The Welshman

I FRASER'S MAGAZINE. 1 The Seikhs are now the lions of the day they are tlk-fd about in every society, their history and late de have formed topics for the newspapers for several montfe, and the magazines have taken up a tale, and publisKi4 long dissertations on the origin of this warlike race. T% account of them in Fraser is well drawn up, though weigould have wished to have learned a little more about the Lion of the Punjaub, and the extraordi- nary manner in which he, an illiterate man like Mehemet Ali, acquired such ascendancy over a turbulent race. In two respects these remarkable adventurers agree. They saw the defects of their native system of government, but still more the military system, cast off their national prejudices, and employed foreigners to teach their troops the arts of war. In Runjeet Singh's case the experi- ment was completely successful. He raised, by that means, the most powerful army ever commanded by an Indian chief, amounting, independent of irregular troops, to 150,000 men, with 500 pieces of artillery, many of them of large calibre, and made according to the Euro- pean principle. He thus was enabled to subdue all the Sirdars who claimed separate jurisdiction, take Mooltan from the Ameers of Sinde, Peshawur from theAffghans, and include the whole of the country, being the Punjaub or Five Rivers, under his dominion. Like Mehemet Ali, he also showed great prudence. He never ventured a serious contest with the English, but'remained satis- fied with what he had gained from his less warlike neighbours. Unfortunately for them, his successors have departed from the principles on which he ruled the country, and the dispatches just published show the re- sult. The history of this people, as given in Fraser, will be read with interest at the present moment. The history which is continued under the title of "The Italian Campaigns," is less striking, and from the great length to which it has extended, four numbers, is beginning to be tedious. But the writer, like Colonel Mitchell, evidently considers it his duty to point out the extravagant praises heaped on Bonaparte's military talents, and to reduce them to their proper level. He brings them, however, below that point, for though it cannot be denied that Melas lost the battle of Marengo from sheer German apathy, and most of the other bat- tles were lost in consequence of the sluggishness of the Aulic Council, still it cannot be denied that the French leader, generally, if not always, knew when to seize his opportunity, and saved himself from dan- gers which he probably would not have incurred had he been pitched against more active and skilful gene- rals. At all events he succeeded for at least ten or twelve years, and never was fairly defeated till over- whelmed with numbers at Leipsic. Success, if not the most unerring, is certainly the most palpable test of a general's abilities. He failed, it is true, in the Belgian campaign, but all know how speedily he dis- persed the Prussians and all know, too, that but for the imperturbable firmness of the English, and the timely relief of a Prussian division, which struck the balance, he would have protracted his reign for at least twelve months more. It is impossible to deprive such a distinguished captain of the highest honours obtained in modern times. We have a continuation of Con- temporary Orators," which include two rising states- men-Lord Grey and Lord Morpeth. Their characters are impartially drawn, and with vivid effect. The writer of these biographical sketches deserves great praise, not only for avoiding all political bias, but for giving the main features by which the speakers are dis- tinguished with great correctness and instead of as- suming the harsh functions of a censor making every reasonable allowance for defects or peculiarities. We give a sketch of Lord Morpeth as a speaker in 1810 and it may be necessary to say, that the writer states he has since then much improved in his style and manner He has begun to speak. He has delivered an am- bitious exordium, stilted and high-flown in language, but elevated and generous in sentiment. His voice is rather harshly high in its tone, and too uniform in its sound. But there is vigour and earnestness, and here and there a touch of manly feeling that always startles by its contrast with the odd, overgrown-boyish, yet not unprepossessing, figure and manner. The action, also, is too formal, it has too much of the schools and there is altogether an artificial and ambitious effort at eloquence that makes one wish Lord Morpeth would trust more to his own unfettered impulses, and not so much to the and not so muc' to the lessons he has learned of some elocution master, who has tried to teach him what never yet was taught, and never will be. The style is too much that of the young gentlemen's academies" on examination-day. But the more you hear, the more you like both the speaker and sentiments in spite of all his peculiarities he has warmed you up. If you don't think with him, at least you feel with him. You have forgotten, too, the little traits of the ludicrous, in the palpable moral integrity of the man before you, instinct with a consciousness of the deep responsibilities of his exalted rank and station."

