The Montgomeryshire Express and Radnor Times

CONTRIBUTIONS ORIGINAL AND SELECTED. BUYING A BULL. The farmer needing a bull for next spring and summer should get him now. The breeder who has a whole string of bulls for sale has to make an extra effort to carry them through the winter. This costs him money, and he must have an increased price in the spring. One animal requires little additional care, md the feed would not be missed on most farms. Besides this, by making the selec- tion now there is more to choose from, and a better animal can be secured. THE MANGEL CROP. There is always a common disposition to leave the mangel crop standing up to, and often beyond, the verge of danger from frost, in order to obtain the greatest possible bulk. This season the temptation to delay the securing of the crop was even greater than usual, because, while the roots had not swollen to the full extent while the drought lasted, there was every reason to expect a considerable increase in weight through leaving them for a fortnight to obtain the benefit of the recent rains therefore, although the roots would have pulled easily last week, and the proper time for begin- ning to deal with them had arrived, the work was generally postponed. With or- dinary care not to leave any pulled out overnight without a covering of leaves, there is not much risk of damage before November begins but it is safer to secure the crop by the end of October. VITALITY OF FARM SEEDS. The length of time during which seeds, especially farm seeds, retain their vitality or capacity to germinate is of considerable interest, for it is something important to know the maximum age at which seeds may be regarded as a successful crop. A not' uncommon view is, that it is safe to sow cereal grains two years old, while peas and beans, mangolds, cabbage, and similar seeds may be sown up to four years old. This does not mean that old seeds will not ger- minate at all, but that they will in general be unlikely to yield good results in prac- tical farming. Broadly speaking, it is in- advisable to sow old seeds, and any monetary advantage which would be gained thereby would rarely be sufficient to com- pensate for the probable loss of germinating power. It is sound practice to sow only healthy, clean, pure, strongly-germinating seeds of the previous year's growth. VALUE OF LIQUID MANURE. It is generally agreed that a great waste of fertilising material takes place in this country owing to the small use made of liquid manure, yet great difference of opin- ion exists as to whether it pays to cart it out. Some experiments have recently been carried out by the Irish Department of Agri- culture to determine its value in compari- son with farmyard manure and artificials, and to ascertain whether the increase of crop produced would repay the cost of cart- ing the liquid manure. Four plots of J acre each in an old meadow that had grown hay for six years 9 previously with artificial manure alone were selected. One plot was untreated, one re- ceived 21 tons of liquid manure per acre, half in the first veek in February and half in the last week in April one received 16 tons of farmyard manure, and the fourth plot 1 cwt. nitrate of soda, 3 cwt. super- phosphate (30 per cent. phosphate), and 2 cwt. kainit. The experimental plots were about 650 yards from the liquid manure tank. The liquid manure was conveyed to the field in a 100-gallon oil barrel fixed on the wheels, axle and shafts of an old cart. PROFITABLENESS OR OTHERWISE. An attempt is made in the report of this experiment to estimate the profitableness or otherwise of the applications. The increase in the crop of hay produced is valued at £2 per ton, and at this rate each ton of liquid manure used gave a return of 3s 2d, while the return from the farmyard manure was 3s 5d. Valuing the hay at F-3 per ton, these amounts would be 4s 9d and 5s Id respec- tively. As regards the cost of application, it was found that a man and horse would distribute on the experimental field, 650 yards from the tank, about twenty cart loads, or 9 tons, of manure in a working day of ten hours, at a cost of 8d per ton. In this estimate, however, only the cart- ing is taken into consideration, and as on most farms no provision exists at present i for collecting and storing liquid manure, the cost would be increased by the provision of a suitable tank. It must also be remembered that, while a considerable proportion of the liquid man- ure is under the usual conditions wasted by drainage from the dung heap, a large

Stitch in Time. There is an old saying, A stitch in time saves nine," and if upon the first symptoms of anything being wrong with our health we were to resort to some simple but proper means of correcting the mischief, nine-tenths of the suffering that invades our homes would be avoided. A dose of Gwilym Evans' Quinine Bitters taken when you feel the least bit out of sorts is just that stitch in time." You can get Gwilym Evans' Quinine Bitters at any Chemists or Stores in bottles 2s. 9d. and 4s. 6d. each but remember that the only guarantee genuineness is the name Gwilym Evans on the label, stamp, and bottle, without which none are genuine. Sole ProprietorsQuinine Bittars Manu- facturing Company, Limited, Llanelly, South Wales.

