The Aberystwith Observer

AN AWKWARD MISTAKE. A remarkable case was on Monday investigated by the St. Augustine's magistrates at Canterbury, a platelayer, named Keen, being charged with breaking into the house of a caretaker of the Herne Bay Gas- works, named Harford, assaulting him and his wife, and damaging the furniture. Shortly after midnight on Sunday, Harford, whose bedroom is on the ground floor, was aroused by some- one tapping at the window. He shouted out, Who is there?" whereupon the accused smashed the window and got into the room, in which there was a small light. A struggle ensued between Harford and the prisoner, the former of whom, having been severely maltreated, escaped by the back door. Keen then attacked the prosecutor's wife, who had got out of bed, knocking her down and striking her, threatening the while that he would murder them both. At length the woman managed to get out of the window, but the prisoner followed, and, overtaking her in the garden, continued to strike her. Harford, then making his appearance, the midnight intruder again attacked him in a savage manner, but was knocked down with a heavy piece of wood and secured. The prisoner's wife attended the court in great distress, and stated that when her husband had had any beer he was a veritable madman. She had no doubt that he mistook Harford's house for his own, and that he had imagined he was administering punish- ment to some one who had no right to be there. For the assaults the accused was sentenced to two months' hard labour, and for the damage, in default of paying a penalty of 70s., he was committed for a further term of one month.

Oh, pa, see them sparrows fighting 1 Just look? Yes, my son, they are having a hard fight." "That's a sparrow and his wife, isn't it, pa."

EXTRAORDINARY ACTION OF A LADY. The case of Regina v. Shuttleworth has been tried at Maidstone before Mr. Justice Stephen, the defen- dant, Susannah Shuttleworth, being charged, under 24 and 25 Vict., cap. 98, sec. 36, with causing a false entry to be inserted in a register of births, and also, under 37 and 38 Vict., cap. 88, sec. 40, with wilfully making a false declaration concerning the birth of a child of which she alleged she was the mother. Mr. Lockwood, Q.C., and Mr. Gill appeared for the pro- secution; Mr. W. Willis, Q.C., and Mr. R. 0. B. Lane for the defence. The facts of the case, which occupied the Court three days, were of a somewhat peculiar character, and from Mr. Lockwood's opening and the subsequent evidence it appeared that a Mr. Harrison died in 1880, leaving property to trustees in trust to pay the interest to his two daughters for life, with a direction that the capital was to be divided among the children of each daughter at the death of the said daughter, provided that if either daughter died childless her share was to go to her sister's children. At the time of Mr. Harrison's death be left two daughters, one of them, Mrs. Illingworth, who had been married some years, and bad a family, and the defendant, who at the time was about 43 years of age and unmarried. The de- fendant expressed much dissatisfaction at the terms of her father's will, saying that it was a great hard- ship that the money should have been left to her only for life and then, if she died without children, to her nephews and nieces. Further, she declared her inten- tion, if possible, to deprive these nephews and nieces of any chance of the reversion. In May, 1882, there- fore, the defendant, presumably in the hope of effect- ing this intention, married, at the age of 45, a Mr. Shuttleworth. The defendant and her husband went to reside in London, where the husband carried on the business of a music-seller, but owing apparently to the husband's ill-treatment, she. on the 5th of May, 1883, left him and went to reside at 59, Sydney- street, Fulham-road, m apartments kept by a Mrs. Martin. The defendant during the time that she re- mained in these lodgings, about six weeks, seems to have expressed a belief to the landlady that she was pregnant, mentioning the fact that she had been exa- mined by a doctor in April, 1883, who, while expressing the opinion that she was pregnant, yet thought that, as far as he could judge, the child would be stillborn. From the evidence of Mrs. Martin, who was enabled to fix the date by means of a book in which she had entered all the payments made to her by the defendant for the rent of the lodgings, it appeared quite clear that Mrs. Shuttleworth went straight from these lodgings to new apartments at 103, King's-road, Brighton, kept by a Mrs. Homewood, on the 20th June, 1883. She was then examined on the 21st of June by a local doctor, who gave it as his opinion that she was then pregnant, but he also subsequently stated that had the defendant been confined on the 21st or 23rd of June there was no possibility that the child could have been born alive. This was most important, as in the subsequent declaration made by the- defendant as to the date of the birth of her alleged child, she fixed the dace as the 23rd of June, giving the place as Poynings, a small hamlet near the Devil's Dyke, and about five miles from Brighton. It appeared conclu- sive, however, from the evidence that on this date, the 23rd of June, the defendant must have been at 103, King's-road, but on the 3rd of July Mrs. Shuttle- worth went in a cab to Mrs. Martin's, in Sydney- street, Fulham-road, to fetch away a box she had left there, and, without getting out of the cab, held up a child for Mrs. Martin to see as she was driving away. On the faith of these circumstances, and using with great ingenuity a medical certificate to the effect that she was pregnant on the 23rd of June, she gave out that she was delivered of a daughter at Poynings on that date. The declaration as to the birth, however, was not made at Poynings, but to the deputy-registrar at Brighton, and it was sug- gested by the prosecution that this was done to avoid answering any questions as to the locality which might have been asked by the registrar of births in such a small place as Poynings. The declaration having been made, the alleged birth of the daughter was communicated to the trustees of her father's will; but one of them, having suspicions, caused in- quiries to be made, and the name of Hannah Cox was given by the defendant as that of the midwife who was present at the confinement. The result of those inquiries was to prove that Hannah Cox was non- existent, and that letters and certificates purporting to be written by the said Hannah Cox were in fact written by the defendant. With reference to this part of the case, very important evidence was given to "how that the defendant had endeavoured to in- duce a Mrs. Chandler to personate Hannah Cox, offering her £5 so to do, and drawing up a statement which she wished Mrs. Chandler to learn by heart and give in evidence. Mrs. Chandler, however, refused, whereupon the defendant took away the £5- note, but left the paper containing the statement in Mrs. Chandler's possession, and the paper was pro- duced in evidence, and proved to be in the defen- dant's handwriting. A mass of other evidence having being given, the defendant was convicted and sen- tenced to four months' imprisonment.