I THE UNION MAGAZINE. I [Published by Madden & Malcolm, Leadenhall-street, London.] Four numbers of this new competitor for public pa- tronage have been received by us and although works of this description are pretty numerous, we think the variety and originality which crowd the pages of the "Union" will secure for it a distinguished position in the literary world, and render it a welcome addition to our present stock of amusing and instructive periodicals. In its pages will be found a very agreeable commingling of the humourous with the serious, of light reading with historical and useful researches. Thus we have in the commencement of the fourth number a very able and solid article on the comparative view of the rise and progress of liberty in England and France," the perusal of which cannot fail to impart correct notions respecting a subject which at present engrosses no ordinary share of public attention, as it bears upon the gradual deve- lopment of the national institutions of both countries. The article is to be continued. It is followed by one of a totally different character, as Late for Lectures-A Tale of Young Oxford," is replete with humour, fun, and anecdote. The Review of Leigh Hunt's Stories from the Italian Poets" is admirably written. The concluding article, entitled The Holy Coat and German Catholicism," is a history of the most remarkable intellectual movement of the last two centuries—the new German reformation. Much misapprehension exists as to the tenets of Ronge and the German Catholic Church, and as both have been purposely misrepresented, it may not be, perhaps, out of place to give the following short extract, showing what those tenets really are "The great principle announced by the German Catholic Church is that of freedom of opinion and the right of private judgment.' The proximate cause, as has been seen, of this announcement now, is a flagrant outrage by the Roman Church on Common Sense and common decency, from which men, who could exercise private judgment, and whose power of forming opinion was not annihilated, revolted so utterly that even a tacit acquiescence in the monstrous claims asserted by the Church could no longer be enforced. One great doctrine which German Anti-Romanist Theology teachers profess, and to which the new body of nonconformists hold, is, that theology as a science is, like others, subject to improvement, and must yield to change; and, further, that religious forms are not independent of the state of society and progress of civilisation."

A PLURALIST.—The Dean and Chapter of Canter- bury have presented the Rev. Francis Dawson, B.D., of Trinity College, Cambridge, who is at present pre- bendary of Canterbury, rector of Chislehurst, sinecure rector of Orpington, Kent, and rector of All Hallows, Lombard-street, London, to the vicarage of East Peck- ham, Kent. To this benefice, the returned value of which is nearly E800 per annum, the reverend pluralist has been instituted by the Archbishop of Canterbury. ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND.—The Hon. F. H. F. Berkeley, M.P., and Mr. Thomas Wak- ley, M,P., had last week an interview with Sir James Graham, when they presented him a memorial, signed by 850 fellows and members of this college, praying the crown to grant a supplemental charter to the College of Surgeons. It is understood that the president and council have for some time past been in communication with the right hon. baronet on the same subject, and it is generally expected that a fresh batch of fellows will be made in fact, all members of the college, of eight years' standing, not keeping shops, will obtain the honour.—Sun. THE LATE SIR R. PEEL AND WESLEY.—The fol- lowing passage occurs in Mr. Weslry's journal, bearing date J lily 27, 1787 :—"1 was invited to breakfast at Bury, by Mr. Peel, a calico-printer, who a few years ago began with five hundred pounds, and is now supposed to have gainc1. fifty thousand pounds." NEWS FOR BUGEAUD.—We have been credibly in- formed that Abd-el-Ivader is living at Algiers. He has never left the capital for the last six years, excepting when Marshal Bugeaud has made grand expeditions to capture him. On these occasions he has always followed the French army. He returned with the Marshal a fortnight back, and took up his usual abode, two doors from the Governor's palace. He was present at the harangue of the Marshal to his troops, and laughed heartily at the allusions to himself. The French Government is perfectly welcome to make any use it pleases of our intelligence.— Punch. CHEERFULNESS.—Cheerfulness, which is a quality peculiar to man-a brute being capable only of enjoy- ment-opens, like spring, all the blossoms of the inward man. Try, for a single day, I beseech you, to preserve yourself in an easy and cheerful frame of mind be but for one day, instead of a fire-worshipper of passion and hell, the sun-worshipper of clear self-possession and compare the day in which you have rooted out the weed of dissatisfaction, with that on which you have suffered it to grow up, and you will find your heart open to every good motive, your life strengthened, and your breast armed with a panoply against every trick of fate truly, you will wonder at your own improve- ment.J. P. Richtcr.

