatest ease. If the cormorant in turn be chased by a boat, it disgorges th,i fish it may have in its gullet, and some of these are of such a size lI, must tax to the upmost the capacity of the bird to swallow them. It builds a large nest of sticks and sea-weed on a low rocky island, and the eggs, three or four in number, are pale bluish, and of an oblong shape, rather small for the idze of the bird. THE Pivjuis. The divers, of which there are thre, 13; itish species, are generally to be found on the open sea, but occasionally in winter on lakes and open sheets of water in the north of England. The one which commands most attention is the Great Northern diver, a bird as large and twice as powerful as a goose. They are very shy in their natural habits, but nevertheless have been kept in confinement when well supplied with water. They are courageous as well as powerful, and the blows that they are able to give are formidable for their size and strength. Montagu mentions one which was kept for some months in a pond and became extremely docile, coming at a call from the pond and eating from the hand. If suddenly alarmed these birds have the power of sinking the body below the watar, the head and neck alone being extant. When diving for food a minute appears to ba the usual length of time they remain below; but one while being pur- sued was observed to remain between the surface nine minutes. 'J heir rate of swim- ming is from six to nine miles an hour. From their great size and weight they have a diffi- culty in rising from the ground or surface of the water, but when on the wing are very speedy. These birds have an enormous appe- tite, the number of fishfs they destroy being almost incalculable, and on this account their room is desired by fishermen more than their company. The nest is placed close to the water's edge, so as to admit of an immediate retreat, if necessary, to that element. The eggs, two in number, are of a darker olive brown, with a few spots of a dark shade, or black. Both male and female take turn m sitting on the eggs, and when the young are hatched continue an equal and watchful care over them as long as it is required.

ESCAPE OF A TIGER,

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