The Chester Courant and Advertiser for North Wales

AGRICULTURE. » ■ A RIFT IN THE CLOUD. For many succeeding weeks the agricultural prospect had been so monotonous in regard to the weather that it was somewhat difficult to find any. thing fresh to write about. Since Christmas, and, unfortunately for many weeks previous,—and one might almost say months-the aspect has been of the dullest; but for the present, and during the past week there have not been wanting signs of an improvement such as is most earnestly to be desired if the situation is to be retrieved from the hopelessness into which there seemed to be a possibility of its falling. The tain, for one thing, has been less persistent, and an occasional tinge of frost has relieved arable surfaces somewhat, though there remains too much of stickiness to enable the teams to work with any degree of freedom. Some haphazard ploughing, however, has been done, which might, pernaps, and would, have been deferred it the prospect of a dry month ahead could have been leasonably assured. The coming month has generally been associated with the term "till dyke," not that it is to be taken for granted; for there have been many occasions when this has not been so; and some 10 or l years ago the mouth was, so to speak, gloriously tine and dry throughout. And if the seasons recur in cycles, as some would have us believe, it appears to be about time we had another tiue month ot St. Valentine, it is to be hoped that this may be so. A lew dry weeks would put farming matters on a different basis to what they are now, and work would go lorward with leaps and bounds. But there must oe no neglecting the opportunity when it does occur, ihe birds have been tunetul ott and on tor several weeks, particularly so recently, aud with indications of comparative mildness the month ahead may pro- bably furuish a favourable seed time. A short spell of winter, however, would be acceptable even yet, eo long as it is unaccompanied by rain. A parcel of butter for Mr. Joseph Chamberlain from the Darling Downs factories is being brought from Australia by the steamer Damascus. Butter-making in Queensland is a growing indus- try. Aiiotuer parcel, from Warwick, Queensland, 1A a present to the Earl ot VV arwick. While two wheat ricks carried in September last were being threshed the other day in the vil- lage af) Preston (Jandover, Hampshire, no fewer than 450 rats were killed. Two r) £ >re cases of anthrax have occurred in the Runcorn district, one being that of a cow at Lomas s Farm, Sutton W eaver, and the other that of a calf at the tarm of ooiin Grimths, of Weston- Both animals were slaughtered and cremated. At a recent auction sale of potatoes at Ely, the property of Mr. Cole Ambrose, of Stutney Hall, a well-known grower in the district, some grand prices were realised. About eighty tons were ottered, ".Northern JStars' selling at the rate of JM20 per ton, "'Llewellyn's' £ Hti a ton, "King Edward VH." JE.14 a ton, and' button's "I)ia- covery 17s. a pound. Selling at these rates, a few acres of these tubers must have proved a veri- table gold mine. Uidinary produce is realising about ;t;4 per ton. The Council of the R.A.S.E. are by no means dismayed by their loss sustained at the last ex- hibition. 'ihey are setting to work again with unabated energy in view of this year's show, having issued the prize schedule, shewing a total amouut of prize money oi over £ 6,000. The ehow this year will be held from i uiie 21 to 2b inclusive, and while the result will be looked forward to with interested curiosity by some thousands of agriculturists, it is sincerely hoped that it may be a success. LIVE STOCK FOR THE TRANSVAAL. A letter received by the British Board of Agri- culture from the Transvaal department of Agri- culture contains the following:—"We are anxious to encourage tne importation of high-class pure- bred stock from Great Britain, and although the trade may take a little time to develop, we think there is every piospect of a good business being done eventually. Vve have, as you know, lately got over a small and fairly representative selec- tion of live stock from Great Britain, which at- trants hi immense amount of attention already." The letter also contains tne statement that the Department is forming an agricultural library for use by the officials and the general public, and that being so it is anxious to obtain as complete a collection of stud, herd and Hock books as pos- sible. This is a very encouraging feature, and is deserving of a liberal response on the part of those of our county societies who have some of these interesting publications to spare. MOTOR POWER FOR AGRICULTURE. In the course of an able article on "Ploughs and Ploughing," contributed to the December number ot the Journal of the Board of Agricul- ture, Professor Primrose McConnell says: — Within the last year or two the motor plough has been coming to the front in this country, and is likely to be still further developed. The con- venient adaptability of the oil-engine is rendering this possible, and the invention of a direct trac- tion motor adaptable to all kinds of farm work is now practically accomplished. In connection with these labour-saving devices-such as double- furrow ploughs, motor-ploughs, etc.