MISCELLANEOUS INTELLIGENCE. The Queen has been pleased to appoint the Right Honourable Charles John Viscount Canning to be one of her Majesty's Commissioners for inquiring into and considering the most effectual means of improving the metropolis, and of providing increased facilities of com- munication within the same.—London Gazette, April 3. It is understood that the title of Sir Henry Hardinge will be Baron Penshurst, of Penshurst, in the county of Kent. Immediately on the receipt of the government de- spatch, announcing the decisive victory of British arms in India, a communication was forwarded to the com- manding officer of the Tower of London, directing a salute of fifty-two guns to be fired from that fortress in honour of the splendid achievement. On the receipt of the notice the royal standard was hoisted on the flag- staff on the summit of the White Tower. The loss in arms and horse appointments in the 3d Dragoons in India has been so great that the survivors have had to be furnished with swords and saddles from the native cavalry corps with the army. Lieutenant Morgan, of this regiment, was shot in both legs. He crawled, as he thought, into one of our tents, but it was an enemy's. The Sikhs tried to spear or cut him down, but in the excitement of the moment, wounded as he was, he killed his man and got away.-Globe. Amongst the hair-breadth 'scapes" at the battle of Sobraon, the following related by a young officer to his friend in Calcutta is very remarkable:—"Whilst I was laying the howitzer," he says, at a mass of their cavalry, a nine-pounder shot of theirs passed between my legs as they were bent in the act of stoop- ing down to bring my eye on a level with the tangent scale of the gun and the muzzle. The sergeant of the gun said to me, For God's sake take care, Sir, here comes a round shot!' but before I could move it had passed through my legs, and bounded right over the limber waggon, horses and all, flying a long way to the rear, doing no harm. I could not help looking down to my legs to see if both were there and all right, for I did think one of them must have been knocked to atoms, but through God's mercy, it passed me without a scratch. We rejoice to know that in the best informed circles of Paris the triumph of the British arms has been cheerfully welcomed as a victory of civilisation over barbarism; but will the intelligence be as welcome to the cabinet of President Polk ? We are in possession of proof of the feverish anxiety with which the warlike President has been watching the progress of the Indian war. An American vessel was specially commissioned by Mr. Polk to wait for and bring over the last de- spatches, and we know the efforts that were secretly made (the secrecy proves the animus) to obtain the earliest possible copy of those despatches.—Standard. The Paris papers of Thursday are discussing a speech by M. Guizot during the Belgian treaty debate, in which he criticised Sir Robert Peel's policy. England, he says, with a preponderancy of manufacturing population, must give preference to manufacturing interests; with France the case is exactly the reverse. He would avoid all abrupt changes, and would pursue the very gradual reform of financial policy which France has for some years adopted. Even the Ministerial Journal des Dil- bats takes exception to this part of M. Guizot's speech, and would make quicker progress. The following is the comparative postage in the different countries:—England, Id.; Prussia, 2jd. Spain 2^d. the United States of America, 2|d. Sar- dinia, 3d. Austria, 3d.; Russia, 4d.; and France, Hd. The Town Council of Gloucester have unanimously (whigs and conservatives) agreed to address Sir Robert Peel, in favour of the new measures for the free impor- tation of corn and provisions. The Emperor of Russia has just made known, by an ukase, that the rights of all property acquired from the produce of the fine arts are fixed during the whole life of the artists, and for 25 years after their decease, for the benefit of their heirs. A great promotion it is expected will shortly take place in the corps of Royal Marines, by the retirement of a number of old officers upon full pay. It is ex- pected that one or twu of the Commandants of Divisions will retire. During this week four cargoes of ice have arrived for the use of the Berwick Shipping Company from different parts of Norway. The winter in that country is de- scribed as being unusually mild, and the ice was even beginning to disappear when the vessels left. Four other vessels are expected next week. Berwick Warder. The Oxford and Cambridge eight-oared boat race took place on the Thames yesterday. The distance was from Mortlake Church to Putney-bridge. The Cantabs were declared the winners, after a severe struggle, by about three boats' lengths. A singular accident occurred on the North Midland Railway on Wednesday. As the London mail-train was passing Eckington station at a flying speed, the axle of a carriage attached to a luggage train, which had been shifted