THE EAST LONDON HOSPITAL SCANDALS. The resolution of the Asylums Board to ask next session for a Parliamentary inquiry into its adminis- tration supplies the Spectator with the text for an incisive exposure of the evils of the present system. Regarding the hospitals at Homerton, it says the worst records of mismanagement contain nothing which could surpass this scandalous chronicle. In 1880 a daily average of 213 patients cost < £ 23,000. In 1881 a certain Mr. Hodges, who lived upon his independent means, consisting of house property, ground rents, &c. was appointed chairman of the eastern Hospitals Committee. That year a marked rise was noticeable in the accounts for the second half-year. For the whole year an average of 291 patients cost £ 38,500. The next year an average of only 232 patients cost £ 41,300. In 1883 a still lower average, 223, cost £52,000, and in 1884 an average of 238 cost £ 56,460. They were a very happy family at Homerton during that period. Everything was left by the Board to the Committee; everything was left by the Committee to Mr. Hodges and the steward, Mr. Bashford. The Board appeared to exercise no of supervision or check over their committee. The Chairman of the Committee, with the aid of the Clerk to the Board, Mr. Jebb, rode roughshod over the orders of the Board. It was a fixed rule of the Board that cheques should only be paid to the person for whom they were made out, or an agent duly authorised in writing. Nevertheless, Mr. Jebb ad- mitted that. in one instance "he remembered having paid away a cheque to a person other than the person duly authorised to receive it. That one instance was when he handed a cheque to a contractor with the Eastern Hospital Committee to Mr. Hodges, the chairman of that Committee. Under a little gentle pressure from the Local Government inspectors, Mr. Jebb's memory expanded. The one instance grew to possibly two or three, but only for C20 or £ 30— not more than £ 50." The two or three instances again expanded into divers cheques for five, six, and seven different people, handed to Mr. Hodges during a period of a year. The amount grew more rapidly than Falstaff's men in buckram. One cheque alone was admitted to be for X418 14s. 5d.; and. finally, Mr. Jebb would not swear that he had not handed Mr. Hodges cheques for other people for £5000. We are not aware whether Mr. J ebb still remains clerk to the Board. Mr. Hodges discovered, at the end of 1884, that his health unfitted him for further duties as chairman of the committee. By an odd coincidence, a sub-committee of the Board was then sitting on the subject of the Homerton Hospital expenses. By an even odder coincidence, the wine bill of the Homerton Hospital, which for the quarter end- ing Michaelmas, 1884, was £846 12s. 9d., with a daily average of 235 patients, shrunk in the quarter ended Lady Day, 1885, to X52 7s., for a daily average of 230 patients. What a thirsty set those five additional patients must have been, whose absence made a difference of nearly XSOO in the wine bill in a single quarter! It is only fair to add, that with the five patients and Mr. Hodges, the chairman, there dis- appeared into private life also the steward, Mr. Bash- ford Mr. Freethy, the clerk to the Eastern Hospitals Committee Mr. Lapham, clerk and brother-in-law to the steward, whose bashfulness for a long time pre- vented his attendance at the inquiry, though much wanted; divers contractors to the hospital, and the Medical Superintendent, whose liberal treat- ment of the patients in the matter of diet did not, be complained, win him the "liberal treatment "of the Managers, who actually suspended him.

