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yfiKITISH ASSOCIATION av»A"NrSEA. ( Continuedfrnm our hrst.) y! Sir H. S. D- L1 Berhe read a.ptper on the Geology of oortions 01 South Wales. Gloucestershire, and Somer- setshire." Mr. Benson then read "A short description of the :ph- tive position of the various qualities of coal in Sooth Waies COIl fields Tla. varieties of coal found in the mineral basin of South Wiles may be divided under three character* 1. The Bi turn in us-tlie small of which win coke. 2. The Free-Burning—thesmall af which will not coke,? but winch burns with great rapidity, and a considerable volum" of flame. y. The Anthracite, or stone coal. Bat these three i rincipal characters of the coals of South a.es are not distinctly marked in their extent or limits; is in the same vein of co*l there is often a gradual change tntm the bituminous to the fre«-baming; so between the tree-burning and stone-coal en the north side of the basin is a considerable extent of culms, which iodine the free- ournmg quality of emitting fume, are still without the value and proportions of carbon of the true stone-oal. The accompanying man Tins been coloured merely with The accompanying man Tins been coloured merely with the view of illtistratin,- the position and extent of each quality of coal, as likely to be interesting to non-resident members of the Association. I n a district of the extent of the Welsh coal- field, where faults and anticlinal lines have materially shifted portions •ot wems from their original positions and of which so hree jt^proportion is yet unworked.it would be impossible to describe exactly the quantity of each vein of coal. I. therefore produce the map as affording only a .r. n.-rat cuH.ne of, at the same time I believe the description to be sufficiently accurate for the object desired. Yellow describes the bituminous coal, and, as a general ^Se„dTribe<i hi*h,y bituSoui ,on the south crop, gradually becoming less so as the veins approach the north. Thus in the five feet vein which has been exten!!ively worked in the neiJOthbourhood ot nmfj I ue south 8,<le ,he vein wa« 1'izhly bitumi- "f "womil«. "° r'Se free'burninS with»" a distance 1vtolihthJeU(7 mkrS *1^ ,he Pink' 80 the coalsgradual- ly thf Thirty «f coking In close ovens. Manv of adapted tCr 8 v°ng'-We11 a^aPted- perhaps better t and in »K 7!re brtu,n°us» for smelting purposes, Ply for the hla'gf f°Urhood-°f Merthyr« form l'le chief sup- or tt fc ^n?ces>rr.I,lcl! they are either used The niitlr 'fiJT ls.coa ln tbe °Pen air for use. winch ^ELJNJFJF Purer,8.orts « free-burning coal, •<outainlne!somp n P» for ™eh'n* purposes than when l tr«o of thp«JnnePor.tlon of the hi uminous quality. The iu eaL^ t PreKerTcd f°r marine «eam engines from Its readiness rf corubustion, and the absence of clink- erli in the ¡1;rate. -drawn'Lwhff "ap ,^as coloured my attention was not free-burnina coal" th,rouSh the basin which the Llanvenneph r t0 government contracts, viz., •nd Aberdare, ar^placed'. Brind°Wy' Resolven' 1*wC^hew«ethee"bt,r"'ng Cr°a'' tfle P'1 merging into POg,,non, 0,f vfrious cu,.ms» before we -near Hirwain hiit i? whilst the last, which commences ■true an hracTi; nntilT n0t appfar t0 attain the quality of ,he Ne*,h «Pmar to ronfef""0- thf re,?aininf? portion of coal would aKe of vXlen,irely,°f anthracite and culms. The "tion to the nmhiM j'1 ln- l',at district attracts atten- ~.i *« £ :fe,l''g,! F°r'io"°' ,he on the'eas^ancHC "IT3*?!the Coal he,d between Pontypool s"a woukl form ™ e,ly; ,?ere crops merge in the proportions Z,ia °f 750 1?uare mile*> °f which the coaFaTfree coal TMT t0^~c?Y^ coal, smelting •Wclusiv^ftf »HA P' I! I F- • 2-45; stone coal, 2-15; The remaiJdefoS portion of the coal-field, the coalTnd th/nlt PrPf re.ferred to t,le direction of Xillybebill After^U"d 0n the nor,h croP of •!» Ckw^^S2"V?eBTli7 Hof^ •i0 that he ventnr»i i L concluded by stating, that they would leadlo th suggestion8 with the hope the cause he d,scovery of a true solution of a of Cannel Coal found in a vein of common Bitu. minous Coal." Beeche' Sje Vlr rTquest of Sir "e"ry De la respectinge.xceetJm?'y interesting information Wales, and al«n\lijtlCS • Mineral Basin of South was written 25ft „ ad Coplo"S e?,'racts fro«> a paper which was wrttten 200 lears ago by a Welsitman, named George Owen, who was Lord of Cemaes, in Pembrokeshire. The given bv him of 8t y f Wr'ler* and 'be description ous ve-tJnoin i cour*e of the minerals, with the vari- the views takelThl,0nSr formed a strong confirmation of Mr. Benson • y,e.m,nent geologists in the present day. South Wales Ra n b,s Pa.Per'aken the gross area ot the few vears In-n^1*1? Mi,!eral!i at 750 square miles. A each sauare mll^r" ^?r".n h ,d stated tI,at the contents of coal filr I!], be estimated at 61,000,000 tons of Saremif«TU0n: fnd takir'8 the gross a^ea at 100 the nmoT.nt f y wo"ld have for the purposes of life the if th,T mnltL?1^,y u hundred millions of tons. But estimated^ on amount by 7j-to arrive at the whole amitaT Mintain 1,1 s<luare miles—the indeed M? R av^,Iab[e for exhaustion would be great was ll l .f the,n referred to the rate at which coal tbe ^esent day- Sir Jolln Guest used 1,400 inc dav= iPeV^y/^1',ch bein^ multiplied by 300 work- in a vlar «r? tons as the quantity used by him mineral k • 1-n *ere already within the confines of this basin log blast furnaces for smelting iron those furnilces produced 550,000 tons of iron a year; the coal 1 111 sme't,nK t'"1 quantity of iron amounted at iC j the coPPer works consumed about 200,000 le tm works about 150,000 tons the shipments irom different ports were—from Newport, 600,000 tons; from Cardilf 550.000 tuns; from Neath and Swansea, upwards of 500,000 tons; and from Llanelly, 100.000 tons; agricultural and domestic purposes consumed 750,000 tons, forming an exhausting process of about •.«J50,000 tons per year. If, then, tliey took the area of coal available for exhaustion at only 100 square miles, and estimated the amount to be obtMned at only the trl. ftittg quantity of 61 millions of tons, the supply would meet the demand at the present rate of consumption for 1409 years to come. Lord Northampton hoped Mr. Boker would, on Mon- attend the Statistical Section, and communicate to them tbe valuable d lta be bad that morning laid before this Section. SECTION D.-ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY. 44 (Sr;,Th2mas ^ams' M.D., of Swansea, read a paper „r.e structure and Functions ot the Branchial Organs tne Annalidoe and Crustacea." Professor Owen read a paper On the development and I • j be teeth in the Kangaroos; and on the homo- au,»noVnon ot lh.e tee,h in Mamalia." Likewise a paper On the eustachian tubes in the crocodiles." ,wei^ "On a peculiarity in Protococcus fl '.8' ,byJW- Moggridge, Esq.; "On vegetable mon- ••Mtties, by E. Lancaster, Esq., M.D., F.R.S.; and Esq 00 development of Pollen," by A. Henfrey, SECTION F.-STATtsTtCF. By Joseph Fletcher, barrister-at-Iaw—M Statistics of Srttany and the Bretons." By Col. Sykes, V.R.P.S. Statistics of the legal affairs of the Government of Bengal." Statistic&eSa0r e"—" Cwtfributions to Academical SECTION G.—MECHANICAL SCIENCE. « at tl,is Sect«o«» were by Mr. J. Glynn, .J1?". Pressure engines." Bv Mr. F. Wishaw, un the V elocentimeter, with its applications." The lecturer produced numerous specimens of gutta percha in t raape.of thread, cord pipes, bands, constable's staves, Sticks, vlnna ink«.L i • i i r -.—, ineuaiuons, snieias, water buckets, Mercotype plate, and almost every thing. He explained Ae nature of gutta pemha-the concrete juice of a large tree in Borneo, obtained by the Meiays. Its introduction onto this country was purely accidental- Dr. Montgomery having transmitted the first specimen to the Society of 'ritS c" to which Mr. Wishaw himself was secretary. I he first articles made of it were shown in 1844, consisting I a, atbem band, a short pipe, and a bottle case, which he had made by his own nand, having softened the sub- stance by immersion in hot water. Cast iron medals and surgical instruments also shewn at the time attracted much attention. I t was also adopted for commercial uses, and trom that petiod till July, 1848, nearly 700 tons had been imported for the Gutta Percha Company. Mr. Kene, cBemet to-the company, had shewn that it was not a sim- ple ear bo-hydrogenous substance, but in its ordinary state there were at teast in it distinct materials besides a metallic proportion of sulphur. Under the influence of heat and pressure, gutta percha would spread to a certain extent, especially if mixed with foreign substances. In its pure state, gutta pereha was an excellent non-conductor of electricity. Mr. J. Scott Russell then proceeded with the improve- ments which had been made in Steam Navigation, which ■«e explained by appropriate diagrams. The tint great improvement that had been made was in the boilers. For- merly the boiler flues were constructed of great length, so "tiist the STioke was kept winding round and round in the Hues, and at last was allowed to escape with diffi.culty. Now, however, they had adopted the plan of getting as much fire as possible in the shortest space of time, and this had been accomplished by imitating as nearly as they could the locomotive engine boiler, by having tubes of thin metal, which would evaporate a ranch greater quantity of •water in the same time as flues of the u*u*l thickness; now also, instead of taking the smoke a long dance as in the old fashion, they used short flues of four to six feet in length, and by having a great many of as thin metal as possible they heated the greatest quantity of water, and had the additional advantage of keeping the metal cool; in consequence of which, a boiler of smaller extent and surface was of much greater efficiency, with less weight of metal. The next point of improvement was in the engine, in the construction of which, however, there had been less change than in other matters. The former Beon engine had been changed for the direct erection engine, which was of vario«i« kinds; but the greatest change which had Yn mad? within thela«t ten years consisted in the em- ployment of greater quantifies of wrought iron in the con- struction of the engines, instead of the mass of cast iron .i""u L wa* the °'jy chaiige for tne Halifax steamers, fitted up with the old fashioned lever enziotea. It was only within the last ten years that tbey had adopted this principle, the effect of was, that instead of coiaplrtcly filling the cylinder with stc.sm, they tilled it emly to the ctten t .;f one-tourth, 411.1 oiitainei*. ¡ a volune of steam, not of course of equal density, but by which they got two-thirds of the work done, and at one-fourth ttoe cost. The next iinprnve- ment had been made in paddles, not so much perhaps in the wheel itself, for lie was still inclined in favour ot the P^d«il«»-wl»eil, although tor short voyages he admitted advantage of the feather paddle which had been advo- eated by Mr. Price at their meeting som-years ago, and 4w bad then opposed him, but of this by .ittd.tiyf, the fcreat improvement which 'lid been made being the driving the paddle-vhcels tiistff. They had an old maxim, and a most important one, which was, whereas a good old horse going 21 miles all hour could not draw more than 200 tf-t P* r m)n"tf. and that as of, <'e'n) fngine was only a sub stitu'e or ho and rr ckoned as so Hi ich horse power, it t>ij|:ht not go a ser than 'IK miles per Iwur.. and this on* Wing had kept them hack fur half a century. "Me did not Wein that the result should be faster th .n 21 miles per ""ur» th it the pistcn s iou!d nut rise u.