off the line to make way for the mail- train, happened suddenly to break, and the body of the carriage fell upon the first carriage of the mail as it passed. The velocity with which the mail was going prevented the weight of the carriage from making any impression upon the train so as to throw it off the line but, as it passed, all the handles on the doors, the steps, and all projections were cut completely off, and the instant the train had passed, the carriage fell direct upon the line on which the mail had travelled. Had the axletree broken one half minute sooner, the most fatal consequences must have resulted. Speed, in this instance, saved many lives, as well as extensive injury and damage. The extensive works in Itotlierhithc, known as the Canadian Saw-mills, were destroyed by fire on Wed- nesday last, and a large stock of timber and veneers was consumed. There are hundreds of English girls-many of them from Leeds-in the flax mills of the north of France. And the cotton, flax, and woollen mills of almost every foreign country, have either English overlookers or English workmen, together with English machinery.— Daily News. Messrs. Edrington and Sons, of the Phoenix Works, Glasgow, have just completed an iron market-house for Honduras, 103 feet long and 50 feet wide; and they have now on hand an iron church for the Continent. There is now following the pigs in Smithfield-markets, as a drover, one who, a short time since, followed his own pack of hounds in the midland counties! "Oh, what a falling off was there The nine of diamonds is styled the curse of Scot- land," from Duke William (of Cumberland) writing the sanguinary orders for military executions, after the I battle of Culloden, on the back of that card. An unpublished work of Linnaeus has been discovered in Sweden, after having been long sought in vain. It contained, for the instruction of his son, a number of ob- servations and facts, deduced, in great measure, from the private life of persons with whom he was acquainted, in order to demonstrate that Divine justice punishes and rewards even in this world. Queen Pomare is so embarrassed, that she has been obliged to offer for sale the carriage which Queen Vic- tori a sent to her as a present. Mr. Duncan, the African traveller, states, in a recent letter, that the King of Ashantee entertained him with a review of 6,000 female troops, whose arms, accoutre- ments, and performance, were truly astonishing. The Rev. Mr. Wells, curate of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, Liverpool, who has been wavering for some time, has this week conformed to the Church of Roii-ie.-Livei-- pool Mercury. Mr. Henry Rich, formerly member for Knaresborongh, offers himself for Richmond, in the room of the Hon. W. R. Colborne, deceased. During a coursing match, near Cheltenham, the other day, a fine young greyhound fell, and broke one of its fore legs. It rose again, nevertheless, continued the chase, turned the hare twice, and was in at the death. As a proof how little dependence is to be placed on dying declarations of innocence made by convicts at the gallows, the Carlow Sentinel mentions a case of which the editor was cognizant, in that town. A man convict- ed of murder persisted in declaring his innocence till he was swung off the fata drop. The rope, however, by some accident, broke, and the map was not hurt. He then begged a few niiiiutes'- time, aud before he was put up again fully acknowledged his guilt. On Tuesday week, the steam boiler belonging to the machine manufactory of Mr. Samuel Rodgett, in Starkie- street, Salford, Blackburn, suddenly explridcd, killing two men on the spot, and seriously wounding several others. A water tank, which held about 20 square feet of water, was blown eight or ten yards, and the sur- rounding buildings were reduced to a heap of ruins. A college, it is stated, is being established in Oregon, under the auspices of the Methodist missionaries a building, seventy-five feet long and three stories high, has been erected.—Globe. The importation of Poultry from America has now commenced. On Sunday the barque Agerma, 500 tons, Captain .Edgerton, arrived in St. Katherine Docks, from the port of Boston, United States, with twenty-five cases of turkeys, geese, and capons: also six boxes of red rein deer of superior quality. They were packed in ice to preserve them. There have been disorders among the combined miners j of Outrafurens near St. Etienne, even to the extent of conflicts with troops; in which eight persons have been killed, and six wounded. Madame Catalani recently gave a concert at Florence for the benefit of an indigent artist. The Orchestra was directed by Prince Poniatowski. Before the termination of the concert, the prince requested Madame Catalani to sing God save the Queen which, notwithstanding her advanced age and faltering voice, she did with the utmost fervour and sentiment, and to the delight of the elite of Florence, and a great number of the English aristocracy, who attended the entertainment.