I CATALOGUE POST TREE OS APPLICATION. NORWICH COUECTION^M Containing 12 New and Select Exhibition Var., H. P. una H.X. in fine bush plants as below— \U Caroline Testout EiUaxney Mrs. W. J. Gnat V Fr&a K. Druschki Lady Ash town Mildred Grant si » Hush Dickson Lyoi Rose Pharisaer /J K. A. Victoria M. A. Chatenay Richmond 111 ID/6 Carriage Paid. 10/6 v» Our POPULAR Collection, Containin,' 12 Superb Varieties, our selection, including F. K. Druschki, Richmond, Lady Ashtown, &M. Ravary 7 6 Carr. Paid: (6 for 4/-) CATALOGUE P08T FREE ON APPLICATION for other Collections, anu distinct varieties see our beautifully illustrated Catalogue (or Autumn, 1910, revised and enlarged to "« pp.. poat free on application. It also contains a fine list of all the best varieties of APFLi.S, PEAKS PLUMS, and other KRUIT THEESand BUSHES, Ornamental SHRUBS, t'OBESr 'HIKES, etc., besides a splendid list of the choicMt BULBS. DANIELS BROS.U. B'«*irtiT."S!SS'0 NORWICH. M Our POPULAR Collection, Containin 12 Superb Varieties, our selection, including 0 g F. K. Druschki, Richmond, Lady Ashtown, &M. Ravary 7 6 Carr. Paid: (6 for 4/-) CATALOGUE P08T FREE ON APPLICATION for other Collections, anu distinct varieties see our beautifully illustrated Catalogue (or Autumn, 1910, revised and enlarged to "« pp.. poat free on application. It also contains a fine list of all the best varieties of APFLi.S, PEARS. PLUMS, and other KRUIT THEESand BUSHES, Ornamental SHRUBS, FoREsr 'HIKES, etc., besides a splendid list of the choicMt BULBS. DANIELS BROS.U. B'«*irtiT."S!SS'0 NORWICH.

[BROWN? I BRONCHIAL I ■TROCHES I S FOR COUGHS & COLDS. JB FOR THROAT AFFECTIONS. ||L FOR BRONCHITIS, OR ASTHMA. ETC I

AFTER THE BREEDING SEASON. The poultry breeding season is over, the sitting hens have finished their work, and the egg yield is gradually failing. The growing chicks need intelligent care even after they have passed the stage of baby- hood. It is a losing matter to permit them to look entirely after themselves. They need wise feeding, sanitary and com- fortable quarter, safeguarding against day- time and midnight prowlers, and oversight in all matters pertaining to rapid and healthy growth. 11 Go THROUGH THE FLOOK. Alter the breeding season there should be a careful culling of the flock. The old hens all that are weak, the drones, and all cocks that- are not to be kept over, should be disposed of at this time. The fowls for next year's breeding pens need abundant room when the weather becomes sultry. Crowd- ing is fatal to the vigour and condition needed for profitable winter laying. The quarters need careful looking over. However fine and valuable the breed, judi- cious or abundant the feeding, neither will atone for uncomfortable or unsanitary quar- ters. If not on free range they should have spacious, well-protected yards, where they can get exercise and enjoyment. The night environment should be equally well looked after. Draughts should be

BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. SUFFERED 20 YEARS, CURED BY VENO'S LIGHTNING COUGH CURE. Mrs Joel Chapman, Wardhedge, Flitton, Ampthill, Beds, writes:—" For over 20 years I suffered dreadfully from bronchial asthma, which was attended with nasal catarrh and blood spitting. I thought I should never be any better, but one day I tried Veno's Lightning Cough Cure and was relieved after one dose. I could breathe freely and naturally through the nose, the blood spitting has stopped, and now I am quite cured." Ask for Veno's Lightning Cough Cure for coughs colds, bronchitis, asthma, catarrh and children's coughs. 9id, II Ii and 2/9 of all chemists.