—it must, however, be kept in mind that there may be no benefit or saving in the total expenses of the farm. If a certain number of men and horses are needed to carry on the work, taking the twelve months round, then the getting of a costly outfit to do one job, such as ploughing, may only be a ruinous addition to the expenses; we need, for instance, a crowd of men to do hoeing, harvesting, root- lifting and other work, and this crowd of men, with the corresponding number of horses, must be kept on while the motor is doing some of their work. This applies all round, of course, so that motors must either be developed to do all the work or else be done without altogether. The limits of two-horse work are by no means yet reached, while enough has been said to shew that there is great room for improvement in both ploughs and ploughing in the old style. In his concluding remarks the Professor says: — That in many districts in this country we are a long way behind the writer has known to his sorrow. There is a great deal more bad plough- ing about than good, and this is not altogether the fault of the men, for there are whole districts where hot one farmer in twenty understands either the plough or the work it is intended to do, although they may have been at it all their lives. Some keep on working with the old wooden plough, which has not been much altered since the days when Alfred was King of the West Saxons, and any attempt to introduce a modem, improved variety, with chilled steel working parts, steel frame, and wheels is resented. Some who have tried a modem form have not had the know- ledge or the patience to adapt it to their land or special work, and have thrown the implement aside and returned to the good old historio methods. It is certain, however, that, if our arable farming is to head the procession of the world in the future as it has done in the past, modem implements and modem styles of work must be adopted; and while some districts in these islands have put into practical use most of what has been said, there are many other districts where they have not yet learned the alphabet of ploughing. EARLY LAMBS. A notable feature in farming during the past year was the early lambing. Several records of Iambs before Christmas have been published, and many others were received from all parts of the country, among them one born on September 9, at Tynbedor Farm, near Aberystwyth. Many lambs were born in October in the Isle of Wight, and on a farm at Crediton, Devonshire, a lamb with five lega has made its appearance Lambing among the Dorset horned flocks is reported as being w completed, while the Hampshire down ewes are lambing freely. As yet the process has not been satisfactory owing to cold and wet. IMMUNITY FROM ANTHRAX. A rather strange story, but one at the same time both startling and interesting, if true to farmers, comes from New Zealand. According to the Wellington correspondent of the "Times," Mr. J. A. Gilruth, pathologist to the Public Health Department and Chief of the Veterinary Depart- ment of the Colony, has conducted experiments with anthrax bacilli, which prove that an animal particularly susceptible to anthrax, such as a guinea-pig or a rabbit, will resist such virulent doses of anthrax as can only be described as "enormous," provided the germs are mixed with a greater quantity of another species of microbe that. in itself, must be non-pathogenic, or in- capable of producing any disease. With a microbe possessing some pathogenic properties absolute re- sistance to the anthrax germ with which it is mixed is not conferred, but death does not occur from anthrax until three or four times the usual period after inoculation has elapsed. The first organism experimented with was an accidental short bacillus varying from almost a coccus to almost the length of B. typhosus. It is non- motile, does not stain by Gram's method, grows readily in gelatine, forming in two days a definite growth, with irregular edges, and a faint bluish tint. On agar it forms a thick coloury growth in from 18 to 24 hours at 37 deg. C. It does not grow on potato, does not coagulate milk, and forms, gradually, a thick scum on the surface of broth, which it renders very cloudy. In addition to this bacillus, experiments were made with the streptococcus pyrogenes of different origins. Mr. Gilruth has also found that by these inoculations a certain degree of immunfty can be conferred, as has been proved by the fact that rabbits that have been several times inoculated with the mixed cultures are now able to withstand an injection of anthrax bacilli sufficient to kill twenty or thirty cattle As to the cause of the phenomena he has observed, Mr. Gilruth advances a theory based upon Metchnikoff 6 theory of Phagocytosis, but admits that owing to pressure of official duties and the magnitude of the work required to thoroughly follow out the line of investigation he has begun, any explanation he may advance can only be considered as tentative. If. however, this phenomenon be further investigated, he thinks it may possibly afford a surer and more satisfactory method of conferring immunity against anthrax, and possibly against other diseases, than the methods now in vogue. A CHANGE NEEDED. Professor John Wrightson, commenting in the "Agricultural Gazette" on the present condition of farming, remarks: "As to live stock, they are more productive than corn. Two good fat wethers bring in more money than an acre of wheat, but at what an outlay! They must be bought or bred, and well done from birth, and the profit is often looked for more in benefit to the land than in direct return. Thus we go on grow- ing corn to feed stock, and keeping stock to grow corn, an endless round which often leaves the practitioner poorer in the end. Now, if we could devise some means of breaking through this routine and starting something really profitable, what a good thing it would be! Say, for ex- ample, growing boom potatoes to be sold at 10s. a pound like Northern Star. Or growing straw- berries, or tomatoes, or dessert apples. plums or flowers. Or selling prize poultry at guineas a head, or breeding dogs. Not much land is re- quired for such purposes, and the possibilities are wonderful. Why do we keep ringing the changes on barley, clover, wheat and roots, instead of growing various sorts of crops such as cocks-foot, agricultural needs of all sorts, lavender, eto.?"