CONFESSIONS OF A TIPPERARY INFORMER. The occasion is rare indeed upon which the informer was known to come into court with clean hands but of ali the miscreants of the tribe that ever figured in a temple of justice, foremost stands Mr. James Darmody, in the capacity of an approver, in a case tried before the Chief Baron at Nenagh assizes on Friday last. Two men, Edward Ryan and John Conway, were indicted for as- saulting the habitation of Pat Hogan, of Bawn, and firing into it a loaded gun. The following is the cross-examination of the appro- ver, Darmody, who, in his direct evidence bad sworn he was instigated to fire, in the attack on Hogan, by a person named Kennedy:- Cross-examined by Mr. Rolleston-How old are you —I am 26 years old. You are a married man—Yes, I have a wife. Counsel—God help her Have you any children ?— I have. How do you support yourself ?-I have a quarter of land, for which I pay 7s. 6d. How far is Calluhun from your house ?-Two miles. How far is it from Bawn ? Twelve miles it is the first time I was there. Did you ever do a job for Kennedy before ?—I never did. What brought you into Nenagh ?-I came in to serve a Crown summons for Ryan. How long were you in Nenagh before you met Ken- nedy ?-Two days. Whose public-house did you meet at ?-I cannot tell that. Upon your oath, did you not tell it to the magistrates, or point it out to the police ?—I did not. Did they ask you about it ?-They did. Where ?—I was in Thurles when they asked me. How long were you in Nenagh ?-Ten days. Did they not ask you to show them the house ?— They did not they told me I could do it in Thur]F,, if I liked. How long have you known Fogarty ?—Three or four years. Upon your oath, would you not shoot a man if you were asked ?-I don't think I would. And why did you go to shoot a man for Fogarty ?-I did it because I knew him.—(Sensation.) So if any man you knew asked you to murder ano- ther, you would do it ? When I am on such business. I would not kill a man unless I was attacked.—(Murmurs.) Then you were on such business before ?—I was. Were you at the taking of the Black Chapel ?-I was not. Were you ever in gaol for Shanahan's murder ?— I was.. And so you planned the murder of poor Hogan in a public-house in this town ?-I did not plan it. Well, did you agree to the job t—-I did, after drinking. Now, can't you tell us what public-house you were in ?-I cannot, but it is in the street leading up to the Court house. How long were you there ?-A quarter of an hour. So, in a quarter of an hour you made up your mind to murder a man you did not know ?-I did. —(Sen- sation. ) Were you at the murder of Shanahan ?-I was. Were you tried for the murder of James Ryan More ?-I was not. [Here he coolly detailed .the particulars of Sanahan's murder, amid great sensation.] Mr. Rolleston.-How did you murder him ?-We killed him with stones in his own yard, near Lord Hawarden's. —(Renewed sensation.) Did you do anything to the body of the man you butchered ?—I did not, but I heard that one of the party did. What did they do to him ?—I can't tell what they did to him. How long were you butchering him ?-(The witness here hesitated- to answer.) Answer this Court, Sir, said counsel; I have a catalogue of your villany here (pointing to his brief.) How long were you doing the job, I ask you again ?—We were not long about it.- (Sensation.) Was there not a charge of rape against one of the party on that occasion ?—There was. Now, answer me this question—Did you not stand in the door of Bolton's house while three of the mur- derers committed a rape on his daughter ?—I did. And the corpse of the murdered man lying before you in the yard ? (Here an audible thrill ran through the court, ai?d there was a pause of a moment.) Was not poor Bolton murdered because he sent home a gun he took from Lord Hawarden ?—He was. Where did you sleep that night ?-At my own house. On your oath did you ever see Shanahan until the night you helped to murder him ?—I did not see him until that night.—(Sensation.) Can you tell how long you were butchering him ?-I can't say. Was it on Sunday you did it ?-I can't tell whether it was or not; it is ten years ago. Counsel—Ten years ago, and you are now 26, so you began your trade as a murderer at 16 years old ?-I did. -(Sensation.) Were you at the killing of Ryan ?-I was. When did that murder take place ?—About a year after. Were you at the killing of Hayes ?-I was. When did that occur ?-Oil the 6th of August last he was killed in the evening I did not see him killed, but saw him dead. Do you remember being a witness upon the trial when the fight took place between Clapleton and Glee- son ?