What Newtown has Found Welshpool has Found. It is good to know that our neighbours over in Welshpcol have found what so many welJ-known and respected Newtown men and women have found. Mr E. Howells, of 8, Powis Arms Yard, Salop-road, Welshpool, says: "In the course of my work I am subject to draughts, and I believo it was through this that I caught a severe cold. which seemed to settle in my kidneys. The result was that I suffered with bad pains in my back and loins, and the urinary system became disordered; the secretions from the kidneys being thick and discoloured. When I awoke in the mornings I felt heavy and unfit for exertion. My eyes were puffy and swollen, and they watered a good deal. Reading of Doin's backache kidney pills, I decided to try them. In three or four days I noticed an improvement; I felt brighter and fresher in the mornings, and the feeling of de- pression had disappeared. The pains in my back troubled me less, and the kidney secretions became more natural. In fact, I felt much better altogether. I went on with Dean's pills, and gradually regained my usual health. I am pleased to say I have had no return of the troubles. Doan's backache kidney pills have my warmest recommendation. (Signed) Edward Howells." Doan's backache kidney pills are two shillings and ninepence per box, or six boxes for thirteen shillings and ninepence. Of all chemists and stores, or post free direct from the Foster- McClellan Co., 8, Wells-street, Oxford-street, London, W. Be sure you get the same kind of pills as Mr Howells had.

RECORD BARLEY SUCCESSES. In the great malting barley competition at the Brewers' Exhibition, London, 1910, reserve for the World's Championship was won by Webbs' Kinver Chevalier barley. This celebrated variety has secured the world's championship no no less than ten occasions. In addition, Messrs Webbs' bar- leys won first, second, fourth, fifth, and sixth prizes-240 entries, open to the king- dom—4 silver cups, 7 silver medals, 5 bronze medals, cash prizes value E140, and 35 diplomas, at the recent exhibition. At the Dorset United Farmers' Malting Barley Exhibition, 1910, the championship and first prize were awarded to Webbs' New Binder barley.