CHESTER FARMERS' CLUB. -+- CENTRAL CHAMBER'S ADVICE. SUPPORT OF FISCAL REFORM. A special general meeting of the Chester Far- mers' Club was held on Tuesday afternoon, at the Blossoms Hotel, Chester, for the purpose of hear- ing an address by Mr. A. H. H. Mathews, the secretary of the Central and Associated Chambers of Agriculture, on the work of the Chamber. Mr. A. S. Gaskell (Prenton) presided, and there was a large attendance of members and other agricul- turists, including Messrs. Thomas Davies (Bebing- ton), Rowe Morris, Edward Dean, R. Challinor, Okell, J. Beecroft, M. Kennedy, T. J. Dutton, Roberts, Carter, etc., with the secretary (Mr. Arthur P. Smith). Mr. Mathews, who was briefly introduced by the Chairman and Mr. J. Beecroft (the club's delegate to the Central Chamber), dwelt in the course of his address upon the practical value of the work done by the Central Chamber and the influence that body exercised upon the deliberations of the Board of Agriculture and Lord Onslow. He also urged the importance of stronger organisation among agriculturists throughout the country. It had been felt by the Central Chamber, he said, that they ought to be more closely in touch with the various county chambers. As one who had had some years' experience as a tenant farmer in the South of England, he was delighted to have the opportunity of paying a visit to Cheshire, which had the reputation of possessing some of the best landlords, some of the best farmers, and some of the best land in the country. The organisation of the industry was the most important question that farmers had to consider. They had already many agricultural societies, and the Central Chamber alone had 75 local chambers associated with it. Some of those chambers were very strong, con- sisting in some cases of upwards of a thousand members; but others were very weak, and although their membership was considerable, he still thought that agricultural organisation was in its infancy. Agriculture was the largest industry of this country, employing more labour and capi- tal than any other single industry, yet it was the worst represented of any industry in Parliament, notwithstanding that it. returned a number of very good men. In Parliament they had had in power a party which was generally looked upon as the friend of agriculture. The Government had done a great deal for the agricultural community, notably in the passing of the Agricultural Rates Act and the Cattle Diseases Act, but he did not hesitate to say they would have done a great deal more for them than they had if agriculture had been organised as it should have been. Proceed- ing, Mr. Mathews advocated the nomination of an emergency committee by every society, to be authorised by the whole body to act on their be- half in dealing with Parliamentary questions on the spur of the moment. In conclusion, he said that the Central Chamber stood in a very good position with the Board of Agriculture, who made a regular prr.ctico of consulting them whenever any question was brought before them. On the motion of Mr. OkeH, seconded by Mr. Roberts, a vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Mathews for his address. On the proposition of Mr. J. Beecroft, it was decided to consider the question of appointing an emergency committee at the next meeting. In reply to Mr. T. J. Dutton, Mr. Mathews said that Lord Onslow had always shewn the greatest readiness to accept invitations to address chambers of agriculture, and he had no doubt that. if a good meeting could be arranged in Cheshire the Minis- ter for Agriculture would be only too pleased to meet and address the agriculturists of this county. In the course of a discussion that followed, Mr. Carter asked if Mr. Mathews would advise the club as to the best lines to be adopted by farmers with regard to Mr. Chamberlain's Fiscal pro- posals. Mr. M. Kennedy did not think the Fiscal ques- tion was a proper one to be discussed on that occasion, as different shades of political opinion were represented in that assembly. He wished to know whether Mr. Mathews could suggest some remedy for bringing the agricultural labourers back to the land. The depopulation of rural places that had been taking place for many years was one of the greatest questions that affected far- mers. They were sometimes placed in a diffi- culty for the want of labourers when the weather permitted them to carry out harvest operations. In consequence there was a great loss of agricul- tural produce for the want of sufficient labour to harvest it. He thought that was more