> .mil down ;n !jl '^er taster than "2J mites an 1 o ••, w Heii was only in a second, while the motion ot steam was l:tOu •<t iii a sccoiid. Fortuna'fl)-, however, i^is old nvixm oeenatyaiidQ led, «nd (lie pi-'on now mo^ed from 2 •»'). « k!"ri el lu,nute; an'' he k'-ew no reason why 8 u'(' 'V" attain the r.tte ot .*> • ;>r tins iuiprovemrrt Hey wer„- md bted to no new pau^i|>lt-, but to the i| ptu a tion of mathematical principles of science. He now cime to another great improvement, which WHS the change in the formation of which had been ra(iical; he meant the entire alteration in the form "f ships. A fe.v vears ago steam vessel which would go 10 or 12 miles an liour were deemed fltst ships now, however we had at- tained a much higher rate ot speed. Vessels were then built on the old fashioned piinciple that the water line should be nearly straight, and that the run of the vessel should be a line. and that there should never be a hollow line, except a little in the run of the ship, but that there most certainly should not be any hollow line in the bow, for there it should be straight or a little convex. Re- searches and inquiries were, however, made by a Com- mittee of the British Association as to the form of bow which would enable the vessel to go fastest through the water. These inquiries lasted for years, and they es- I tablished, by a series of experiments, a set of very curious facts. Formerly, every builder of ships had his notio.. of proportion, viz., that the length should be four times the I breadth; others, that it should be 41 or 5, and some went so far as to say that the length should be six times the breadth, but these were deemed innovations; so that, al- though the proportions of width as compared with breadth were said to be fixed ones, yet strarigley enoucr:; every one differed as to those proportions. Another question was, what part of the vessel should have the greatest width, and it was generally thought that the greatest width should be nearest the bow. Some daring persons had. however, put it back as far as the centre ot the ship. This was, how- ever, the exception, and not the rule. Then there was another great principle, which was, that the bow and stern should balance each other, that is, that the ves- sel should be equally balanced; but the new rules which the British Association had established were as fol- lows :-Tlu-y began by upsetting the old rule with respect to the proportions which the length should bear to the breadth, and showed that the greater the speed required the greater should be the length, and that the vessel snould be built merely of the breadth necessary to enable the engines to be put in, and to stow the requisite cargo. Then the second great improvement made bv them was, that the greatest width of water line, instead of being befere the middle, should be abaft the middle of the vessel, and in fact, two-fifths from the stern and three-fifths from the bow. The next great improvement was, that instead of having the bow broad and bluff, or a cod's head bow, for the purpose of rising over the wave, that you might leave hollow water lines, or what were called wave lines from their particular form. and with that form the vessel would be propelled with less power and greater velocity and also that instead of keeping to the old line run abaft and cutting it away, you might with great advantage have a bluff line abaft, provided it was fine near the water. Thus by these improvements the form of the old vessel was pretty nearly reversed, to the great annoyance of the old school; by which plan the steamers were givpn large and commodious cabins and after-holds, instead of having cabins so pinched in that you could hardly stand in them. Another heresy, introduced by the British Assocition, was, that the principle as to the balance of the stern and the bow, upon which they now rested, was founded in a most singular, error; they left out something which was very material; they concluded that the wave acted equally on both ends of the vessel in striking it, but they did not take into consideration the impossibility of this, not having taken into calculation the velocity of the wave or of the vessel, and that from this circumstance the concussion from a wave stricking the bow would be a most powerful one, while it could not be so within the stern because, if the velocity or the wave meeting it was fifteen miles, the shock would be as of thirty miles; and, therefore, it be- came most plain that the bow should give the least resis- tance to the wave. He had examined all the fastest steamers which had accomplished fifteen to seventeen miles an hour—and in smooth water eighteen miles an hour-and he would venture to state that there was not one of them which accomplished from fifteen to seventeen miles an hour which had not all these alterations in every particular, and that the wave form and wave principle was now adopted by all the great steam-ship builders, and that all the fast steam-boats had what was called the wave bow. Now, of the eight boats on the Holyhead and Dublin sta- tions, if examined, it would be found that all were built on these principles, although in some of them there was still left a little of the old principle, some of the boats being made a little thicker and more straight; and if any one would look at one of these boats, it would be perceived that the moment they moved the very wave itself rebelled against them, dashed against their bows, and that conse- quently they were slower than any of the others. Mr. Joseph Price said that as his name had been men- tioned, he rose to say that he agreed with Mr. Russell in all that he had adduced. He rose, as it might be said, to endorse his bills. There was, however, one mode of steam navigation—one mode of propulsion to which he had not alluded, he meant the mode of propulsion by the screw pro- peller. He would, therefore, mention that they had built a little vessel called the Neath Abbey, which plied from Neath to Bristol, a distance of upwards of sixty miles, and which had only 2-12 inch cylinders-in fact a mere toy, of course using high steam. Now she could walk round the Hereford, which had two forty horse-power engines— the working her upon the high pressure steam principle necessarily increased the speed of the piston—with these engines they had stepped out of the old track. They had not adopted the American plan of a high pressure engine and piffing of the steam, but of a high pressure engine without piffing of the steam, and without using a drop of cold water. He confessed that when this plan was pro- posed by his younger coadjutors, he, as one of the old fashioned, hesitated, but at length consented. The Neath Abliey had a screw-propeller with three blades, which were immersed under the water—her propeller being about 31 feet in diameter. The vessel is built in the best form, allowing sufficient breadth for her engines. The 2-12 inch cylinders are placed diagonally, and slung up by wrought iron beams, and they lay hold of one crank pin like the hands ot two men working at a grind-stone. Mr. Price made several additional apposite observations on the sub- ject. Mr. J. C. Dennis read an interesting paper on the re- flecting circle, more particularly in reference to an instru- ment for the purpose of measuring regular distances and so great is the accuracy required in instruments of this kind, that it is necessary to distinguish to the 5940th part of an inch. The smallest error of construction, therefore, produces a serious error in the observation and to render the construction more perfect, the following suggestion is made:—Instead of attaching the circle (technically called an arc) to the parts which support it, let the whole be cast in one piece, and then placed, polised or divided, to suit the purposes of modern astronomy. At four o'clock, the Ordinary took place at the Assembly Rooms, which was attended by about 100 gentlemen. On this occasion, the chair was taken by Sir Henry Dc la Beche, and the vice-chair by Starling Benson, Esq. From the Ordinary, the members repaired to Singleton, the seat of our esteemed J. H. Vivian, Esq., M.P., to witness Lieut. Carte's rocket experiments, which were seen to great advantage in front of the house, and produced a thrilling effect amidst the trees. SATURDAY. On this day the weather was tolerably fine, which enabled parties to make, according to arrangement, excursions to the various attractive localities in the neigh- bourhood and visit the extenoive manufactories of the place. The works and manufactories accessible and gra- tuitously opened for the members on the occasion were— The Potteries of Messrs. Dillwyn and Co. The Copper Ore Yards on the Banks of Swansea River. The Warlick Patent Fuel Company (by special order)." r The Hafod Copper Works and Rolling Mills of Messrs. Vivian and Sons. The Middle Bank Copper Works and Spelter Rolline Mills of Messrs. Greenfel. The Chemical Works of Messrs. James and Son. The Zinc Works of Messrs. Vivian and Sons. The Colleries of the Swansea Coal Company. The Tin Works of Messrs. Parsons. The Ystalyfera Iron Works; J. P. Budd, Esq. The Anthracite Colleries of Abercrave and Cwm Twrch. The Yniscedwin Iron works of P. M. Crane, Esq.; and The Briton Ferry Iron Rolling Mills. The places selected for the excursions were up the Swansea Valley; Cerrig Cenen Castle; the ValeofTawe; the Caves and Waterfalls of Llan-yr-Ogof, in the limestone hill of Cribbath; the Waterfdt of Ischoed-yr-Henrhyd; the Lamb and Flajt, and the Caves and Cliffs of Gower Singleton Abbey, and Penellergare. ELECTRICITY A MOTIVK POWER FOR VESSBLS.