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- THE WEATHER OF THE BRITISH…

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THE WEATHER OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS FOR OCTOBER. The fine weather, which was so prominent a feature in the recent summer, has continued with but little interruption, and another dry month is added to the list which now embraces the last eleven months. In spite of the fine weather experienced, the mean temperature for the month comes out slightly below the average of former years in all the English districts, except in the north east and north- west of England; but the difference, either in excess or defect of the average, does not exceed a degree Fahrenheit in anv district over the United Kingdom. The highest mean was 50deg. in the south and south-west of our islands and in the west of Scotland, whilst the lowest in any district was 48deg.; so that the greatest differ- ence only amounted to 2deg. The first part of the month was, however, relatively for the season, much colder than the latter part, and of the five weeks here dealt with the first two were below the average, whilst the last three were in excess. The greatest defect of I temperature occurred in the second week, when in the Midland counties the deficiency amounted to as much as 7deg.; in other districts the defect varied from 4deg. to 6deg. There is nothing exceptional in the temperature when compared with that of the corre- sponding month of the last few years; indeed, the mean for the whole of the British Islands was lower by Ideg. than in either 1882 or 1883, although higher than either 1830 or 1881 by about 2'5deg. In both of these years a period of exceptionally cold weather was experienced towards the end of the month. In London the mean temperature was 49'9 deg., which is 1 deg. below the average— this deficiency was due to the cold spell which occurred from the Oth to the 14th; the temperature for this period was as much as 7 deg. below the average. There were, how- ever, seventeen days on which the temperature was above the average; the highest reading was 64 deg. on the 1st. The usual decrease of temperature from September to October is 6-6 deg.; this year the decrease amounted to 11 deg., so that as far as tem- perature is concerned the high values observed during the summer have received a check. This year, how- ever, has been one of exceptional warmth, for out of the ten months as yet expired there have been seven in which the temperature was above the average. Each of the months from January to March had high temperatures, the average excess for the three months amounting to 4 deg July, August, and Sep- tember were also each in excess, the average amount being 3 deg. The mean temperature for the three months was 63'6 deg. The exceptional character of the past summer may be somewhat realised from the fact that so high a mean has only once been reached since 1771, in 114 years, and that was 64-l deg. in 1808; the average for July to September, however, exceeded 63 deg. in 1779, 1818, and 1857. The amount of bright sunshine was fairly large for the season, ranging from 19 per cent. in the north of Ireland to 31 per cent. in the east of England. The first week, ending Oct. 6, was everywhere the highest, the sun shining for six hours out of every ten it was above the horizon in the south-west of England. The rainfall was in defect over the whole of the United Kingdom, except in the north of Ireland and the ertst of England. In the latter d'strict the excess was entirely due to a heavy fall in the second week, ending October 13. In all other parts of England the defect was very considerable. Both in Scotland and England the only period in which the fall was in excess of the average was the second week. In London the fall was l'Olin., which is l'73in. less than usual. During the last 72 years there are but 3 in which the fall for October was less, there were 0-80 in 1830, 0-40 in 1834, and 0.86 in 1879. Both i-n October, 1880 and 1881, the fall for the month was more than five times as great as this year. The rainfall returns for the last 70 years show that October has been the wettest month of the year-21 times. The principal point of interest is not so much the fact that the fall for the month is in defect, but that the whole year has been dry a fall of over llin. is now required to make up the annual average. The total fall for the ten months, from January to October, is only 13'42in., which is 6-92in. less than usual. The returns for the last 70 years do not show so small an account for a corresponding period, but in 1847 the amount was only 13"52in. It is now a certainty that the present year will be the first break in the succession of wet years recently experienced, and that generally over the whole country, although more especially over England; 1883 was the ninth in succession, and during the last 155 years there was never before a longer period than six successive wet years. The month is very conspicuous for the absence of gales. Several storm-centres skirted to the westward of our Islands, but only three came in sufficient close proximity to our coasts to cause a wind of gale force; these were on the 8th to 9th, 25th to 26th, and 28th. There were only 50 vessels lost off the coasts of the United Kingdom during the five weeks ending Novem- ber 1st, and of this number 28 occurred during the last week. October is usually one of the most stormy months of the year, although last year it was equally as quiet as the month under review. In 1880 as many as 161 vessels were lost off our coasts in one week at the end of the month, and in 1881 as many as 108 vessels were posted in one day on the Wreck and Casualty Book at Lloyd's. Statistics, however, give Octobers quieter than that just experienced, for the Greenwich observations from 1841 to 1860 show that during this period there were five years in which the wind did not attain so great a pressure as 51bs. on the square foot, a force ordinarily termed a fresh breeze. The fine weather, which has been of so pronounced a character at the close of October and the beginning of November, is in agreement with the spell com- monly experienced at this time of year, and which is known as St. Martin's Summer; it is evidently asso- ciated with other elements than mere temperature, since a close examination of mean values, embracing a number of years, does not support any interruption to the ordinary decrease of temperature at this season. Doubtless the excessive humidity and consequent de- fective evaporation have much to do with the sensible warmth which is unmistakeably experienced. Both a moist atmosphere and a low force of wind are clearly essential meteorological characteristics of this equi- noctial summer. The weather at the end of October and beginning of November, 1880, was a marked con- ) trast to that experienced this year, for exceptionally low temperatures occurred over the whole country, and in London the thermometer fell to 25deg. on the night of Nov. 1-2, and on the following morning there was ice nearly a quarter of an inch thick on the water in Regent's-park, and on Oct. 20 a fall of snow some four or five inches deep occurred in London. Some meteorologists have paid especial .attention to predictive meteorology by aid of the sequence of monthly mean temperatures, and it is only fair to admit that the hot summer fully fits in with the con- ditions laid down. As far as judgment can be formed from a consideration of the various theories of these table-turning meteorologists one is led to predict a mild winter.-The Standard.

MR. BRIGHT ON INDIAN GOVERNMENT.…

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PERSON AND PROPERTY.

LORD LYTTON S LETTERS.

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