important than the Fiscal question. Mr. Carter suggested that Mr. Mathews might approach the Fiscal question from a non-political standpoint without importing any party feeling. Mr. T. J. Dutton supported this view. remark- ing that the Fiscal question was undoubtedly of great importance to farmers. Mr. Mathews. replying to Mr. Kennedy's ques- tion as to rural depopulation, said he thought that was comparatively only a small part of the general Fiscal question. If farmers could get better prices for their produce and could afford to pay their labourers a better wage than they were earning to-day, he thought there would not be much diffi- culty in bringing the labourers back to the land. One thing which tended to take them away was u that the housing was not as good as it should be. The improvement of labourers' dwellings and the provision of greater facilities for their obtaining a little land would also tend to keep the labourers in their place. Proceeding to allude to the Fiscal question. Mr. Mathews said that the Central Chamber of Agriculture had by a practically unani- mous vote passed a resolution in support of Mr. Chamberlain's proposals, and he did not hesitate to advise this club to do likewise. One point made by those who were opposed to any Fiscal reform was that if any improvement took place in the price of farming produce the landlord would be the only person who would benefit by it. This he denied as strongly as he could, and he could speak with the knowledge of a tenant farmer. From his experience as a tenant farmer he could only say that he wished prices were sufficiently good for rents to be considerably higher than they were to-day. Perhaps farmers did not feel that so strongly in this neighbourhood as did the farmers in the east and midland counties. He did not think that the farmers in Cheshire had felt the effects of agricultural depression so severely as they had in the other parts of the country, where land had gone out of cultivation and rents had gone down in many cases to more than half what they used to be. If a farm fell vacant in some places it was not tenanted again until it had been advertised very much. Landlords had been very great losers by the depression equally as much as tenants and labourers and if they could get better prices for their produce the first man who would get the benefit therefrom would be the tenant farmer, the second would be the labourer, and last of all would be the landlord. Though landlords would un- doubtedly derive some benefit from increased prices, the tenants would get the bigger propor- tion. When the Is. duty was put upon corn last year, did it have the effect of raising the price of foodstuffs? (A Voice: "Yes.") That gentleman who said "Yes" spoke from a very decided minority. They would see that the price of food- stuffs was considerably lower than in previous years. He knew that a very much larger propor- tion of the stuff that came into this country came as wheat instead of flour. Moreover, he thought the best reason for saying that it was part of Mr. Chamberlain's policy to make a difference in the duty which he proposed upon grain and flour was that in a letter written to a friend of his, Mr. Chamberlain said: "I attach much importance to the provisions I propose should be made in order to give flour a preference over whole grain and so secure the milling industry in this country." The difference in the duty last year was something like 3d. per cwt., and yet that slight difference was enough to cause one million more quarters of wheat to be ground in this country than had been ground previously. If Mr. Chamberlain carried out his policy by putting a considerable difference in the duty on those articles, we would get grain all ground in this country, and we would get our foodstuffs much cheaper than we could to-day. There need therefore be no fear of dearer feeding- stuffs. Proceeding to touch on other points of Mr. Chamberlain's proposals, Mr. Mathews said he did not think a duty of ten or even twenty per cent, on imported machinery need hurt tenant

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8HEEP WORRYING IN CHESHIRE. — Cheshire farmers are suffering severely from the depredations of stray dogs among their sheep at night. Mr. John Knott, one of Lord Crewe's tenants, had a flock of 90 sheep worried. Sixteen were killed and several others shockingly bitten. A neighbouring tenant, Mr Thornhill, also had some sheep worried and three killed Although watch has been kept. darkness and heavy fogs at night have favoured the dogs.