—One of the most interesting of the excursions was that to Penel- lergare, the mansion of J. D. Llewellyn, Esq., about five miles from Swansea. The boat, which was impelled by the electrical current, was the principal object of attrac- tion. It was not constructed for the purpose, but was the boat ordinarily used on the lake for pleasure ^purposes, capable of conveying six persons, and the construction of which is due to J. D. Llewellyn, Esq. (the host of this scientific party), and to our talented countryman Mr. B. Hill. A reference to a similar attempt made some years since in a far distant country (Russia), may prove not un- acceptable to such of our readers as feel an interest in the history of scientific pursuits—in watching the successive steps by which men's minds progress in the cause of im- provement :— In 1838 Professor Jacobi of St. Petersburg, at the ex- pense of an imperial commission, tried the grand experi- ment of propelling a boat by the agency of electro-mag- netism. The vessel was a ten oared shallop, equipped with paddle-wheels, to which rotary motion was given by means of an electro-magnetic engine. The boat was 24 feet long by seven and a half feet beam, and drew two or three-quarters feet of water. In general there were 12 or 14 persons on board. The voyage on the Neva was con- tinued during entire days. The then difficulty of managing the batteries and the imperfect construction of the engine were sources of frequent interruption, and could not be well remedied on the spot After these difficulties were in some degree removed, the Professor gives us the result of his experience, that a battery of 20 square feet of surface of platinum, five will produce a power equivalent to one steam horse power; he hoped, however, to be able to ob- tain the same amount of power with half the amount of battery power (a surface). The vessel went at the rate of four miletl per hour, which is certainly more than was done by the first" little boat propelled by steam. In 1839 Jacobi tried another experiment in the same boat, the engine being the same, and which occupied but little space; it was worked by a battery of fit pairs ot pla- tinum plates, each having 36 square inches of surface (this battery, it must be observed, being only one-fifth the size of the one previously employed in the experiments of 1838), and was charged, according to Professor Grove's plan, with concentrated nitric and sulphuric acids. The boat attained an average speed of three miles per hour, with some 12 or 13 persons on board.- The following is a description of the electro-motive power used at Penellegern. It consists of a stationary electro-magnet of a rectangular form, the ends of which are about ten inches apart. Around this magner there are coiled about 800 yards of covered copper wire (No. 15 guage) in one continuous coil. The ends of this wire are in connection W:t'1 Grove's battery of eight platina ptate* Nith double zincs, each platina being about six tnehes square, or exposing altogether eight square feet of platina in the w'io!e battery. The rotating magnet is made of two pieces of soft iron '■velded in the middle (each piece being ten inches in length), so as to form four radii or arms, around each of which wi re coiled 50 yards of covered copper wire, which terminated in two circles ot copper, each circle being inslI- hited fr.itti the othf-r. and divided into two equ.il parts. These circles are acted upon by two springs connected with the battery above referred to; the division in con- nection with the rotating being at such a point that the division and the pole of the rotating maiwrt shall coincide with the p-<le of the stationary magnet; inasmuch as inng- lets ot the polarity epcl eaeh other, and magnets of a eintrary polarity attract each other, it is evdfnt that at ach revolution of the magnet the polarity is ehanyd, cou- equently a continuous rotary motion is ubtained. By i action i f the rotating magnet on a screw pro- peller, by moans of a cog wheel at,. ch. d to the axie ot the rotating m igr.et, and another who. I on the axle of the s;rew propeller, the boat was pllt in motion. This b, at -bl,- of carrying seven person. but on this o<casionj 3 ,.ot w Ire than five were in at one tim WiAa this carg ] the speed at which it was propejled was miles an h ui -a speed some of our readers may think not very great. but it must b? recollected that. the boat w is not constructed for fast sailing. The contrivance for recovering the motion and s'npping the same, is most complete, ^nd may thus be described A circle of copper is divided into eight equal parts, and placed at three quarters of an inch apart, each of which is in connection with the w;re coiled round the rotating magnet, and also with the poles of the battery. A piece of copper in the form of a cross, each end of which, when in contact with the first four pieces of copper, makes the magnet revolve (say trom riflit to left), hilt when in con- tact with the secondYour, the magnet revolves from left to right; and when the cross is in such a position as to be on the space between the above described eight pieces of cop- per, the magnet becomes stationary. The large body of visitors who witnessed this ingenious contrivance expressed the greatest satisfaction at the lestilt of this trial of electro-motive power. The first promenade and soiree took place on Saturday evening, and the last on Tuesday evening, at the National School Rooms, and we cannot but congratulate the mem- bers on their brilliant success on boili occasions. On Sunday morning the Bishop of St. David's preached in St. Mary's Church on behalf of the National Schools. MONDAY. SECTION A.—MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE. Sir David Brewster said that he would confine himself to the physical and optical aspect of the subject. In so far as it had become a metaphysical question, it was out of the sphere of his own studies. After stating that he had been called upon officially to deliver a course of lectures on the philosophy ot the senses, he had been under the necessity of perusing, with some caie. Bishop Berkeley's ingenious essay, entitled "A new theory of vision." He had done so without being desirous to question the Bishop's result, or to criticise his speculation. The great object of the new theory of vision was to prove that distance is not seen di- rectly by the eye—that all objects appear in one plane- that even outness is not seen; and that it is by experience alone that we learn to see the form and distances of ex- ternal objects. These opinions, which have been consi- dered as demonstrated, have been adopted by the most distinguished philosophers of the last and present century, and lie (Sir David) was not aware that they had been called in question by any writer who had made the subject of vision his particular study. The fundamental proposi- tion on which the new theory of vision rested, according tp Dr. Berkeley, was, that distance was represented by a line stretching lengthwise from the eye but as the image of that line on the retina or bottom of the eye is a point distance, or the line which represents it, has no linear re- presentatition in the eye, or is not visible. He (Sir David Brewster) considered the proposition as not true. It was true when the section of the line was equal to or greater than the diameter of the pupil, or when the pupil of the eye is reduced to the^mallest possible dimensions. In the hu- man eye the line representing distance is distinctly repre- sented on the retina, and it is visible throughout the whole of its length. Sir David then referred to the figures on the demonstrating board as explanatory of his views. He proved that distance was represented by a line on the re- tina, when vision is performed by one eye; he had conse- quently disproved every proposition which Dr. Berkeley had founded on the opposite conclusion. He thought it was not easy to understand how Dr. Berkeley could have ventured to deduce general propositions regarding vision from a fact, which, if it were true, was true only when a single eye was used. Man was not an animal with one eye. Mankind were not the offspring of Polyphemus. The intant obtained its first glance of the visible world by opening upon it both its eyes. And in whatever school it was tsught, whatever were the lessons of experience which it learned, each eye must be considered to be equally pro- ficient in the knowledge which it received. He did not consider it of importance to consider how single vision was produced by two eyes. It might be from the images falling on corresponding points of the retina—a doctrine now ex- ploded. It might be from the decussation of the filaments of the optic nerves-a doctrine also exploded. Or it might be the necessary result of the line of visible direction, as certainly it was. But from whatever it arose, it was a fact which must be admitted. They had therefore to determine when, and at what distance, an object would be seen with two eyes when it was seen single. Sir David then adduced a number of facts in support of his views. It was admitted on all hands by naturalists, and even those who maintained the Berkeley theory, that the young animab saw distance at their birth. The duckling ran to the water as soon as it was extricated from the shell, and in like manner the boa constrictor would bite at and seize an object presented to it. He had never known or heard of an instance where an infant mistook a single object for two; but he had, on the contrary, had innumerable proofs of the fact that the infant had the knowledge of distance, and applied that knowledge practically when it wished to seize any object that it desired. He said, in conclusion, after citing several cases referred to by Bishop Berkely in support of his theory, after a minute and careful analysis of them all they Croved unequivocally that persons born blind, and who ave had their sight restored by the depression or extrac- tion of the crystalline lens, or by the formation of an arti- ficial pupil, see objects at different distances from the eye. He did not conceive them, as had been alleged, either to touch the eye or to be placed within it. Dr. Whewell, after expressing his sense of the value and ability of Sir David Brewster's remarks, considered the views he so ably enunciated were confirmatory of the theory of Bishop Berkeley, rather than undermining the old doc- trines. With reference to the vision of animals, he said that could not be adduced against the Berkeleyan theory, as it was an exhibition merely of instinct, of the value of which we know nothing. It might as well be said that children do not walk by experience and practice, because some animals run about from the moment of their