-I do. You swore you saw the fight in a field ?-I did. Did you fire a shot at Hogan's house ?—No. Was your pistol charged r——It was. What did you do with it ? I brought it home, and kept it for a fortnight. 'Fogarty fired it Did you fire off the charge r—No. Fogarty fired it through the door when he took it from me. Were you at Hogan's house at any time after the attack ?-I was in about a month after. It might be three weeks. What brought you there ?—I came to fight for him. —(Laughter.) Counsel—So you went to fight for Hogan, though you went to murder him three weeks before ?—(Laughter.) --I did. Pat Murphy took me there to have a fight with a party at Hogan's. Did you see the man they killed ?-I did. Had you any hand in killing him ?—No. How many of them were there ?—About thirty of them. Had they arms ?—None of them had arms. They had sticks. Had they powder or shot, or ball ?—They had not. Did you see Hogan looking sharp at you when you went to his house again ?—I did not. Did you blush when you saw the face of the man you went to murder ?—No, I did not blush. Upon your oath did Kennedy give you bullets and powder ?—Upon my oath he did not. Was it after the shot was fired that the woman was struck with a stone by Fogarty ?-It was. And a boy of the Darmodys did not do anything at all, I suppose ?—(Laughter.)—I did not do anything. I would not do anything unless there was an attack upon me. Did Ryan die of his wounds ?-He did. When you went to Hogan's house you were shown the bedroom he slept in ?—I was. Upon your oath, if you got into his room would you not murder him ?—(Here the approver turned a very ferocious look upon Mr. Rolleston, and, without any hesitation, replied in a loud and resolute voice, I would.") Counsel—How far is Traverston from Hogan's ?—It is a mile. Well, my fine boy, when did you turn informer ?—I don't know what you mean. Upon your oath don't you know what I mean ?—When did you split, or burst, as they say in the Terry slang— when did you stag ?—(Laughter.)—I first gave my lll- formation in the Thurles Bridewell. What were you there for ?—I was charged with robbery. With what robbery what did you rob ?-I robbed two houses near Toomavara.—(Murmurs.) How long were you in gaol for robbery ?—Only a few days. How did you get out so soon ?—I sent word to Mr. Jones that I could give him some information. Of what ?-Of the attack on Hogan's house. Upon vour oath, did you tell Mr. Jones the truth in that information •—I told him the entire truth. What induced you to give information ?—I heard that one of the party was going to turn approver, and I turned before him. So you told all you knew to save yourself?—I did. Murders and all ?—Murders and all.—(Murmurs.) You may go down. There was other corroborating evidence, and the pri- soners were found guilty. I

EFFECTS or I-RIGILT.-Tlie Peers have resolved, at a meeting of the Clarendon, to oppose by every means the progress of the Corn Law Bill. The British Lion is so frightened that he has sent to Van Amburgh, apply- ing for a situation.- Punch. CROWNER'S QUEST LAW.— The justices of Devonshire have come to the following resolution That the com- mittee of accounts be instructed not to pass the expense of any inquest where the verdict is natural death' or visitation of God,' unless reasons are shown them that suspicion fairly arose that such death was not natural." This very preposterous resolution has raised up quite a conimotioll for it is asked by the coroners, how they are to know, before the inquiry is made, whether the [ death in question was, 01 was not, natural. --Bi-iglitult [ Guardian. THE CORN LAWS.—The Siicle says,—The second reading of the Corn Law Bill has been adopted by the House of Commons by a majority of 302 to 214 votes, making a difference of 88 in favour of Ministers. This majority is less by eight votes than the one yielded by the division on the first reading. It becomes evident that the Protectionist party forms a compact mass of at least 2.30 votes in the House of Commons, and that this party is not weakened by the contest either in Paliament or in the country. Mr. Cobden, M.P., and his friends of the League, make a great noise about the nothingness of their opponents. This assertion must not be taken as a demonstrated truth. The extraordinary situation in which a dominant party has suddenly found itself, which, after having lost its leaders, courageously sought to raise its standard again, has given rise to some exploits. As Viscount Palmerston wittily remarked, an opinion which had hitherto furnished nothing but votes has undertaken to furnish speeches. We ought to add that it has more than once