Pedigree Shire Sale at Welshpool. An important sale of shire horses was held under the auspices of the Montgomery- shire District Entire Horse Association at the Royal Oak Hotel, Welshpool, on Thurs- day week. The sale was conducted by Messrs Morris, Marshall, and Poole. The entries comprised some valuable brood mares, two-year-old and yearling fillies and colts, and a number of promising foals by Birdsall Menestrel aifd other well-known sires. A large number of buyers were pres- ent, and good prices were realised. The highest price was paid by Lord Rothschild, who gave 150gs. for Champlion's Gem, a two-year-old filly, whose sire was Childwick's Champion and dam Smiler, and was the property of Mr E. Roberts, Great Hope, Buttington. A yearling entire colt, sire Childwick Champion, dam British Bounce, the property of Mr E. Jones, Dollas, Berriew, was purchased by Mr Everard, Barden Hill, for 140gs., and Moors Lion, a dark bay, two-year-old colt, sire Childwick Champion, and dam Lass of Wynnstay, fetched 120gs., the purchaser be- ing Mr W. Humphreys, Amberley Court. The sum of 130gs. was offered for a bay filly foal, sire Birdsall Menestrel and dam Bank Roseleaf, the property of Mr Thomas Green, The Bank, Pool Quay, but. at this figure the foal was withdrawn. The following were the other prices:— I FOALS. The Right Hon. the Earl of Powis, Powis Castle, bay colt by Birdsall Menestrel, Welshpool Master, 26gs., to Mr Bromley, Lower House. Bay colt foal by Birdsall Menestrel, 19Ags., to Mr Evans, Buttington Hall. Mr Edward Green, The Moors, Welshpool, brown filly foal by Moors Kitchener, 48gs., I to Mr Williams, ine uaer. Mr J. Vaughan, Llyssun, bay filly foal, by Moors Potentate, 46gs., to Mr Davies, Moat. Mr J. P. Jones, Caebardd, Guilsfield, bay colt foal, by Mathrafal Maldwyn, 41gs., to Mr Everard, Barden Hill. Mr D. Pryce-, Kynant, Guilsfield, bay colt foal, by Birdsall Menestrell, 22gs., to Mr Langford, Chirbury Hall. Mr H. P. Edwards, Lovesgrove Farm Aberystwyth, black colt foal, by Tatton Regent, 23gs., to Mr Owen, Garthmyl. Black filly foal, by Tatton Regent, 23gs., to Mr Rogers, Bacheldre. YEARLING FILLIES. Mr Edward Green, The Moors, Welshpool, dark bay, Moors Mira, by Childwick Cham- pion, 50gs., to Mr Morris Evans, Wernllwyd. Mr J. R. Jones, Trwstllewelyn, Garthmvl, bay, Severn Stock, by Credential, 55gs., tu Mr James, Brompton. Mr William Evans, Buttington Hall, Welshpool, Buttington Jewel, by Childwick Champion. 39a:s.. to Mr nior-i <.J .a. 't"t"L.1-, .l("JULj'- on-Wye. Mrs Francis, Lower Leighton, Welshpool, bay filly, by Leighton Harold, 28gs., to Mr Morris, Rowton. YEARLING COLTS. The Right Hon. the Earl of Powis, Powis Castle, brown, Welshpool Champion, by Childwick Champion, 34gs., to Mr Davies, Buildwas. TWO-YEAR-OLD FILLIES. Mr J. R. Jones, Trwstllewelyn, Garthmyl, Severn Lily, by Severn Darnley, 45gs., to Mr Howard, Gwarthlow. TWO-YEAR-OLD COLTS. Mr J. Richards, Morton Hall, Oswestry, Romeo, by Childwick Champion, 85gs., to Mr Owen, Garthmyl. BROOD MARES. Mr Morris Evans, Wernllwyd, Berriew, Bryn Queen, by The Forest Chief, 70gs., to Mr Williams, Newport. Mr F. E. Williams, Hem, Forden, Welsh- pool, Camlad Buttercup, by Hendre Bar- onet, 46gs., to Mr Bason, Hem. Mr D. Gittins, Middle Sylfaen, Welshpool, Lofty, by Emlyn Harold, 48gs., to Mr Evans, Dyffrvn. Mr E .Collinson, Ynysfechan, Arthog, Dol- gelley. Gipsy Girl, by Mere Boy, 95gs., to Mr Williams, Mellington. Mrs M. Francis, Lower Leighton, Welsh- pool, Leighton Gipsy, by Moors Potentate, 33gs., to Mr Laking, Whitchurch.