birth. Dr. Whewell maintained that experience showed that children have little or no distance, for if they do not try to catch the sun or the moon, they frequently attempt to take hold of the flame of a distant candle. Mr. Esling also came in support of the Berkeleyan theory, with the case of a young man born blind, who, when couched, had no idea of the distance of objects; he put his hands to his eyes and preferred feeling for what he wanted, as he had been accustomed to do. Dr. Lee next communicated his further Meteorologi- cal observations at Altona, in Finland;" after which Col. Sykes read two extremely interesting papers; the first "On the fall of rain at Ultree Mill lay, Travancore, as observed by General Cullen;" and the second On at- mospheric disturbances, and a remarkable storm at Bom- bay." The gallant Colonel, in commencing, alluded to the extraordinary coincidence, during the last year, be- tween the political commotions in Europe and the very disturbed state of the atmosphere throughout the world; and Col. Sabine afterwards made the same observation in regard to the state of terrestrial magnetism. The thermo- metrical, barometrical, and magnetic records adduced by Col. Sykes were of a very remarkable character, not only shewing extraordinary vicissitudes, but also giving indica- tions the very opposite to those which, a priori, should have been expected; e.g., the magnet perfectly quiescent during a gale, but for5f. hours after its cessation, in a very disturbed state. Similar instances were adduced respect- ing the indication of the thermometer. Dr. Siljestrom, On the aurora borealis of Norway, in the winters of 1838 and 1839." The locality from whence Dr. Siljestrom had had the opportunity ofobserving the aurora may be said to be its home. This communication elicited remarks from Col. Sabine and Dr. Loyd, who both differed from Dr. Siljestrom in respect of his mode of cal- culating some of the indications of the magnetic needle. Dr. Loyd thinks that India is the country best calculated for affording data upon which to form a general magnetic law; and that we are now coming upon a magnetic crisis. The magnetic observations were commenced in 1839; therefore he thought it too soon to attempt to generalise. Papers "On the aurora at Swansea, in ] 844," and On meteorological observations at Swansea," followed by Mr. J. Jenkins. These meteorological observations would have been of value, had they afforded the means of ascertaining the mean temperature of the locality. Sir D. Brewster informed Mr. Jenkins how he should Droceed in future in making his observations, and suggested the de- sirableness ot taking the temperature of the spriugs of the neighbourhood about two or three times a month; and Dr. Lee said that Mr. Glazier, of London, had prepared tables, one of which he, Dr. Lee, then exhibited, in order that any one having a desire to register, might do so, properly; and that Mr. Glazier himself was ready to reduce such ob- servations, on their being sent to him. The last paper was one by Mr. Moggridge, On two cases of uncommon atmosphereic refraction." The first case occurred near Aberavon, when a schooner, situated considerably below the line of a direct vision, and which line was obstructed by a sand hill, was still completely seen. The second case was a reflection in the Mumble range of rocks, seen from Swansea. In both these cases the images were not inverted as such images are for the most part.—Professor Rogers mentioned that Lake Su- perior, in America, afforded frequent and most distinct instances of these mirages; and Sir David Brewster said that an hour's reading of Dr. Vincent's p"per in the third vol, of the Edin, Pllil. Transactions would put any one in possession ot all the most remarkable instances of mirage. Sir David thinks that some how or other the air for the time assumes the form of a huge lens, and thus produces these effects. SECTION B.—CHEMICAL SCIENCE WITH ITS AFPLI-! CATION TO AGRICULTURE AND THE ARTS. The first discourse this day was delivered by the Rev. Thomas Exley," On the laws of Chemical Combtnationsand the Volumes of Gaseous Bodies." Mr. Richard Phillipa, F.R.S., followed with a very elabo- rate paper, On some properties of Alumina." Mr. Phillips disproved the opinion that alumina assumes the chrystalised form of having been kept. Mr. W. S. Ward then re<d a paper, "On the Electro- motive Force; Dyanmic Effect and Resistance of various Voltaic Combinations." Professor Grove next brought before the Section his ex- periments and researches, On the peculiar cooling effects of Hydrogen and it Compounds in cases of Voltaic Ignition." Mr. Nasmyth read a paper on a peculiar property of coke hitherto undiscoverad, namely that it will cut glass like a diamond. The audience were much amused by seeing several pieces of glass cut with what was apparently a piece of ordinary coke. He also read a paper on the chemical properties or steel. A Glass Manufacturer observed, that, as they expended from iJ200 to £ 400 per annum in diamonds for cutting glass, they wcii'd gladly recognise any efficient substitute; but after a fair trial, it was found that roko could not answer the purpose. The last paper of interest was read by Ur. D»ubeny, being a report of the progress of his investigation On the influence of carbonic acid on the growth of ferns." Mt. W. It. Randall read a paper, On Common Salt as a Poison to Plants." SECTION C.—GEOLOGY Professor A. C. Ramsay proceeded with his discourse "On the submergence of ancIent land in Wales the accu- mulation of new strata around and about it; and the reap- pearance of the same land by denudation and elevation." Professor J.imes Buckman then read a paper on some experiments, and borings in search of coal. The object of this paper was to give an extract of two instances of boring for coals, which came under the author's own observation", and in both of which his geological were sought tor. The P esident remarked that the instance adduced by VIr. Bu.'kman added another to the many illustrations of persons fo ling aw iy large sums of money in boring for coa! in places where, as must be known by persons pos- sessing the slightest geological information, coal could not have existed. There was hat.ily a locality in which such] instances were not found. It was often the case in dis- tricts like Swansea, surrounded bv roal, that persons often b r d in places oul^ £ which, from the character of the stratification, coal p¥ not be obtained. j Dr. Buckland remarked, had Lord Northampton been present lie might have told them of a case in w'deh UD- •v;,rJs of £ 20,000 ba$lpee" co expended near Northamplo v
ISECTION D.—BOTANY, ZOOLOGY,…
SECTION D.—BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, AND PHYSIOLOGY. In this Section the following p.ipprs wsre rcad:- D tubeny, Dr., and Hunt, W.—u Report of Progress of the Investigation of the Influence of Carbonic Acid on the Growth of Plants" Thw.iites, G. H. K., Esq.—"On an apparently tin- described State of the Palmelles» with a few Observations on Gemmation in the Lower Tribe of Dants." Henfrey, A., Esq.—' Note on the Development of Pollen." ZOOLOGY. t'I Carpentpr. W., M. D.—"On Marginopera and Allied Structures." Williamson, W. C., Esq.—"On the Structure of the Shell ot Polystomella crispa, and the Classification of Foramanifera." PHYSIOLOGY. Waller, Augustus, M.D.—" Microsnopi Observations on the", IrculattOlI of the Unman Blood," &e. — "Cases of Impaired Vision, in which objects appear much smaller than natural." "On the Luminous Spectra evcited by Pres- sure on the Ketina, and their application to the Diagnosis of the Affections of the Retina and its Appendages." Sacc, F., ProM—"On the Chemical and Physiological Phenomena presented by Fowls fed on Bartey;" translated and communicated by Captain Ibbeston. Lennard, S. VV., E<q.—"Exhibition of Microscopical Drawings, illustrating the Structure of Bone. SUB-SECTION OF ETHNOLOGY. (Professor Latham in the chair.) After the reading of a paper by Sir R. Scomhurgh, On a general alphabet for all languages," a paper was then read by Professor Romeo Elton, D.D., "O11 the Ante- Columbian discoveries of America." Several other papers were read in this Section, which closed with a long paper On the Gael and the Cymry," by our distinguished countryman the Venerable Arch- deacon Williams, Warden of the Welsh Institutions at Llandovery, and which we hope, will be soon presented to the public in a more permanent fo m. The Section was then adjourned till Tuesday. SECTION F.-STATISTICS. EDUCATION AND CRIME.—On this subject, which em- braced not only the general statistics of education through- out the empire, but also the relation of crime to education, a most interesting paper was read by Mr. Fletcher (Hon. Secretary of the Statistical Society ot London), in the Statistical Section; and a discussion of considerable length ensued thereon. The lecture was illustrated by a large map, in which England and Wales were divided into eight educational sections. SECTION G.—MECHANICS. Mr. C. Williams brought forward at the Mechanics Section his Model of a Machine for raising water. The plan was to suspend two pumps on a balance, by which means one pump may be made to contribute to work the other. It is to be observed the pistons are fastend and it is the pumps that are to be moved; and a man stepping trom one pump to the other, would, lie thinks, turn the balance, and cause the water to be raised. He considers the facility by which it be might done, would enable us to work machinery by that means. The plan seems to be new, and worth investigation for any facility in rising water must be important as regards the commercial and naval marine of this country. Another plan was for rais- ing weight. The principle, he said. it acted upon, was the rocking stone of the ancient Druids—he has found that, by means of a moveable plane, and acting on that princi- ple, a new power might be exerted, which probably might be used for propelling vessels, and be available for the the great purpose of emigration, for the weight of a hun- dred men, if reckoned at two hundred pounds each, would be about ten tons, which applied several times a minute, could not be unimportant in forwarding the voyage of an emigrant ship and besides, possibly the plan would allow new combinations of power, which is to be considered, for it appears from the showing of a distinguished member of the British Association, that with the same nominal powers steam vessels are now propelled at nearly double speed from various new combinations and improvements. Mr. W. P. Sturve, of Swansea, gave a description of a Low-pressure Atmospheric Railway, invented by him. Professor E. Hodgkinson.