7? nnce and Princess Albrecht of Prussia made their formal entry into Brunswick on Monday, whither the tho Prince has gone to assume the regency of the Dueby. In addressing the Council of Regency, Prince Albrecht promised to maintain good relations with the Emperor and Empire of Germany.

DEATH OF THE DUKB OF ABERCORN r We regret to announce the detffn of rhe Duxe of I Abercorn, who expired at his residence at Baron's Court, Newtownstewart, county of Tyrone. Although never in the front rank of statesmen, be performed always with credit, and frequently wit'1 distinction, the tasks entrusted to him. Born in 1811, he was the grandson of the first Marquis of Abercorn, and the son of Viscount Hamilton, who died when he was three years old, and as his grandfather expired four years afterwards, be succeeded to the title when a boy. His stepfather was ''the travelled thane, Athenian Aberdeen," and to his charge the young marquis was entrusted. That fact sufficiently accounts for the attention paid to his nurture and education. Lord Aberdeen was, at that period, a Tory, and his ward perhaps, as much by nature as by training, began and remained a faithful adherent of a party which, moving with the times, differs essentially from the school of Sidmouth and Castlereagh. Lord Abercorn was sent to Christ Church, Oxford, and on attaining his majority, took Lis seat in the House of Peers, where, however, he played no conspicuous part. But his character and rank ensured due notice. In 1844 he was made a Knight of the Garter, and in 1846 appointed Groom of the Stole to the late Prince Consort, a post he held until 1859. As a lineal descendant of the Regent Arran, the first Duke of Chatelherault, in France, he ne claimed the title in 1864; but the French Emperor preferred the Duke of Hamilton, whose grandmother was a Beauharnais. The Marquis of Abercorn came prominently into public view in 1866, when Lord Derby, having formed a Conservative Ministry, prevailed on him to accept the Viceroy alty of Ireland. No better choice could have been made. The new Lord Lieutenant was not only a great Irish landed proprietor but an extremely popular gentleman in the sister island. When he entered on his duties, with Lord Mayo as Chief Secretary, Ireland was in a disturbed condition. It was the season of Fenian plots on both sides of St. George's Channel, and much depended on the skill as well as the firmness of the Government. Lord Abercorn and his secretary displayed both. He was certainly one of the most popular Viceroys ever sent to Dublin. He maintained great state and hospitality; he travelled over the country, making warm friends in all classes wherever he proceeded; and such was his success as a ruler that he not only suppressed the intrusive and home-grown Fenians, but secured, at the same time, the hearty approval of the people. During his government the Prince and Princess of Wales visited the island, and were received in all quarters with an enthusiastic welcome. When the general election went against the Conservatives in 1868, Lord Abercorn, of course, resigned, and was succeeded by Lord Spencer, who also p-oved an excellent Viceroy. For his con- spicuous services in Ireland the marquis was re- warded with a well-earned step in rank, and became Duke of Abercorn, so that Ireland had two dukes, as she has now three. Lord Spencer held his post until the spring of 1874, when, a Conservative majority having been chosen at a general election, Mr. Disraeli became premier, and the duke Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland but be only retained the post for two years and a half, retiring in 1876, when he was succeeded by the late Duke of Marlborough. His last public function was performed in 1878, when he carried the Garter to King Humbert of Italy. He married, in 1832, Louisa, a daughter of the sixth Duke of Bed- ford, and he has left a large family to lament his loss. He had lived, however, to see a Conservative Ministry once more in office, and his son George First Lord of the Admiralty. He is succeeded by the Marquis of Hamilton, who was born in 1838. ONE OF ENGLAND'S BEST CUSTOMERS The estimated value of the goods imported from the United Kingdom into New South Wales during 1884 was £ 11,423,047. Among the articles thus finding a ready market were 68,094 packages of dra- pery, valued at il,777,453 16,183 packages of wearing apparel, valued at £ 644,090; 39,332 pack- ages boots and shoes, valued at £ 499,917; saddlery, harness, and saddlers' ware, 2901 packages, valued at £ 88,090; 7784 packages of furniture, valued at £ 139,787; and 2570 packages of upholstery, valued at £ 65,716. This class of goods included also con- siderable quantities of baskets and basketware, brush- ware, cutlery, earthenware, and china, floorcloth and oilcoth, glassware, grindery, india-rubber goods, lamp- ware mfts and matting, pictures and paintings, tobacco pipes, silver plate, tinware, toys, turnery and wood- ware, watches and clocks, &c. The iron and other metal goods included 913 anchors, 192 tons chain cables, 2772 tons iron castings, 18,081 tons galvanised iron, 429 tons galvanised iron manufactures, 9162 tons iron pipes, 1022 iron tanks, 6328 tons ironware, 149 tons galvanised ironware, 30,639 tons iron and steel, 55,716 cwt. lead in rolls, 2499 cwt. lead piping, 19,664 packages machinery, 12,338 packages of sew- ing-machines, 796 packages weighing-machines, 39,831 cwt. nails, 17,512 packages telegraphic materials, 2702 ewt. zinc, &c. In addition there were consi- derable quantities of arms and ammunition, agri- cultural implements, cordage and rope, drugs, felt, gas-fittings, musical and scientific instruments, jewellery, lithographic materials, oils, paint, paper- hangings, photographic materials, printing materials, shio chandlery, stationery, &c., besides large quan- tities of beer, spirits, provisions of every description, soap, candles, and the like. There is scarcely a manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom which is not benefited more or less by the custom of New South Wales, whose purchases of British goods are becoming larger each succeeding year, in propor- tion to the steady increase of colonial population.