t THERE'S ONE FOR YOU FREE! iffk Thousands have shared In I ^I V\ the many advantages, great H savings, and satisfaction en- I Br iery, Watches, &c.through I H H- SAMUEL'S profusely ■ illustrated 170-page FREE BOOK OF J wr 3000 BARGAINS ffiJJ tul volume? It not, 5end a post card NOW and see what "value for money" really means. Every bargain is listed at practically PRICE I Avoid delusive instalment systems. Buy for cash and 9-t the possible value for your money. 8L*~| jl jdn Wfc ?. "The Watch 7rW SEE WHAT YOU SAVE 1 i P2tents-" I I F JRJ&R GOLD BROOCHES, 3/6 (usually 6/6); HANDSOME LOCKETS, 7/8 BSS&N I H. SAMUEL'S JUST (*alu- fo- i}.6) CRUETS, 3/3 (often 4/-); GOLD GUARDS, 21/ Sic. fgj|;V L, lipUFl ww-Ji MONTH'S FREE TRIAL ALLOWED. jgfjj —t" «*»!¥!& FREE PRIZES §LU fivFR |-y> I y for all purchasers (see page 2 of book). LEW Lit WRITE FOR THE BOOK NOW! 1. Kcvlcss or I I H. SAMUEL, ms, CO, HALL 200 MARKET ST., MANCHESTER. MARKED O'G ALBERT GEM KLNGW/ W FREE 'UUR TERMS GOODS TO THE OF deposit 15/ 118 1 ø 30/ 2/8 116 45/ 3/6 920 60/ 4/- 925 75/ ,,4/8 II WICKER WATr] >ny amount pro rata last Item. I z^JrolJe^bra!^ I H1WITH REVERSIBLE CUSHION. Mb DISCOUNT TERMS. ^^CAPPED. WEIGHT 2fcCWTS M 10^rC^S^m6?tWithia 7 4473 5 per cent. for settlement within 16 weeks from delivery. 2 t per cent. for settlement within 6 months from delivery. 16 And 5 per cent, interest oa ovardus thuged. \¡ FOI ftTNEIT ol 9017$Ll MH).M<n 10 per cent. on dOP-dt and tOperceBtoBdtpotttand :tp<reentoBremtdBdM' 'fMtUtd imontht 01 71 mOWL m VbOl* at& If 9"Uod to 4 MOAUAIL 6 per ant on WhOI6 aooonals it wtu*d in 9 moths 21 PIP Mnt. on wllole aocouta If III 12 an awed ozeept ant t settle ant BLACK LOUIS CABIliET. 4",WIDE,7PT.tilG* WITH 4 E Tllt. KVLGV L OSHAPED"IRROR5f LE triMAALL 3r,,4 0 CHT.A 1-UPBOARD IN FIIM-DOAK 18 -0 IIET 2 sT E5 FRIE (ATAWGUEJ FREE E 1111 Wl^ ;D .WR EX"AM CH E'Sit E S W- E ST R Y d.1 U RCH S.AL,OP, WIDLV ER'HA M:PT,O N, EWSIO,U, Ry N EW-T.0 RV- NBIGH, 0 NGTOh,SA'LO'P, LI:ANIDL ES. S Ik CROEN IACH AGWAED PUR.—Dynayr hyn y mae y "Sarzine Blood Mix- t ture" yn ei sicrhau, adim ijsH Yankee Patent Medicines; o ond os blinir chwi gan /> (groen afiach, ysfa, pim- I £ 1 g S Ik CROEN IACH AGWAED PUR.—Dynayr hyn y mae y "Sarzine Blood Mix- ture" yn ei sicrhau, adim ijsH Yankee Patent Medicines; ond os blinir chwi gan /> (groen afiach, ysfa, pim- I £ 1 pies, toriad allan, scurvy,t V doluriau, penddynod.&c., V-jgjjs JT^. I yn tarddu o waed drwg acammhur.mynwch bote- VK- i" Hny laid o ''Sarzine Blood ■ gist nesaf atoch[ 1s- ^c- I a 2s. 6c. y botel, neu gyda 3c. at y cludiad I yn chwanegol, oddi wrth y Perchenog. ^HUGH^DAVIES^iem|st^JWachynlleth^^ MILLIONS OF RATS » have been slaughtered by using HARRISON'S M RELIABLE" RAT POISONr. Equally good for Mice, Moles, and Beetles. Dogs and Cats will not tcuch it. Vermin f dry up and leave no smell. Price 6d., Is., 2s. 3d., and 3s. 8d. Postage 2d. G. W. HARRISON, Chemist, Reading..Sold by Chemists. Agents:—For NEWTOWN, AndreN Breese; WELSH POOL. W. Bishop; MONTGOMERY, A. Thomas, Borough & County Supply Stores LLANIDLOES, R Hughes; MACHYNLLETH, F. Rees. All Chemists. SPECIAL NOTICE.