—On investigations under- taken for the purpose of furnishing data for the construc- tion of Mr. Stephenson's Tubular Bridges at Conway and the Menai Straits. Mr. J. Glynn.-On the application of steam power to the drainage of marshes and fen lands. Mr. J. P. Budd.-On the advantageous use made of the gaseous escape from the blast furnaces at Ystalyfera.-An account of this paper is given in a previous column. DR. CARPENTER'S LECTURE. On Monday evening, the large Chapel in Part-street was agdin cram full; and the utmost attention was devoted by the audience to the eminent physiologist who addressed it. The lecture was illustrated by a numerous and very beautiful display of minute objects, as seen magnified by the Microscope.-Lord Northampton asked for the thanks of the meeting to Dr. C., and of course was answered by loud applause. His Lordship then called upon Dr. Man- tell to say a few words on the subject of the lecture.—Dr. Mantell put in a plea of recent illness; but, however, as it was not ten o'clock, he would in a few minutes, and until that hour, detain the meeting; for as at the Royal Society that hour should not be exceeded and he, lest like Cin- derella he should sink into insignificance, would take care to quit his post in time. Dr. M. then made a dive into his favourite element, "The Wonders of Geology." It is now a fact known to us, that our Chalk hills, if not other hills, are so many vast tumuli of the dead; not of dead men, but of the merest insects-insects that requires the aid of the microscope to enable us to see them. Dr. Man- tell finished his short address in the words of Chalmers- words not less eloquent than appropriate, for which, how- ever, we have now no room. Tne meeting separated highly delighted, and, we doubt not, much instructed. TITRSniV SECTION A.—MATHEMATICAL & PHYSICAL SCIENCE. This section to-day was well attended, and finished its business; when no less than sixteen papers were gone through. The first was by Professor Phillips—"Roport of of the further progress of AnemometriHl Researches." The discussion upon the paper was animated and carried on by Whewell, Stevelly, Scott Russell, and Sir W. S. Harries. F. Ronalds, Esq.—" Report of Progress; and presenta- tion of the fifth vol. of Kew Obs. and Experiments." This communication was of a very interesting kind. John Ball, Esq.—"On rendering the Electric Telegraph subservient to Meteorological Research." Dr. Lloyd. On the mean result of Observations." Dr. Whewell read the next communication, from Capt. Stanley, On the Velocity and Height of Waves, accord- ing to Observations." Sir D. Brewster-"On the Compensation of Impressions moving over the retina, as seen in railway travelling." Sir W. S. Harries—"On the General Law of Electrical Discharges." Two papers by Professor Thompson On the Theory ol Electro-Magnetic Induction," and "On the Equilibrium of Magneticior Diametic Bodies under the influence ol the Terrestrial Magnetic Force." J. Joule, Esq.—"On the mechanical equivalent of heat." Dr. Hooker—"On an Aurora in India." Dr. Robinson-" On Shooting Stars." Professor Challis-" On Luminous Meteors." Lieut. Maurv-" Winds & Currents in North Atlantic." Professor Wheatstone-"On determining the true Solai time, by means of the plane polarization of the sky at the North Pole." G. G. Stokes— On the resistance of air to Pendulums. SECTION D.-ZOOLOGY. Thomas Williams, M. D.On the Phosical Conditions affecting the Distribution of Life in the Sea.' John Phillips, F.R.S.G., G.S. On the Coloured Stripes of a Macartney Rose." MECHANICS. An Artificial Leg of Improved Construction was exhi- bited by Mr. J. Ashman. Mr. Whishaw read a paper "_On Telgraphs. After the business in the various Sections had closed for the day, the General Committee met by adjournment to appoint the next place of meeting. Numerous letters of invitation from the public bodies and societies in Birming- ham were read, and that town was unanimously selected for the next meeting, which is to be held some time in September. Invitations from Bath, Ipswich, and Derby, were also read. Dr. Robinson, of Armagh, was appointed the President of the next meeting; and the Karl of Har- rowby, Lord Wrottesley, Mr. Darwin, Dr. Faraday, and Professor Willis, were appointed Vice-Presidents. The Treasurer and Secretaries were re-appoined. After the Sections were over, the Mayor, LL. Dillwyn, Esq., gave a sylendid entertainment to the members at the Assembly-Rooms. Mr. Williams was in attendance, and delighted the company with his execution on the harp. WEDNESDAY. SECTION C.—GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. The following were the Papers read this day Oldham, Prof.-On the Geology of part of the County of Wicklow. Millward, A., Esq.—An attempt to illustrate the origin of"DittBand<"onGtaciers. The same gentleman read an account of a mudstide in the island of Malta, Buckland, Dr.—On the evidence of the former existence of Glaciers in the valleys that descend worn the mountain- chain of Snowdon. 0 Moses, Frederick. Esq.-On the Subsidences whtch have taken place in the Mineral Basin of South Wales, between the Llynvi Valley, on the east, and Fenellergare, on the west Morgan, W. Esq.—On some Bones foiwl ii) thp bed of the Tawe. Whishaw, F. Esq.-Improvemen« in the Construction of Transparent and Translucent Models for Geological purposes. I bbetson, Captain L. L. Boscawen.—On some Railway Cuttings near Bangor. SECTION D.—ZOOLOGY AND BOT4NV, Reeve, Lovell, Esq.-Notice of an Observation made by Mr. Taylor, at Bathcaloa, t,,e founds emitted by Molluscs. Communicated by Thomas ^ombe TaMacd?naqid, Dr., F.R.S.E.-On the erroneous division of the cervical and dorsal vertebra, and the connection of the first rib with the seventh vprtreba in the M^mmifers, and the true normal position of the head of the ribs in ^Bradfev Rev J On the Boring of SabeNas. Clarke, Joshua, Esq.—Note on the Parasitic Habits of M'ri(0inpson, VV., Esq—On Addilions to the Fauna of ^Crook W H. LL.D.—0" a supposed conneption be- tween an insufficient use of Salt in I?ood, and the progress of Asiatic Cholera. Fowler, Dr.—An attempt to give a rliysdogical explan- ation how persons, both blind, deaf, and dumb, from in- fancy, interpret the communications of others by their toucn only. THE CONCLUDING OLA FC-IIAL. MLH TING. Tim Meeting was held at the General Meeting-room, Park-street, on Wedttesday, at three o clock, the Marquis of Northampton in the chair. Tins meeting which was numerously attended, was convened for the purpose of laying before it the proceedings of the general committee, agreed to at a meeting held the same d.iy at one o'clock, and for stating the grants of money sanctioned by it *„r carrying out the objects of the Association. No.withstand- ing the advantages of railway communication, and the many facilities possessed by Southampton, th; meetiwN had been attended at Swansea to the Mmc extent as :t S luthampton, within ten or twelve members. And when c»n.p-.red with the meetings at Plymout 1 and Cork, the a'tendnnce at Swansea was considerable greater; for in Plymouth in 1841 the numbers registered was tw ) nan es: an I at C <rk only 370. This n..ounc"n)ent, which w s highl •' favour.!ble to Swansea, was received with loiui pai.dits.
A G R I C U L TURK, & c.
A G R I C U L TURK, & c. DISEASED CATTLE AND SHEEP. The most decisive means have become necessary to check the spread of the sheep small pox, a disease which, tht-re j" too much reason to fear has become aimost natu- ralised amongst us. Such means will, we hope, he SlIp- plied by two bills which have been brought in by the president of the board of trade, the one to subject the im- portation of foreign cattle and sheep to such regulations as may he requisite to prevent animals affected with conta- gious or infectious disease being imported, and the other to prevent the spread of such diseases amongst our own Hocks and herds. The first of these measures proposes to authorise "Her Majesty, from time to time, by order in > ouncil, to prohibit the Importation or introduction into the United Kingdom, or into any particular port or ports thereof, of cattle, sheep, horses, or any other animals, either generally or from any plnce or places, that may be named in such order, for such period or periods as she may deem necessary, for the purpose of preventing the introduction of any infectious or contagious disorder among sheep, cat- tie, horses, or other animals, in this country." The second section provides that orders in council may from time to time be made for subjecting sheep, cattle, and other animals to quarantine, or for causing the same to bo destroyed upon their arrival in this country, or for destroy- ing or otherwise disposing of any hay, straw, or any other article by which it appears infection is likely to be con- veyed, and for making general regulations with respect to the importation of live stock, in order to prevent the in- troduction of any contagious or infectious disorder. Ani- mals imported or attempted to be imported, contrary to the provisions of any such orders in council, will be for- feited in the same manner as prohibited goods are for- feited under the customs acts; and persons offelllling are subject to the same penalties as the importers of contra- band articles. Such orders in council may be revoked either altogether or in part, as circulllstances may require; and all orders are to be published in the London Gazette, and laid before parliament. Under this bill we have no doubt that ample regulation may be made, to prevent for the future the importation of animals labouring under active disease hut we trust that the regulations to be laid down by the orders in council will not be such as to seri- ously impede the importation of sound and healthy live stock altogether. But, in truth, it would be now useless to prohibit importation as the means of preventing disease, for it has spread very widely through this country; and while it is important to subject all future importations to vigilant inspection, the great object at present is to pre- vent the increase and communication of disease which ex- ists at home. For this purpose the second bill has been framed. It provides, That in case any sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, infected with or labouring under any contagious or infectious disorder, or any in- fected meat, skins, &c., or any infected hay, straw, &c., capable of conveying disease to sheep, cattle, or other animals, be exposed or offered for sale, or be brought or attempted to be brought for the purpose of being so ex- posed or offered for sale, in any