SCIENCE AND THE BIBLE. | Dr. Samuel Kinns has delivered a lecture at the London Mansion House upon The Remarkable Scientific Accuracy of the First Chapter of Genesis." The Lord Mayor presided, and there was a large attendance, including the Lord Chancellor and Lady Halsbury, Sir Thomas Chambers, M.P. (Recorder of London), the Dean of Lichfield, General Hutchinson, General Hatch, Mr. Bristow (senior director of the Geological Survey), Dr. S. Birch (of the British Museum), and the secretaries of the Bible Society, the South American Mission, the Church Missionary Society, the Tract Society, and the Young Men's Christian Association. In the course of his lecture Dr. Kinns pointed out that the "days''of tho Creation could not possibly have been days of 24 hours, and remarked that the Hebrew word used did not necessarily imply so short a period of time. The extraordinary accuracy of the sequence of the events of the Creation, as described by Moses, could not possibly be explained except on the assumption of revelation. The narrator could not have learned it from men, and he could not have guessed it, as there was about a billion chances to one against his putting the 15 events in their proper order. Dr. Kinns repeated the narrative contained in the first chapter of Genesis, and showed that it corre- sponded exactly with the teachings of geology. Re- ferring to the difficulty which is raised respecting the sequence of the Creation of the sun and vegetation, Dr. Kinns remarked that the Hebrew word used by Moses evi- dently meant not the creation but the appointment" of the sun for seasons. The Lord Chancellor, in pro- posing a vote of thanks to Dr. Kinns, observed that it was to him one of the most interesting studies in the world to see how each part of the sacred narrative became clearer and stronger the more minutely it was studied. The Dean of Lichfield seconded the motion, which was adopted, and a vote of thanks to the Lord Mayor brought the proceedings to a close.