attained its object. Thus Mr. S. O'Brien, Lord G. Bentinck, and Mr. Disraeli, in spite of the disadvan- tage attached to the defence of an unpopular cause, have gallantly made head against the apologists of the bill. The Ministers have been exposed to severe trials. Our readers will remember the admirable .speech by which Sir R. Peel, returning to the charge like a wounded wild boar against the pack by which he is worried, laid several of his opponents on the floor. Sir James Gra- ham has just renewed the same manoeuvre against Lord George Bentinck and against the learned Recorder of Dublin, Mr. F. Shaw. Sir James Graham appears to us to have proved, very happily, that the reform of the Corn Laws would not inflict any injury on the cultivators of the soil. It was only necessary for that purpose to enumerate the demands for land that are presented every year, and which, instead of being arrested, have contin- ued to increase since the proclamation of the Ministerial intentions. Another reason, quite as decisive, is, that all the leases renewed at this moment bear, notwith- standing the proposed abolition of the protective duty, a higher rate of rent than that hitherto paid by the te- nants. In fact, the reform of the Corn Laws, which the landed aristocracy deem so unfavourable to their interests, might very possibly not cut off a single shilling of their revenue. In this case they would have effected, at a good bargain, that reconciliation between the different classes of society which Sir R. Peel promises and foresees. A commercial reform, which should join to this grand result for domestic peace, the advantage of bringing back the public mind to ideas of conciliation in the United States, and that of holding out a good example to the rest of Europe, would assuredly be one of the greatest benefits that the policy of Government has ever conferred on those who obey them. SALARIES, &C., IN PVBLIC OFFICEs.-On Monday an abstract of accounts of every increase and diminution which has taken place within the year 1845 in all public offices or departments, pursuant to the act 4 and 5, William IV., c. 24, was issued. It appears that in 45 establishments the increase in the number of persons employed was 2,267, of which 2,035 were in the Post- office in salaries, E94,489 10s. 6d.; in emoluments, f208 in retiring allowances, E23,717 8s. 5d. and in expenses, 11,464 13s. lid.—making a total of £ 129,879 12s. lOd. In the diminution list the number of persons in the year was 463, of which 396 were from the Excise. The salaries in the diminution classes amounted to 1:52,970 7s. 3d. the emoluments, £ 3,284 17s. 6d. retired allowannces £ 9,879 3s. and the expenses £1,920 10s 4d.—making a total of £ 69,754 18s. Id. The increase in the year was con- siderably beyond the diminution the former being £ 129,879 12s. 10d., and the latter E69,754 18s. Id. REPRESENTATION OF MAI.TON.—A new writ was moved for on Tuesday, night for the borough of Mal- ton, in the room of Mr. Childers, who has accepted the Chiltern Hundreds. It is understood that Lord Milton will succeed him. The borough is under the influence of his father, Lord Fitzwilliam. THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH'S SHILLING.—A novel scene took place at the Petty Sessions at Wood- stock last week. Elliott, the principal gamekeeper for the Duke of Marlborough, charged a young man of the name of Steel, a servant to Dr Bowles, with an offence against the Game Laws, and summoned Dr. Bowles to give evidence against him. At the time of the alkged committal of the offence Steel was out with his master, who was shooting over his own land. Steel was charged with killing a hen pheasant out of season. Mr. C. Tomes, solicitor, of Oxford, attended for the prosecution, as he said, for the Duke of. Marlborough. Mr. II. North, solicitor, of Woodstock, defended, and said the case was, in fact, the Duke of Marlborough against Dr. Bowles. Steel has leftfthe service of his late master, and it was not proved that the summons had either been served on him or left at his usual place of resi- dence;" hence the case was dismissed. Dr. Bowles said a shilling had been given him with the summons. This shilling he would give as a donation to the poor old people of Woodstock from the Duke of Marlborough, and it would be the first shilling the Duke of Marl- borough ever gave them." This announcement caused loud laughter in the court, which was crowded, the affair having caused a stir in Woodstock.—Globe. SEED POTATOES FROM SOUTH AMERICA.