market, fair, or other open or puhlic place where other animals are commonly exposed for sale, the clerk, or inspector, or other officer, ot the fair or market, or any constable or policeman, or any other person duly authorised by the mayor or any two justices having jurisdiction in the place, or any other person authorised or appointed by the Queen in council, may seize the same, ar.d report such seizure to the mayor or jus- tices, who may order the same to be restored or destroyed, or otherwise disposed of, according to circumstances. Any hurdles, pens, troughs, and litter used for infected animals, may likewise be dealt with in the same way by the au- thorities. Persons exposing or offering diseased animals for sale, or bringing them into markets and fairs, are to be subjected on conviction, for every offence, to a penalty not exceeding £20. The privy council are to be empow- ered from time to time to make regulations for the pur- pose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to and from such parts or places, as may be designated in the order, of sheep, cattle, horses, swine, or other animals, or of meat, skins, &c., or of hay, straw, &c., likely to propagate infec- tion," and for the purpose of purifying any buildings, carts, or vehicles; and also for directing how auimals dying in a diseased state, or diseased animals, or other things seized are to be disposed of; and all such regulations are to be enforced by similar penalty, not exceeding £ 20. Such regulations are to be published in the London Gazette, and laid before parliament. Penalties of £5 or two months' imprisonment are imposed on persons who obstruct the officers empoweredjto enforce the law and all penalties are to be summarily recovered before two justices on the the evidence of one credible witness. Penalties are to be levied by distress, and in default of distress offenders are to be committed to prison. All penalties, however, must be sued for within six months next after the commission of the offence; and an appeal is in every case given to the quarter sessions. Where an action shall be brought by persons whose live stock may have been seized and res- tored, the mayor or justice granting the restoration may grant to the person who made the seizure a certificate that there was probable cause of seizure, and who will not then be liable to any action, suit, or indictment for such seizure. So in the event of an action brought against any person authorised to act on account of any seizure, and a verdict shall be given against the defendants, if the judge or court certify that there was probable cause of seizure the plaintiff shall be entitled to no more than twopence for damages, and no costs. This act is to continue in force for two years. That some greater power than the local authorities have hitherto possessed was necessary to prevent the sale of diseased stock none can deny, and the provisions of this act will enable the more prudent and intelligent of the agricultural community to call the law to their aid against the thoughtless and ignorant members of their body. But in the main the vigilance of farmers and dealers must be their chief reliance for stopping the disease; above all, they must themselves honestly avoid selling suspected animals, and they must fearlessly call for the aid of the law to prevent others from so doing. Inspectors and puhlic officers may detect confirmed disease, but in its most dangerous and insidious form, where animals other- wise sound may have been infected by contact with diseased ones, inspection the most vigilant will be com- paratively useless. It is most desirable, therefore, that the stringent powers now proposed to be given should be regarded as the means of dealing merely with re- fractory or dishonest persons and that the regulations of the privy council, and the mode in which such regulations are carried out by the local authorities, should be divested as much as possible of a penal character. A man may have the misfortune to be possessed of a diseased animal or two, which may render his whole flock justly liable to suspicion but they may, in fact, be uninfected, and equally fit for human food as if no diseased sheep had entered his yard; in such cases, though the owner may be most propetty prohibited from taking his sheep to market, there is no reason tor throwing upon them such stigma as will prevent their being slaughtered and sold at their fair value. On this part of the subject, we shall, probably have occasion to offer same further remarks when the bills above referred to have been passed, and the orders in council have bepn published. correspondence between the treasury and the board ot trade, and various persons at home and abroad, on this subject, has just been printed, by order of the House of Commons, which contains matter of much prac- tical interest. It appears that in many places the local or municipal authorities have made bye laws or regulations to prevent the sale of unwholesome food, under which, in some places, diseased cattle may be seized but in other places there are no regulations on the subject whatever and in alt the difficulty of enforcement, where strenuously resisted, is very great. An inspector, a veterinary sur- geon, has been appointed to prevent the sale of glandered horses in Smithfield market, and he has recently caused some diseased sheep to be destroyed, but more effective power is required for the public safety. At Shrewsbury there are bye laws to prevent the exposure of unwholesome meat tor sale, but they have been insufficient to exclude many diseased and unwholesome carcasses from the mar- kets, and there is no colour of authority to seize diseased animals when alive. Again, in Nottingham, some time since, the pigs were much affected with a prevalent com- plaint, which was believed to be communicated by the pigs to sheep and cattle, but the authorities having no power to prevent diseased pigs entering the market, re-' moved the pig market to another part of the town, where it has since remained, very much to the injury of all per- sons concerned in the trade in swine. t0 t.he sl,e £ P sma11 P°x, Mr. J. B. Simonds, otthe Royal Veterinary College, in a communication to the board of trade, says, "I fear itg(the disease) may be saut to be naturalised in this kingdom. I recommend that means are taken to obtain correct information, through the magistracy, of the present extent ot the ma- lady, as I have reason to believe that great mischief has resulted from the commingling of flocks, the farmer sup- pressing the true cause of death, among his sheep, and not hesitating to send animals for sale which had been exposed to the contagion. The infected should be confined to the separate farms, and none should be allowed to enter a fair or market, if coming from places where the disease pre- vails; for the malady may have been received, and be in- cubated in the system, without any evidence of this being shown by the animals." In a subsequent letter, Mr. Simonds says that vaccination cannot be pepended on as a preventative of the small pox of sheep; but it is well- established that inoculation gives security against second attacks, and greatly diminishes the severity of the disease. He recommends that lambs should always be inoculated, keeping them separate from the sheep during the pro- gress of the inoculated disease and he says, also, that, even after smal} pox has shown iteplf in the flock, it is of great value, and "may be said to be our chief means of controlling the virulence of the affection," Colonel Hodges, the British Consul at Hamburg, says that in Mecklenburg Schwerin, a Jaw exists, which directs all owners of flocks not only to acquaint their neighbours when the disease appears amongst their sheep, but also obliges them to circulate information of its breaking out in the country newspapers." Baron Biel, of Zierop, in Mecklenburg, says, it is considered to be an epidemic, which, when once it appears, is contagious in the highest degree. Inoculation, however, prevents the danger almost entirely and where properly attended to, reduces loss amongst flocks to about two per cent." A German cor- respondent of Mr. Hodges' thus describes the disease and its treatment r-r- In this disease the sheep suffer pre- viously internally, with Jogs of appetite, heaviness, and indisposition to move, difficulty of breathing, swelling of and discharge from the eyes, and of a viscious matter from the pose: in from three to five days spots appear on the bare parts of the legs and body, which become large, and form blisters in the centre of the led circumference of which yellow spots come, and at last fill with yellow mat- ter. If these spots beppnie blue or blackish, they unite, and a thin stinking matter issues from them, which is the height of the disease, and death ensues if the pustules do not come properly out, or should strike in again. The last stage 01 the disease, when it terminates favourably, is marked by the drying away of the sore, on which a black scruff forms and falls off. The animal has the disease, as with man, only once; in a flock it is contagious, but not so among cattle. During this disease, good hay, and drinks of a decoction ot barley, are good, to which a little common salt may be added. At the commencement of the disease the nose and mouth must be kept clean with vinegar and water; the eyelids are to be oiien waslied with warm milk, and an electuary of tl;ree parts flower of brimstone, and one part common salt and lioney, is a I useful remedy. But I am decidedly of opinion that ino- culation of the whole flock the moment the disease shows itself, even in one in the neighbourhood, is the only pre- servative." A nd the following- account of the disease by Mr. War- r.eoke, a veterinary surgeon of great experience in Ham- burg, should be read and remembered by farmers and all other persons who have to do with stock :— The first symptoms are, that the animal becomes lame or stiff in the hind legs, is uneasy, will not feed, &c. "After this the fever" commences with shivering an.i trembling, with increased heat of the body, but the ears and tail particularly become very red, the nostrils and gums dry and hot; the animal stands with dro ping head and the feet are close together under the belly; it is lame' or halts, p ulicularly with the hind legs; the eais hang, the eye is bloodshot the fever increases, as also the difficulty ot breathing "*he animal feeds and ruminates little, or not at all; its dry dung passes in very small hard balls. "Soon after the first attack of fever, there appear on all parts of the body, particularly about the mouth, eyes, and on the surface