THE RUSSIAN FLEET. A new belted cruiser, called the Admiral Nakhi- moff, was successfully launched on Monday from the yard of the Baltic works, at St. Petersburg, in the presence of the Emperor and Empress, who after- wards assisted at the consecration of the new fast torpedo boat just laid down at the same works. The Admiral Nakhiraoff is 333 feet long, 7781 tonnage, with engines of 8000-borse power, covered with armour plates eight to ten inches thick, and armed with eight nine inch and ten six-inch rifled guns. Considerable activity is being displayed in the Russian Navy yards just now. An ironclad of the Imperieuse type is to be commenced at once on the slip just vacated. At the French Company's works opposite an ironclad of 7572 tons, 7500 horse-power, is also ordered; while at Nicholaieff some torpedo cruisers are to be delivered in 1887, of 595 tons, measuring 215 feet by 24 feet, with an estimated speed of 20 knots. Besides these, two cruisers and five torpedo boats are to be built in Russia, and two gunboats and eight torpedo boats abroad. Three large ironclads are also approaching completion in the Black Sea,

AN ARIAL POST. Mr. W. B. Tegirtsseieiv.editor of the natural his- tory department of As Held, contributes a most in- teresting article to tbaf journal on this subiect. The utilisation of ho;iiing pigeons for service in conveying messages and letters is- air old as the time of Anacreon, and was brought 3e; its highest degree of excellence during the siege cf Paris, when messages at 6d. a word, or half a franc" if posted in France, were micro-photographed and conveyed into the beleagured city. The messages vrhieb are ordinarily carried by pigeons are believed by £ 2s great majority of the puhlrc to be tied under the wihg of the bird- an idtS to which a great degree of Sredibility was attached in cotisequence of a bird beariag a letter in this manner being figured in Yarrpl's Dritish Birds.' To those acquainted with the management of homing pigeons, the idea of securing a letter either to or' under the wing of the bird is manifestly absurd; a pigeon could not fly any distance with such an encumbrance. The notion has no more- founda-- tion in fact than that the bird would flv into the hands of the fair ownsr, as depicted in the engraving — which was so incorrect that, at my earnest request, it was omitted from the third edition by Mr. Howard Saunders, who edited tire later volumes. The general practice has been to send the message written on a narrow slip of paper, which was rolled round the leg and secured by a small string. In this manner the- important telegrams in the English papers were sent from the Point de Galle to Colombo 70 miles higher up the Coast of Ceylon, by the descendants of pigeons which I sent out for that purpose. Recently the services of pigeons have been still further utilised by Mr. A. S. Scott, who resides at Rotherfield-park, five miles from Alton, Hants. This gentleman has entered into an arrangement with Mr. Coppall, a grocer of Alton, who L ^Iso a homing pigeon fancier, and, as occasion serves, birds are interchanged between the two stations, Mr. Scott always having some of the Alton birds in his possession, and a number of his own being at Mr. Coppall's in Alton. There is no telegraph station at Rotherfield Park, but Mr. Scott is enabled to despatch his telegraphic messages to Alton without loss of time, sending them by pigeons. On the other band, in place of waiting for his morning paper until it has been brought by messenger, he receives it by pigeon parcel post. In a letter I have just received from this gentleman he writes I send you piece of newspaper brought out by one of my pigeons this morning, and which I received about nine a.m. Another cutting of similar size was brought out by another pigeon. Thus I get all the news of importance. I send it just as it arrived without opening it.' The enclosure consisted of a page of a London daily newspaper, folded longitudinally- viz., in the direction of the columns—three times, so as to make a slip of eight thicknesses of paper. This was then folded transversely and rolled into a firm cylin- drical roll barely 3in. long by about If in. in diameter. 2 Round this roll a piece of ordinary twine was tied tightly lin. from the end. The two ends of the twine were then knotted together, so as to form an open loop two inches long, which was placed over the head of the bird, allowing the roll to hang down in front of the breast. Notwithstanding my experience of homing birds, I must confess my surprise that so large and weighty an object could be satisfactorily conveyed in this manner for a distance cf five miles; the weight of the package was exactly |oz. That the practice of forwarding the important parts of the daily papers in this manner is habitually followed, I am assured also by Mr. C. L. Sutherland, who has recently been on a visit to Mr. Scott. The prac- ticability of enlisting the services of pigeons in con- veying light packages opens up quite a new departure for homing-pigeon fanciers. In many cases they may prove of the greatest utility as speedy messengers; patent medicines can easily be conveyed from the house of the surgeon to that of the patient, and numerous other utilisations of the homing faculty of these birds will suggest themselves to those who keep- them."