—The Lowest Charge for tut Advertisement (if not Prepaid) is 2s. 6d. £ nil TO SUFFERERS FROM I SKIN AND BLOOD DISEASES. I ■ The specialists will tell you that all such com- by thoroughly purifying the blood. For cleansing H I- t.. Pjj plaintsas Eczema, Scrofula, Scurvy, the blood of all impurities, from whatever cause H m Bad Legs, Ulcers, Abscesses, arising-, there is no other medicine just as good H n Tumours, Glandular Swellings, as "Clarke's Blood Mixture," that's why in H S Boils, Pimples, Sores and ErUD* thousands of cases it has effected truly remark- H B tlons Of all kinds, Blood able cures where all other treatments have failed. Poison, Rheumatism, Gout, etc., Start taking Clarke's Blood Mixture to-day, and are entirely due to a diseased state of the you will soon have the same experience. blood, and can only be permanently cured The Editor of the" Family Doctor," London's X "Popular Medical Weekly, writes:—"We have f seen hosts of letters bearing testimony to the I r jj ■ MB r truly wonderful cures effected by Clarke's Blood I I I ■■ A M Mixture. It is the finest Blood Purifier that Science and Medical Ski4l have brought to light, and we can with the utmost confidence recommend it to our subscribers and the public generally." Bt W "Clarke s Blood Mixture Stores, 2/9 per bottle, is entirelv free from any and in cases contain- poison or metallic WI- ing six times the it to our subscribers and the public generally." "Clarke s Blood Mixture Stores, 2/9 per bottle, «entirely free from any and in cases contain- Xpoison or metallic ing the I f prestation, does not quantity 11/ or post It i B Ml H H H iSm contain any injurious free on receipt of price 111 ■ MTA W Bl 9 ingredient, and is a direct from the Pro- good, sa/e, and useful prietors, the Lincoln medicine."—Health. and Midland Counties D Of ail Chemists and Drug Co., Lincoln. B Has Cured Thousands, REFUSE SUBSTITUTES.f 1 WILL CURE YOU. i iihwhimhiJ PUBLIC NOTICES. oJ has an ym C NM Onoto Pea—and every care- f ful woman too. if? It's a pen for the careful- ri always ready to write and write well. J* FILLS itself from any ink supply and rj it CANNOT LEAK. J Are YOU careful-tllen M ask your stationer for an '/g1 Price 10/6 and upwards at all (j » Mt1 stationers, stores, jewellers, &c. t x^ Made in Britain by British labour. t (1o"l'dpt the ONOTO PEN free on o., to ]pf IMPORTANT.—For these Y TIOC with a very flexible nib, a { fjl G'j^ I who require a pcn TIOC with a very flexible nib, a { fjl G'j^ I 'Jyf special model—the new G, has this J nf SijijlBl u year been put on the market, it is I jjj j exceptional value for the money. f I j I Try this r.ew G at yO!:r stationers. I Mi;/# tSySlf* Also ask him for Onoto Ink, the J M (M'lfj Ogjt' best for fountain and all other pens. 1 I jijuSU <) THIS BRITISH-MADE PEN i You May 'SEE & TRY BEFORE YOU BUY/ At the FOUNTAIN PEN HOSPITAL, ( 19, Broad-street, NEWTOWN. Hi THE NEW PRINCE OF WALBS. THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER with the Alterations necessitated by the Accession of King George V. and the elevation of the Duke of Cornwall to be Prince of Wales. A FINE VARIETY IN VARIOUS BINDINGS AT THE— Book & Bible Depot, 19, Broad Street, NEWTOWN. I I THE VERY LATEST! t WE ARE ALWAYS on the look-out for the NEWEST STYLES and BEST VALUES in Standard Makes of Pianofortes, and guarantee to supply these on Terms even more favourable than you can obtain at Music Stores in the large Cities. Here is an illustration of THE VERY LATEST ENGLISH MODELj 'd j -A.A*<3Sf/AfGTOpf y^ ( This Magnificent Instrument is 4ft. 4 inches lugb, and is in Choice Inlaid Mahogany "fl Case, completed in the justly renowned Sheraton Style. The tone is full and round, with superb singing quality, and the interior is in no way sacrificed to the exquisitely furnished exterior. In addition, this 1910 Model" has a New Patent Arrangement for holding Music —the bottom door being so made as to be pulled forward and disclose a Music Cabinet with Four Compartments, which will hold 150 pieces of Music ONE FAVOUR IS ASKED SEE THE MODEL THE ONLY DISTRICT AGENCY IS— PHILLIPS'MUSIC SALON NEWTOWN. I