oi the leg and belly, and the under part of the tail, numerous small spots like flea-bites, which in eight or nine days Come more out in small pimples, and in forms like the heads of small pox. As the spots become more numerous, the swelling of the head increases, so much so, that the animal can but with difficulty open its mouth and eyes the lumps that have filled, in three or four days later, with a pale, clear, white matter. The pustules now formed are of a good sort; and differ in rize up to that of a pea. They are found mostly on the parts of the body wi:h no wool on, but they may even be found under the wool. The malignant pustules are found close together, of a red, violet, blue, blackish, or brown red colour, with a blue margin they are broad, flat and sunk in, and emit an offensive smell. The animal stands unsteady, with drooping and swolen head, and closed eye the nostrils are stopped up with a tough viscious matter, smelling like carrion it breathes very short, and with difficulty, snorts with open mouth, gnashes its teeth, and its evacuations emit a very offensive odour in this latter state a cure is not possible. "On the first attack of the common "variola," the animal must be well taken care of, and must not be ex- posed to wet or cold, and drinks must he administered to it of salts, bitters, and spices. As a preventive, inocnJation with healthy matter, if obtainable, is the best, as thereby the inoculated animal throws out only a few of the pustules, the sickness from which it can easily get over, and it is then completely pro- tected from the attack of the disease." Let every one watch for the first sign of the disease in his flock, and then have immediate recourse tomoculation, taking great care to keep the animals during its progress in some place he can afterwards effectually purify. But no man should think of putting newly bought sheep with the rest of his flock until he has kept them by themselves for several weeks. With anything like general care, and honesty among farmers, the plague may soon be effectu- ally stayed. As to the means of purification for trucks, carriages, hurdles, pens, and so forth, Mr. Simonds says— Such carriages should be first thoroughly cleansed with SOdp and water, and then well washed with either Sir Wm. Burnett's disinfectant solution, or a solution of the chlo- ride of hme, as either of these agents will prevent any injurious results following the use of the trucks &c., for other sheep.—Economist. «»-
CUltRENi l'lilCES OF UllAIN…
RIGHT HON. LORD HARDINGE, G.C.B.—This gallant officer, now in chief command in the Southern district, entered the army as ensign 8th October, 1798; Lieutenant 25th March, 1802; Captain, 7th April, 1804; Maior, 13th 1809; Lieut. Col., 30th May; Colonel, 19th of J Illy, 1821; Major Gen., 22nd July, 18:30; Lieutenant Gen. 23rd, Nov. 184d and Colonel of the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment 31st May, 1843. He is Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, an honour conferred on him for his distin- guished conduct. In Hart's New Army List, will be found the following record of his services:—"Sir Henry Har- dinge served throughout the whole of the Peninsular war, nearly the whole of the time as Deputy Quarter Master General of the Portuguese army, and was present at the battles of Roleia and Vimiera (wounded,) retreat to, and battle of Corrunna, passage of the Douro, bittle of Busaco, line of Torres Vcdras, battle of Albuera, 1st and 2d seiges of Badajos, seige and capture of Cuidad Rodrigo, third seige of Badajos, battles of Salamanca, Vittorid, (severely wounded), Pampeluna, the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive and Orthes. Served also the campaign of 1815, and was se- verely wounded at Ligny, 16th of June, left hand ampu- tated. Sir Henry has received a cross and five clasps." Lord Hardinge has just returned from India, where he held the important command of military governor of that vast empire, where, by his ability as a statesman and mili- tary skill as a soldier, he extended the commerce of Bri- tain, arrested and defeated, after a sanguinary encounter, one of the most numerous and best disciplined armies of the East, and succeeded in securing peace with the native tribes. For this achievement he was created a Peer of the realm by her Majesty. SIR JAMES MACDONNELL, K.C.B., K.C.H.—This of- ficer, also specially employed to suppress the rebellious outbreak in the disturbed districts, entered the army as Ensign 25th January, 1796; Lieutenant, 2d February, following; Captain, 10th September, 1809; Colonel, 12ih August, 1819; Major General, 22nd July, 1830; Lieut.- Gen. 23d November, 1841; and Colonel of 79th (Came- ronian Hig-hlanders) 14th July, 1842. Sir James served efficiently at Waterloo. Hart's New A rmg List notes his services thus;—"Sir James Macdonald served the expe- dition to Naples and Calabria, in 1805, and including the battle of Maida, for which he has received a medal.— Served afterwards in Portugal, Spain, France, and Flan- ders."—Constitution. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.—'The half-yearly meet- ing of the proprietors of this railway was held on Thurs- day, at Bristol. There was a crowded attendance. Char- les Russell, Esquire, the chairman, addressed the meeting, referring to the various schemes the company had in hand. The directors recommended that the same dividend as before, of 31 per cent. for the half-year, be declared at this meeting, to be payable from the disposable balance, which will leave the sum of £7,821 8s. 7d. to be carried to the credit of the current half-year, which is always found to be productive of the largest revenue. The en- gineer's report stated inter alia that upon the Monmouth and Hereford nothing is doing. The South Wales Rail- way, the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton Railway, and the Birmingham and Oxford Railway are proceeding steadily, but not rapidly. The reports were adopted. It appears from the half-yearly statements, that the sums re- ceived on the different shares amount to 6,970,450, the receipts on debentures, loan notes, &c., amount to— £40,186,827, making together, 11,457,227. The payments are—total sum expended for lines opened to the 31st of December, as per tas* statement, £7,828,151; for the Great Western Railway, 118} miles, £42,118; the Cheltenham and Great Western Union Railway, 451 miles, £16,21-5: the Oxford Railway, 10 miles, £ 11,486—making a total of £7,!)(j8,OOO; expenditure for the Berks and Hants Rail- way, partially opened, £804,414: Reading to Hungerford, proportion of cost being £ 507,859—making a total sum expended for lines of railway opened for trČ1ffic of £8,470,759 The amount paid for the Oxford and Rugby, and the Monmouth and Hereford, is £1,122,360; subscriptions to other companies, £ 876,387; locomotive stock, £ 842,563— being a total expenditure of £11,811,069, leaving a balance of.CI4<),208. BRISTOL AND SOUTH WALES JUNCTION RAILWAY.— The half-yearly meeting of this company was held on Monday the 14th instant, Mr. J. Gibbs, in the chair. The report stated the Commissioners of Railways had granted an extension of time for two years. The accounts showed a balance of £9,358. The Chairman said that the time had arrived when they should turn their attention to the condi- tion of the company. The directors had not altered their opinion of the value of the line, but when they looked at the circumstances of the country, and the general depres- sion of railway property, it became them, as business men, to inquire whether there were any fair expectations of their being able to carry out the undertaking. It was stated that the Old or Aust Ferry across the Severn had been pur- chased by the advice of the engineer to avoid competition and Parliamentary opposition. Mr. Jones considered the purchase premature, and urged the directors to get rid of a bargain which entailed a liability of £20,000 without any prospective advantage. He could not see a chance of their being able to carry out the undertaking. Three- fourths of the proprietors had declined responding to the last call, and it was clear they could not get the means to prosecute the works, and if they could, looking to the expense of working a short line, and the heavy cost of con- veying their traffic across the Severn, they would not'be able to divide one per cent. There was no chance of the Great Western Company purchasing their line, and he therefore urged the shareholders xb pass a resolution to wind up the concern. Mr. Bowsher seconded the propo- sition. The Chairman said that the board agreed with the views expressed, and they looked upon those difficulties as insurmountable, but as there were certain inquiries now pending which it was desirable to bring to a close; he re- commended that the resolution proposed should not be come to at present. He stated that as soon as the matter alluded to was brought to a close, the directors would con- vene a special meeting of the proprietors tor the consider- ation of the subject. Mr. Jones was satisfied with the explanation of the chairman, and would not therefore press his motion, The report was adopted, thanks were voted to the chairman, and the meeting separated. COST OF THE MILITIA IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRE- LAND.—The Select Committee appointed to prepare the estimates of the charge of the disembodied militia of Great Britain and Ireland for the year ending the 31st of March 181>9, have reported to the house that jgt22,800 will be re- quired fur thatlpurpose, viz., £96,800 for Great Britain, and £26,000 for Ireland. The number of men to be pro- vided for is 4.350, being 3,863 in Great Britain, and 487 in Ireland. The estimate of £122,800 is thus made up — Staff and allowances :for disembodied militia (England) £ 29,000; ditto, Ireland, £12,500; allowances to subal- terns, England, £14,800; Ireland, £10,400; ditto reduced officers, England, £5,900; Ireland,^ £ 1,700; ditto retired officers, England, £6,000; Ireland, £ 1,400; out-pen- sioners of militia, England, £;34,000. Local militia—85 reduced adjutants, £6,100; 81 out-pensioners, .et.OOO. The estimates for the year 1847-8 were £144,310, being £21,510 more than the estimates for this year. HOVAL EXCHANGE CLOCK AND BELLS.