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IVAN HOU ———. & The Man in the Moon came down too soon, But said he had come to crave a boon. A supply of Houten's t VA14 I beg, quoth he There's nothing so good to the MIII I'll go back." No.q..
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SOCIAL BREAMS OR THE I WORLD'S UTOPIAS. A SERMON BY THE REV. J. IRVON DAVIES. "Nevertheless we aocoirding to His promisei look for new heavens, and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. 2, Peter iii.—13." Whatever be the exact significance of the text, it strikingly represents the attitude of mankind in relation to that perfect condition of things upon the earth, which everyone. of us more or less desires. It is an attitude of "looking for," or one of eager expectancy. Man alone, of all the creatures in the world, is in- fluenced by so sublimel an i,deiaj as, that of "new heavens and a new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness. In speaking of "Social dreams or of the world's Utopias" it will be impossible for us to attempt more, than just to' pass in swift re-view some of the more salient features of these ideal commonwealths which have been formulated by the prolific brain olf great and of profound thinkers. Plato the friend of Socrates and the philosopher of Greece employed his creative faculty in framing an ideal sic(ciety and perfect state. And in his Republilo, the greatest monu- ment of his genius, he undertook to describe an order of life, far removed lin nobility of aim and thought, from the experience of the times in which he livenl. He describee a state after the Hellenic models, especially after that of Sparta, with its strict rule of life, and its sub- ordination of the individual to the welfare elf the community. He frames a simple state, based upon the primitive wants of man. Its guardians must be strong, swift-footed, high- spirited, yet gentle and lovers of learning. Education is to furnish those qualities, and it is to consist of gymnastics for the body and music for the mind; under the term music he includes literature. Upon education his views are so advanced and miature that writers like Milton, Rousseau and Goethe do little moire than follow in hils footsteps. The magistrates are to be chosen out of this superior class, and must be among the oldest, the wisest and most patriotic members oif the body. The remainder of the guardians are called auxiliaries, who re- present the courage, as the rulers represent the wisdom of the State. A third class consists of producers, and these three classes when rightly organised are to constitute a, perfect State. Temperance or restraint must be the- virtue of ,all alike, diffusing itself throughout the whole and cementing it into a common harmony, while everyioine is expected to mind his own business, and to cease from meddling with that of other people. A survey of Plato's ideal state suggests a multitude, of reflections more particularly as to its omissions. and defects. In it no cognis- ance is taken of the proletariat, of the lower orders of Society. The citizens of this Republic are a select body of King-philosophers, an aris- tocratic class, while, all others are to be treated as slaves; the equality of man as man obtains no place in it..Moreover to put into voguie all its theories anent parental relationships, family life would become, extinct and marriage a. thing ctf the past. With all due respect to the great Grecian 'philosopher, .no state in the world, however petfecit oou-Id possibly survive a prac- tical application cif such doctrines, as, violate the first principles of morality, and destroy the sacreid ties of miarniagie, affection, and home. H,e deploreis- the. extremes of wealth and of poverty, because they are causes of deteriora- tion in the state. He would tolerate the, exist- ence. of neither, since one, was the parent of luxury and of indolence, and the other was pro- ductive. of meanness and of viciousness, and both combined to create a condition of dils- content. His dc)ctrine of the, community of pro- perty will by some be deemed a merit, by others a defect, in regard to this point all one can say now is. A time miaiy Clomel when the say- ing, "Havel I not a right: to do what I like with my own?" may appear to be a barbarojus relic, of individualism, wihen the- possession of a part may be a greater blessing to each and all, than the possession lorf ithe whole is now to anvone. Sir Thomas More wrote bus Utopia about the year 1515, a few years after Columbus and the Florentine Amerigo had discovered another continent, a time, when men's imaginations were kindled with visions of new worlds. The conception of More- is full of genius, of dramatic skill and refined wdt. His ideal Ssland is divided into town and country, and so arranged that the advantages of both are secured. Husbandry as the chief occupation, but every person learns some handicraft. The working day is fixed at six 'hours, and the rest of thei day is given up to social intercourse, healthful Tecreatione, and to the improvement of the mind'. All the produce belongs to a common stock, and no one is to appropriate more than another. The Utopians institute all things in common, and they are. represented ,as looking favourably on Christian teaching, becaiuse Christ and His disciplesi appeared to live by the rule of a community of goods. They do .not undertake the- harder kind of labour, but impose, it upon slaves, who are not bought or sold in any market, but consist of such as have been guilty of heinous crimes. In his remedy for over-populatictn hie, fore.casts that which Carlyle desired when he said, "Let itheirte be an Emigration Service, so that every honest a willing workman who found England too strait, and the organisation of labour incomplete might find a, bridge to carry him to Western lands. Our little isle has grown too narrow for us," continues the, sage of Chelsea, "but the world is wide enough yet for another six thousand years." Other ideal commonwealths such as Francis Bacon's New Atlantis," "Harrington's "Oceana," and Campanella's "City of the Sun" have a'll been written with a laudable desire, to set right what was wrong, and that all right things could be sweetly enjoyed by the favoured inhabitants of those Elysian, environments. Coming down to a. more, recent period you will remember three books published., all more or less dealing with this topic. Bellamy's "Look- ing Backward" is a picture orf the- future, drawn by one not devoid of great constructive im- agination. But it ils a, poor ideal when you come to examiniei ti, closely. There is nothing in it of nature or of the supernatural, no coun- try, mountain, meadow or stream. Nothing of privacy or of individuality in its pictured life. No wide horizon or infinite, azure, no. religion, art or