"+'r "11"cor\J-1 L_- .J.L 1.L.L wuai.iiiL./ uy uie jitler, anct a part of the liquid collected in that tank would have been utilised with the farm- yard manure. A second series of hay crops was started in 191J!), on which the liquid manure was applied in the same quantity (16 tons per acre) as the farmyard manure, and in this case both gave an increase in crop of 15 wt. per acre, that from the dressing of ar- tificials being 7 cwt. From the appearance of the plots, however, the farmyard manure is likely to give the better returns in the second year. The returns obtained from the manures in this experiment were not high, but it is stated that the field was al- ready in a high state of fertility, the crop on the unmanured plot being 3 tons per .acre. A CONSTRAST EXPERIMENT. An experiment was also started in 1909 to compare the value of liquid manure and farmyard manure on arable land. Mangels

and cabbages were manured with (1) 25 tons liquid manure, and (2) 20 tons farm- yard manure. Other plots received the same, with, in addition, a dressing of a complete mixture of artificials. The results showed that where artificials were used in conjunction, practically the same yields were produced with the liquid as with the farmyard manure, while on the plots to which no artificials were applied the crop with liquid manure was the smaller by about 2 tons. In this case one-third of the liquid man- ure was applied in December, one-third when the drills were opened, and one-third after thinning, and there can be no doubt that a considerable proportion of the liquid applied in December would be washed away. This loss cannot, however, be en- tirely avoided, since sufficient storage ca- pacity cannot be provided to hold all the liquid until the spring. Liquid manure necessarily varies in com- position according to the feeding of the cat- tle and the quantity of water that finds its way into the tank, but its value in these experiments appear to show that the ques- tion of its storage and use is worthy of consideration. WINTER WASHING OF FRUIT TREES. A neglected orchard not only harbours, during the winter, all manner of insect enemies which commence their ravages in spring, but it forms a nursery or breeding ground from which other orchards are in- fested. The first step, therefore, is to destroy these pests as far as possible, and for this purpose winter washing is prac- ticed. The caustic or burning wash applied clears away moss, lichen, and other vegeta- ble growths that are not only harmful to the health of the tree, but which also act as shelter places for injurious insects. The wash may also reach the insects themselves in their various stages of development. The wooly aphis, the apple blossom weevil, the earwig, the caterpillar of the codling

moth in its cocoon, and other insects, are found during the winter sheltering under cover of rough bark and of lichenous and other growths on fruit trees. The destruc- tion of their winter quarters places such insects at a disadvantage, and their number is in consequence materially reduced. Fur- ther, some of the insects are killed by the wash itself. It has been found in practice that a wash used with effect against an insect in its adult, larval, or pupal stage, may prove quite ineffective against the egg of the insect, and hence winter washing should be followed by careful observation in spring, so that the young newly-hatched insects may be dealt with-according to their kind—before they have had time to do j'great harm or to multiply.

avoided, but plenty of pure air available. If doors and windows are still used, have them covered with heavy wire netting to keep out marauders possessed of two legs or four. Do not go to the other extreme of allowing hens to roost on fences or in .trees in the open air. The houses should be especially well looked after. The droppings should be re- moved at least once a week, as filth will breed disease, or at least sap the vitality of the flock. Where the droppings cannot be frequently removed, cover them with dry earth. Fresh, pure drinking water, frequently changed, is indispensable to their health and comfort. They do not enjoy stale drink- ing water any better than we do. See to it that the drinking vessels are kept clean by frequent rinsing and scrubbing.