—A correspon- dent of the Morning Post has written a smart, but some- what severe critique, upon Mr. Dent's oJief-d'muvre, the clock of the B-oya) Exchange, a work which has called forth expressions of admiration from all who have seen it, The extraordinary ingenuity and accuracy of its mechanism contrast strongly with its companion and coadjutor, the <5 beJls," which are no part of the clock itself, being the work of a different hand. There is no doubt much truth in the observations of the writer in the Pqst, altlioijgh his ironical severity betrays an extreme degree of illjberaljty. We cannot help fueling, however, after reading hi, animad- versions, the propriety of giving to one person the entire construction or superintendence of two such powerful adjuncts, and we would suggest that during the alterations of Lloyd's llopms, the use of the belJs should be suspended to enable the Messrs. Mears to tune them. It is really humiliating to think that £ l,50p have been expended to procure a single tune—the National Anthem—upon a set of bells, and that the result should be what it is at the Royal Exchange. Let there be good chimes, or none at all.—Court Journal. OUTRAGE AT NEW CALEDONIA.—Advices from Sydnev recount a fresh outrage by the natives of New Caledonia The Avon left^Sydney for New Zealand, and thence pro-' ceeded to the South Sea Islands for a cargo of Sandal wood. The vessel anchored in the bay of New Caledonia where the two boats crews of the Vanguard were mur- dered and eaten about three months before The master of the Avon was not aware of this, and he opened a trade with the islanders. The master of the barque Eleanor, which was lying some miln to windward went on board the Avon and warned the Commander of his peril. Two boats went on shore next day, with five men in each, to off promised by the natives; but the crews 0:' 1 mid if the least danger vo dereitfi ? r lr" '° the snip. The savages behaved in r a way., that 'he men were induced to land and egin loading their boats with the wood in the 'midst of which die islanders attacked them the chief-mate's hand was cut off, his cheek mutilated, and a rib broken, by blows rom a tomahiwk the second rnate and three seamen were more or less mangled all, however, managed to get into the boats, and they regained the ship. It is supposed that some of the savages were killed in the fight. Whilst tjus going forward on shore, a canoe came alongside the Avon, 'and the men in it used various arts to get the crew at a disadvantage but the master was wary and at a signal from land the savages paddled away. A strong par, y from the Avon and the Eleanor afterwards landed on the beach for revenge but none of the inhabitants could b found. A quantity of sandal-wood was carried off, and the huts 1 plantations were I.urnt. J ..TJ MARK LA\r. Ex A considerable qual. in the early part of the I and we have now bright The continued unsettled s,. deal of excitement and inater.. manded for most articles in the co. The show of wheat by land-carriage counties was small a portion of the sail. in soft condiiion. At first factors asked ;)8. per qr. au but the rise actdally established did not exceed lis. per qr. A tolerable extent of business was done in foreign whr^it" and we must quote free, as well as bonded, -is. to 3s. per qr. higher than On this day week. The millers put up the tf>p price of flour 3s. per sack. Ship- flour was Is. to 2s. per sack, arid barrels Is. dearer. There was hardly any English bfirlev foreign was conse- quently taken pretty freely, and must be quoted Js. per qr. higher. Malt was held at a strtiilar advance. There was a decidedly impfoted inquired for oats, and not- withstanding the immense arrivals from abroad, factors were enabled to realise Is. per qr. more than hn this day week. Beans did not excite much attenbut were generally held Is. per qr. higher. Peas of all kinds must be quoted 2s. tl1 zrs. per qr. dearer. There was a disposition to buy Indian corn, but th; high pretensions of holders cheeked business, and. we beard of no actual sales. Arrivals and deliveries of the grain, &c., per Eastern Coun- ties Railway for the week ending Atrg. 1 1848:—Arrivals: Flour, 6, <1. ska.: malt, 3,591 qis. j ii-heat, 3,015 qrs. bar- ley, 1,206 q: oats, 235 nr9.j berwis, ;-t qrs.; peas, 242 qrs.; seed, 483 sks. Deliveries flour. sks.; malt, 4,053 qrs.; wheat, 2,716 qrs.; uarley, 1,205 qr«,; ents, 263 qrs. beans* 36 qrs. peas, 144 qrs. seed, 553 ska—Total 47,935 sacks. CUltRENi l'lilCES OF UllAIN At Ii^AHK-LANE. Shillings per Quarter NEW OLD. WIIEAT, Essex and Kent, white 57 to 65 59to6i Ditto, red 51 53 53 57 Norfolk and Soffoik .— —— — Lincolnshire and Yorkshire — — Ð2 60 f Rye 31 33 — BARLEY-Essex-, Common 31 33 — Kent,Norfolk, > DisiillersiefGriiiding 28 31 — — k !"ii, 0 and Suffolk J Chevalier 33 31 MALT—Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk.. — — 56 59 Kingston, Ware, and town made — — 58 ()& ■ OATS-Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Lin- colnshire, and Yorkshire, feed. — — 19 22 Ditto-Poland and Potato — — 22 y. Northumb. Berwick, & Scotch ditto — — 24 Devon & West Country, feed or blk. — — 18 Cork, Waterford, Dublin, Youghal, and Clonmel, black J: v Ditto-white. — 22 BXANS-Ticks 32 34 Harrow and small H > > PEAS—Boiling ,» t5 Hog and grey v; FLOUR—Town-mad 'per sack 2801bs — 45 oO Norfolk and Sulroik, household (do) — 40 43 United States, per barrel (196 Its.)., 24 ;so Canadian,per rarrel (do.) — ?3 PS "TONDON A VEIL\ E:S. £ s. d. £ s. d Wheat qrs. 2 15 0 P qrs. 1 II H> Bailey 1 11 6 li. 1 13 X Oats 1 -2 7 Peas 1 17 f BREAD. -yo The prices of wheaten Bread in the metropolis are fror1''? 8d. to 8Jd.; of household ditto, 6d. to 7 £ d. per 4lbi* l0— :it SEEDS. ,t TT S- s- S. 8 Hemp perqr, 42 45 Coriander, fine old, „ small. — — cwt. 16 ■ Canary 90 100 new IS 20 TurnipSeed,Swedes — — Carraway, new 30 32 „ other qualities 16 21 „ fine 31 — Mustard, white new 10 12 Tares, foreign, per „ brown „ 9 10 bush Trefoil.. perewt. 16 — „ winter new — — „ extra .22 23 Linseed Cakes, per 1,000 jelo 10s. to £ 13 10s. llape, per ton, £ 5 to £ 5 5s.
SMITHFIELD MARKET.—MONDAY.…
SMITHFIELD MARKET.—MONDAY. AUGUST 21. Compared with the importations during the corresponding period in 18^7, the above shows a falling off in the total numbers of tipwaras of three thousand head. And it is fully anticipated that we shall have to report even a further decline in the arrivals, from tht string; nt measured adopted by the government to prevent the introduction of diseased sheep into this country. It is, therefore, by no means improbable, that mutton will shortly bear a higher value in this market than at present. Since our last report, very few sheep have arrived unfit for consumption but their quality has by no means been first-rate. The supplies of foreign stock in to- day's market were very moderate for the time of year, and a large portion of them was beneath the middle quality. The beasts and sheep met n very dull sale at barely last week's prices, but calves sold at full rates of currency From our own grazing districts the arrivals of beasts this morning were somewhat on the increase, and in fair average condition. Notwithstanding the unfavourable state of the weather, the primest, Scots, Devons, &c., moved off steadily, at fully last week's prices. In the middling and inferior kinda of beef comparatively little business was doing, at barely late rates, and a total clearance was not effected. Although there was a considerable falling off in the supply of sheep, compared with that exhibited this day sen'night, the mutton trade was in a very depressed state but we have no actual decline to notice in the quotations, the best old Downs selling at 5a. per 8 lbs. Lambs, the supply of which was by no means heavy, moved off heavily, at the late decline ui value. Prime small calves were quite as dear but the second,rate qualities commanded very little attention. The supply was good. All kinds of Pigs moved off slowly, at last week's prices. Per 8 lbs. to sink the offal. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d Coarse & inferi- Prime Coarse wool- or Beasts 3 2 3 4 led Sheep 4 6 4 9 2nd quality,do. 3 6 3 8 Prime south down Prime Oxen 3 10 4 0 ditto 4 10 5 0 Prime Scots, &c. 4 0 4 2 Large Calves 3 4 3 8 Coarse and infe- Prime small do 3 10 4 riorSheep 3 10 4 2 Large Hogs 3 10 4 2" 2nd quality. do 4 ? 4 4 Small porkers.. 4 44 6 Suckling Calves 17s. to 25s.; and Quarter-old Store Pig>- 15s. to 22s. each. Beasts, 3,520; Sheep, 24,000; Calve* 315; Pigs, 413. BUTTER, BACON, CHEESE, AND HAMS. Butter, per cwt. s. s. Cheese, per cwt. s. sk Carlow, new 81 — Double Gloucester. 60 Sligo 80 84 Single ditto 46 So Banbridge — — Cheshire 56 74 Cork, 1st 84 86 Derby 62 Waterford .82 — American 50 54 English Butter, Foreign 46 58 Dorset, per firtin 50 52 Bacon, new 78, -o Foreign Butter, cwt. Middle SA 6,0 Prime Friesland ..98 — Hams, Irish 8% Do. Kiel 86 90 Westnxoreland 80 M Fresh Butter 12s.0d.per doz. York 84 90 Hors. BOROUGH, Monday AUGUST 21. Sussex 43s. to 46s. East Kents —g. to -.$ Wealds., 44s. to 50s. Do. Choice — s. fo—* Mid. Kents. 48s. to 110s. | Farnham —s. to —« PRICES OF SOAP. s. d. s. d. s. d. a. d. Yellow Soap 42 0 to 30 0 Melting Stuff 33 0 to Mottled do. 50 0 52 0 Rough do. 20 0 — — Curd do. 64 0 66 — Graves, 18s.; and good Dregs, 5s. perewt.; Rough Fit average 2s. 6 jd. per 8lbs. TALLOW MARKET.—AUGUST 21. Y. C. Tallow, per cwt, 4ts Town ditto, 46s 6d. RAW HIDES, SHEEPSTCALF SKINS at per stone of 141bs. Per sjiin. s. d. s. d. s. d. s, Best steers and Market Calf 6 9 81 heifers 5 4 5 8 Long wool led Middling lndes 4 8 5 2 Sheep 0 0 0 Inferior ditto. 4 2 4 6 Short ditto 0 0 0 PRICES OF LEATHER AT LEADENIIALLT TUESDAY, AUGUST 15. Per lb. KIPS.—Petersburgh. Raised Butts. 13d to 16d Unshaved. Shaved. Crop Hides, 30 to bs. lbs. d. d. J. 351b.7id lOd 4 to 7 14 to 15$— ic Do. do. 40to4alb 8d l?>idi 7 9 ,3 15i — Do. do. 50to601b lOd I iidl 9 10 12} l ..» — Foreign Butts.. 9d 15d 11 13 111 l.i —% English ditto ..10d 21d Dressing Hides old 9d CALF J £ INS Do. do. shaved..7-A 23d Unroupded. Rounded. Saddlers' Hides lid jibs. lbs. d. d. d d. Horse Hides. En- 20to28 10 to 13.. U. to 15 ghsh&GermanlOd 14d 30 -);; loi 15.. 13 18 Horse,Spanish.. 15d 19d S3 4f)ll| 16.. 14 21 Do. without Butts 8s 14s 0(,! 40 45 12 17.. 15 22 SEALSIUIS.8D 2?CF 45 50 13 18.. 16 22 BasHs. 5!d 101d 50 55 14 19..16 21 V I PC T* T 55 <;0 14 20-16 21 ri cV'T"Sast India. (»0 70 15 19.. 15} 20 Z Ta.i Best '70 80 14 18.. 15 19 5to71bs.15d lid: 80 90 13 16..14 18 Do. do. 7 toOlbs. 13d 15d 90 100 12 15.. 13 17 n ffj 11 '+d 100 120 12 14.. 12 16 Do-thq 9jd lid c HAY Markets. •SMITHFIELD.—Meadow Hav, £ 2 los.to £ 40s.; Clover qitto, £ 4 0s. to £ 5 0; and Straw" £ 4s. to £ 1 l,i £ per load. CUMBERLAND—Meadow Hay, £ 3 0s.to £ 40s.; Clover ditto, M QSI to JJ4, jq Straw, £1 4s. to £ 1 10s per load. WHITECHABEL.—Meadow Hay, £ 3 0s. to j £ 40s.; Clo- ver ditto, £4- Os. to 95 Os. and Straw. jEl 4s. to .£1105. porload..
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