LECTURE ON lb PECULIARS.11 0 INTERESTING HA WARDEN RECORDS. Two interesting papers were read before the Chester and North Wales Archeeological and His- torio Society on Tuesday evening, at the Gros- venor Museum. The first, on "Peculiars," was delivered by Mr. W. E. B. Whittaker, assistant librarian of St. Deiniol's Library, Hawarden, aiid the second by Mr. R. Newstead, curator of the Grosvenor Museum, on "Some recent additions to the society's collections. The Archdeacon of Chester presided over a small attendance. Mr. Whittaker, after explaining that his subject re- ferred to the history of "peculiar and exempt jurisdictions," dealt chiefly with the peculiar of Hawarden. Peculiar and exempt jurisdiction was a parish exempt from the control of the bishop in whose diocese it lay. The rectors of those places were often their own ordinaries; they held their own consistorial courts, in which they pioved wills and tried and punished by penance all offenders against ecclesiastical laws, such as "Popish recusants, dissenters, disturbers of divine service, people living immoral lives," etc. Until 1257 the parish of Hawarden was in the possession of the Abbey of St. Werburgh in Chester. In that year Roger Baron de Montalt restored to the abbey the lands in Lawton, Goostrey, Neston, Bruera and Coddington. In return for this he re- ceived from the abbey the manor of Bretton. the chapel and tenement of Sponne, and the living of Hawarden, the monks also surrendering the great tithes of that place to the rectors thereof for ever. From that time forwards the rectors exercised their "peculiar rights." In matters of institution, con- firmation and consecration of churches it was usual for "peculiars" to be under the jurisdiction of the bishop in whose diocese it lay, or if on the borders of two, under the bishop of the nearest Cathedral town. Hawarden, however, though lying nearest to Chester, observed no such rule. The rectors chose any bishop they liked. It was a tradition that they used to call in Irish bishops who passed on their way to Ireland, and get them to perform any necessarily episcopal acts. It was certain that they for many years called in the Bishop of Chester and the Bishop of St. Asaph alternately, the Bishop of Chester confirming, and the Bishop of St. Asaph instituting. The rivalry between Chester and Hawarden was always great. and when the Bishop of Chester held episcopal visitations on the borders of the Hawarden parish the rectors were always prepared with protests and other legal bills to ward off any possible en- croachment on their domains. The Bishops of Chester always assumed that they had rights over the place, but gave the weak argument that they did not want to use them. The visitor to the parish of Hawarden was the Archbishop of York, and a copy of the Terrier of Tithes was kept at York All appeals from the consistorial courts at Hawarden were made to that at York. The archepiscopaJ visitations were not frequent, and the lecturer could only find traces of two. The first was in 1633, and there was allusion to a visit of the Archbishop in the registers. In 1663 the following entry was in the churchwarden's ac- counts:—"Paid for the visitation of the Lord Bishop. His Grace of York, 10s." The rectors of Hawarden were supreme lords within their own domain. They held their own consistorial courts in state, and in which they proved local wills and examined with all the pomp and circumstance of a court of law. For offences against ecclesiastical law they could even imprison in the Sheriff's gaol at Flint. For most offences, however, the punish- ments were those of penance and of fines. At the end of the 16th century this method of punish- ment was revived and continued for over two centuries. The penitent appeared on the ap- pointed Sunday morning bare-legged and bare- headed, attired in a white sheet and carrying a white wand. Before the commencement of morn- ing service the unfortunate sinner had to proceed up the entire length of the church, the cynosure of all eyes, into the chancel. There he or she re- mained kneeling in front of the reading desk during the service. After the conclusion of the prayers and before the beginning of the sermon the penitent, rendered miserable (if a first offender) by the shame of exposure to the congregation, was made more so by being compelled to read the fol- lowing paper:—"Whereas I, good people, neg- lecting my duty to Almighty God, have com- mitted the most detestable sin of-here the peni- tent had to describe the particular sin for which he or she was being punished)—to the great dan- ger of my own soul and the evil example of others I am hei/tily sorry for this my wicked and great faults, and humbly beseech Almighty God to for- give me this and all my other sins, and so to as- sist with His Holy Spirit, that I never commit the like a^ain; and I desire this congregation here present, whom, by my sin, I have offended, not only to take notice of this my just punishment to avoid the like sin, but also to join with me in prayer to Almighty God." After undergoing a few of these penances, these sinners came again and became quite callous, taking everything as a matter of course, and reading the confession with a self-confident and flaunting swing. A refusal to undergo this penance resulted in excommunica- tion. Speaking of the holding of the court, the lecturer r l that on the day appointed, generally on the 1st of May, the rector, attended by his curates, surrogates, proctors, registrar and ap- paritor, proceeded in their robes to a room at the east end of the present Whitley Chapel in Hawarden Church. The business gone through was the granting of probate, the examination of the churchwardens, presentiments, and the trials of persons presented. The sidesmen had among their duties the right of searching houses. To make the business of the churchwardens