—We ob- serve by the import list that two vessels arrived last week from South America, having on board about 100 barrels of potatoes, which we understand were expressly ordered by the importers for seed. It was from South Amerira the potato was first brought Jp Europe, and it is reasonable- to suppose that seed from the indigenous soil will be highly prized at the present moment. Some years ago a small quantity of potatoes was brought from the same quarter, and used as seed by a farmer in Dum- friesshire. The produce, we are informed, turned out very sti p erior. -Liverpool Albion. II AIL WAY DEMORALISATION.—The condition of the temporary colonies of navigators is frightful they live in a kind of promiscuous brutality, to which forethought, decorum, or even common decency is truly unknown- both sexes huddled together in the rudest profligacy, dirt, and not. Their amusements, when work is done, are drinking and fighting and violence, plunder, dis- order and disease are the natural fruits of this more than savage way of living. Where they are billetted in the villages, it is as bad. Their presence brings in- temperance, strife, and dissolute manners into the lodging, if it were respectable before and the whole neighbourhood suffers from the disorderly invasion. The pay-days are signalised by scandalous debauchery, and often by bloodshed. Another consequence of the reckless habits of these fellows is the frequency of dreadful accidents while they are at work. The in- stances of this kind in the report particularly referring to a single structure-the great tunnel on the Sheffield line-arc distressing to read of. In short, the evil is in every way pressing and palpable enough the difficulty is to find a remedy for it.-Daily Vews. THE EARTH.—The surface of the earth is 196,862,266 square miles. Not more than one-fifth of the whole is inhabited by man. THE PHILOSOPHY OF ADVERTISING.—In the" News- paper Press Directory," the author has a few remarks upon the philosophy of advertising, which strike us as being characterised with much good sense and discri- mination. He says-" The second rule to which we should advise advertisers to adhere is, in looking at the circulation of the papers to which their attention is di- rected as an advertising medium, to regard its quality rather than its quantity. Some of the most widely-cir- culated journals in the empire are the worst possible to advertise in. Their readers are not purchasers; and any money spent upon them is so much thrown away. A journal that circulates amongst the families of the district one which has the confidence of the moneyed and respectable classes of society one which, from its character, is likely to be read attentively by its circle of readers—in their own houses—at their own fire-sides, whilst it also finds access to the news-rooms and libra- ries of its locality-is a better medium for advertising, with a circulation of 2000, than another with a circu- lation of 4000, that circulation being chiefly confined to inns, public-houses, and beer shops. The reason is this readers at honte look to advertisements as a part of the contents of the paper in which they may be inter- ested, and almost always refer to them. The same may be said of the frequenters of reading-rooms and libraries —generally men of business, who want to see a number of local journals for the advantage of theij business an- nouncements but readers at public-houses, it will be found, as a rule, read for the news and politics, not for the advertisements a long and close observation war- rants us in coming to this conclusion." ASTOUNDING FACTS.—There are a few of the re- miniscences of war entirely shorn of poetry. There are bloody witnesses to the truth, and let them testify. In the periodical butcheries in the human family, the fol- lowing hecatomb has been offered to that god of battles which both Christians and Pagans have worshipped with the same devotion :— Millions. Loss of life in the Jewish war 25 By wars in the time of Ses05tris 15 By those of Semiramis, Cyrus, and Alexander.. 30 By Alexander's s-uccessors. 20 Grecian wars 15 Wars of the twelve Cæsars 30 Roman wars before Julius C:rsar 60 Wars of the Roman Empire, Turks, & Saraccns 180 Wars of the Refurmation 30 Wars of the Middle Ages, and Nine Ceuturies 80 Tartar and African Wars 180 American Indians destroyed by Spaniards 12 Wars of Napoleon 6 683 The above is a mere extract from the bloody statistics of "glorious war;" one chapter in the annals of the violence, crime, and misery that have followed in the footsteps of the Great Destroyer. The loss of souls is entered where human eyes may not read the list. Dr. Dick estimates the number of those who have perished directly or indirectly by wax, at fourteen thousand ?Izzlllolts