DO THE WORKING MEN WANT SHORTER HOURS? A Mechanic writes to a contemporary: Lord Rosebery at Sheffield explains that he is in favour of legislation on the hours of labour as a last resource, and then only in the case of railway, tramcar, and omnibus servants. People may be excused if they give this a wider application than the above three occupations. Whether these people who are to have their hours shortened on the ground of public safety will relish the prospect of their incomes being cur- tailed on the same high grounds is a question that seems to be rather neglected. His lordship thinks 12 hours a day about the maximum where public danger is involved Mr. Chamberlain is convinced from ex- perience that nine hours is as much as a man or woman can do at once without injury to them- selves. I wonder, in parentheses, whether his convictions took practical shape during his com- mercial career? This gentleman is much too astute to talk of legislation, however, or of trade unions, only of the "necessity of some arrange- ment" whereby hours of labour may be shortened. From an employer's point of view, this arrangement would mean shorter pay in proportion, as is now in operation at Crewe and Swindon. It is an arrange- ment intensely distasteful to the men, as I know from experience. Eight hours a day and eight hours pay is the average in those great works at present. And here is the point. The men would be glad to work eight hours only, but want nine hours' pay. The employers with their pay-by-the-hour system have the upper hand, however. Till it becomes a question of the length of the hour they are not much affected. except in so far as they might be compelled to enlarge their works. Men always speak of short time as a calamity and overtime as a good thing and it is so simply because their pay varies in exact proportion to their hours. And the cardinal sin of Lord Rosebery and Mr. Chamberlain in this matter is that they avoid the question of what is the minimum pay which a man shall receive for the legalised maximum day he is to work. When this question is faced, it will probably be found that there are two parties to the settling of it. But Lord Rosebery said at Sheffield that trade unions have settled the hours of labour all round (save only his three excep- tions) much better than the law could have done. I can only repeat that in the engineering trade the hours of labour are probably as long as ever they were. Whether nine, twelve, or other number of hours are enough for men's constitutions, there are at this moment thousands of mechanics, trade unionists too, working hours quite as long as any railway or tramcar servants, day by day for weeks and months together. I have worked in several shops on the Tyne, in Staffordshire and Shropshire, and in' the dockyards, and now I am working at my trade on the Thames-facts which may interest Lord Rosebery, as well as serve to show that I know what I am talking about on this question of overtime in the engineering trade. If his lordship wishes to learn my name, you are at liberty to send it him, as he seems to doubt my bona fides. At the recent Industrial Remuneration Conferenca, Mr. Burnett, of the Amalgamated Engineers, said "that every man who worked four quarter-day's over- time deprived another man of a day's employment.' This opinion is widely held among mechanics in his union. Yet with this for a belief, and with the addi- tional belief that nine hours is as much as a man can work with due regard to his other claims, there are' large numbers of these unionists now working such hours, that every three deprive two men of work every day; while the union to which they belong had 4000 men out of work last Christmas. A belief in a nine hours' day implies a belief that more than nina is wrong. In his somewhat unintelligible criticism of my former observations Mr. Powell says time and a quarter is charged to check this wrongful use of man by their employers; and, he adds, my remarks prove that this purpose has been well fulfilled. If working from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. every day except Saturday, and then till 12 p.m., is success in checking overtime, what would failure be ? Why, the men would never go home at all from Monday morning to Saturday L night. Fancy the absurdity of checking evil by rais- ing the price 25 per cent: Wherever mechanics are you will find they will work "any amount of over- time whenever they have the opportunity, and it may well be doubted whether they really desire the nine hours' day they talk of having won," when they are so willing to sell the-ir victory for time and a quarter.

AN ARCHDUKE'S EXPLOIT.-The Archduke John came the other day, says the Vienna correspondent of the Daily News," from Linz to Vienna, on the Damube, a distance of nearly 140 miles, in 22 hours. The Arch- duke was accompanied by an aide-do-camp, each occupying a small Kamtehatka boat. it had been con- sidered impossible to venture upon the rapids near Grein with safety, and the boats were hurried along with the speed of an express train. The Archduke is none the worse for his exploit; but the aide-de-camp's hands and arms were greatly swollen. Instruments were 1 carried which showed that they dipped the oars 62,000 1 times.