simpler, a series of articles of inquiry were prepared by the court, to which they had to give adequate answer, and the lecturer proceeded to give ex- amples of these inquiries. In addition to the answering of these articles of inquiry, the church- wardens made a long list of presentiments, describing all offences which came under their cognisance. Many interesting extracts were read by the lecturer, dealing with such offences as dis- turbing the priest during service, not attending church on "Sabot" days, misbehaviour in church, husbands not dwelling with their wives, persons marrying without "banns-asking," playing unlaw- ful games on the Sabbath day, sleeping" during ser- vice in church, and not receiving Holy Com- munion, etc. The system of inflicting penances ceased about 1830. In 1849 "peculiars' were abolished by Act of Parliament, and now the only surviving relic of the parish of Hawarden's for. mer greatness was the fact that the rector still granted marriage ticenoes independent of the Bishop and his surrogates. A hearty vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Whittaker, on the motion of Dr. Stolterfoth. Mr. R. Newstead afterwards gave a brief resume of the recent additions to the society's collection, which consisted chiefly of Roman glass and pottery and other objects found during exca- vations in the following parts of the city: Fore- gate-street (two sites), the sewerage works, and a site in City-road

BACKFORD. LATE VICAR'S ESTATE.-The Rev. Richard J. Fairclough, left estate of the gross value of £8,484 590 M., with nett personalty F,7,265 18a. 3d. BREWERS' GRIEVANCES On Friday a meeting of the wholesale brewers trading in Cheshire, Shropshire, and North Wales, was held at the Queen Hotel, Chester, for the purpose of considering the action of certain benches of magistrates in reference to the licensing business. Mr. T. J. Down, who pre- sided, had at the Trade Defence Association meet- ing on Monday, thus expressed the grievances of the Trade:—"Some Benches, however, go muoh further than this and claim for themselves the power to dictate the conditions of tenancy and the prioes to be paid for beer. They do nor hesitate to interfere with fredom of contract, v. hich has always been considered a sacred thing, and to up- set and over-ride agreements deliberately entered into between landlord and tenant." The attend- ance was representative of the principal firms. The Chairman having alluded to tiK- object of the meeting, read a memorial to the Home Secre- tary, dealing at length with their grievances. The following motion was carried nnanimously: "That this meeting, representing 'ho wholeale I brewers trading in the Cheshire, S-hrop^hfre. an«l j North WTales district, being alive to the attitude I of certain licensing benches, and feeJing that such attitude will, if not objected to, have far-reach- ing and disastrous effects, are unanimously of opinion that a memorial should be presented to the Home Secretary on the Subject. They there- fore accept the memorial read by the Chairman, and request him to sign it on their behalf, and forward it to the Home Office."

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farmers much. One minor consideration was the fact that there were four and a half million acres under cultivation in this country which were farmed by the owners, and in regard to which the question of rent did not apply at all. Another point of importance was that if Fiscal reform would improve the prices of agricultural produce he hoped it would be the means of converting a good deal of poor grass land into arable land, growing corn. Their friends, the Fleet-street far- mers, who did not know very much what they were writing about—(laughter)—forgot that we could get a good deal more stock on arable land than on grass land. That might strike them in Cheshire as rather strange, but there were many places in the country where the arable land was not as good as that of Cheshire. Those who opposed Fiscal reform said we were asking the people to go back to the old cruel days when the heavy corn duties were in force, and when the working-classes were starved by the high price of bread caused by the duties. It was, however, not true that the high price of bread was attributable to the duties. as he could prove by the figures at the time of the corn duties. Taking the year 1812, the average price of wheat for the year was 126 shillings a quarter, and the price of the quartern loaf aver- aged Is. 6 £ d. One would say that was due to a heavy duty, yet as a matter of fact the duty charged that year was only a registration fee of sixpence a quarter. In the year 1835 the average price of wheat was 39s. 4d., and the average price of bread 6 3-5d. per quartern loaf, yet the duty that year went up as high as 47s. 8d. It seemed hardly credible that with such an enormous duty bread should have been cheaper than in any other year at that period. That was the most emphatic answer he could give to the assertion that the corn laws were answerable for the suffering which the poorer classes underwent in those times. The suffering was due, not to the corn laws, but to other causes altogether outside the duty charged. because the duty was put on a sliding scale, and it was only when the market price of wheat went low that the duty went high. (Applause.) On the motion of Mr. T. Davies. it was decided to confer with the secretaries of the various agri- cultural societies in Cheshire with the view of inducing Lord Onslow and Mr. Henry Chaplin to address a meeting in the county. On the suggestion of Mr. Beecroft, it was decided to fOlward resolutions to the Central Chamber urging the importance of acquiring entire horses travelling the country, to have a veterinary sur- geon's certificate of soundness and freedom from hereditary disease, and also in favour of a uniform sods of measures for corn.