literature to idealise or to spiritualise it. The ideal is too industrial—too materialistic, presenting a. huge dty, wlherle everybody i3 com- fortable and terribly dull1, and warranting the protest of an eminent critic, "that if he were allowed to choose as a placei of residence be- tween the nether region and such a mono- tonous city, hie would sit down and think about it, in the hope some alternative would tuirn up." William Morris on thle other hand depicts a different order of things in his "News from Nowhere." He is a poet, with a poet's dislike of organisation. Plans for nationalising public and for municipalising local services are not at all in consonance' with his feelings. The state of life he advocates is tiot be founded on a sys- tem of equality and communism, in which the sacred rights of property are no more, and with the disappearance of private property, there are no law courts connected with divorce or crime. Money is not used because there is no buying and selling and all things are in common. In a chapter of twelve lines concern- ing politics this line is, the, principal one, "We are very well off as to politics, because we have none." The house of commons is. turned into a huge market, and all religious places of wor- ship are converted inlto dining saloons. Cfcim- mercialism and machinery disappear and handicraft returns. All work and count it a pleasurs. Production keeps pace with con- sumption, and many things which use to. be produced, slave wares for the poor, and mere wealth wasting wares, flor the rictti, cease to be made. An eioduis1 of people from town to country rectifies matters. Nature answers kindness with bounty, where wide meadows under the hills arte intersected with pure. streams and everything smells delicilously of hayfields and of enamelling flowers. It is an earthly paradise having no need of a God or heaven. Such in brief is the imaginative com- monwealth of Morris. A work called "Freeland," written by one of a brilliant, group of Austrian economists, pur- sues a middle coursei between Individualism with its unrestricted .competition and socialism with its absolute collective control. The writer attributes the evils of over-production and under-consumpitio.ni to our ,current system of commerce, and holds that so long as rent, in- terest, profit and wages exist on their present footing the labourer cannot have a fair standard of remuneration. He sees' our exist- ing society involved in a vicious circle, and looks for a new .society on a soil unoorrupted by civiilisaltion. He therefore icarries his freeland to .a. track of country in eastern equatorial Africa, and begins the experiment with a band of two hundred picked pioneers, who introduce ,all sorts of improvemients in agriculture and machinery. All this and much more the author unfolds with genuine economic learning. It is worithy of note that since the appearance of Hertzka's "Freeland" a scheme on the lines which it lays down has been initiated for plantilng a great eoliony in the highlands of Equatorial Africa. It remains to be seen whether it will prove a success or not. There are those, however, who believe that a perfect condition of things in this life, can never be brought about by adopting any of the of these wild social dreamers. But that contentment, happiness and plenty can only be obtained by a careful, patient pro- longed scientific study of human nature, of human history and of the. forces of the world with which men have to deal. Scientists some of them dream quite .as much as any of the visionaries of thei ancient or modern world. If you think that all the wonder, all the vision, all the. poetry of life is going out with the com- ing in of science you make a. mistake. Let me cite you the following, not because of one's belief in it, but as a specimen of the dream of a scientist, a dream of the world's future which makes St. John's vision of the new Jeru- salem coming down out of heaven seem almost commonplace and tame. Some years ago a cer- tain "Winwood Re,ade" published a book called "The martyrdom of man." There are those of you probably who will remember read- ing it. In it he stated that he confidently ex- pected three wonderful discoveries, which would bring to, pass the, "Golden Age" man yearned for, and which tsocial philosophers sought to outline in their schemes for the re- construction of human isociety. First, he ex- pected the discovery of some force to take the place of steam, and not deipendent upon the limited product of coal. A force which could not be exhausted. Then under the impulse of this force he expected some method of aerial navigation by which -distanee,andspa,ce would be practically annihilated. All nations would then mingle together, until racial differences would be. obliterated and all would be o(ne family. He looked also for a method of travel and locomotion, of carrying the products of the world, so that famine, and want in any quartter of the globe would be, impossible. He expected too a discovery in the chemist's laboratory of a process for manufacturing foods' without the trouble of planting and tilling fields, and rais- ing cattle by which these are. usually produced. He anticipated a time when the dissensions of nations would be abolished, and government would be the. work no longer of struggling factions and politicians, but of calm, scientific committees, looking over the world's affairs and deciding what was for the best in every department. Then he goes on to say, that by and by some power will be discovered not only of wiping out all the diseases of the world, but of reconstructing these bodies of ours, so that we shall discover immortality, and death itseJf shall be no more. Then by purely scientific procestses and methods he predicted a period when men would be able to. pass freely from planet to planet and world to world, being at home no longer in one little sphere, but at home in the universe. He says further that the work of the chemist in producing gas in his laboratory is precisely thei same, except for the difference in degree, as the' work of the Creator in producing a world; and he expects that sometime this human race will be developed until it possesses the power of creating worlds and systems, and so realising that startling promise of the serpent in the garden of Eden, "Ye shall be as gods." Here is the dreiam of a man who claims to be a scientist, concerning the possibilities of humanity. I have merely mentioned it to you to) show that because the dreams of social dreamers turnout to be impracticable and un- workable, the world does not cease dreaming. It is haunted by the' ideal condition of things that is to bei regnant in the future, and toward which every age struggles more and more'. As to whether any of these dreams will be realised in the' future it is' difficult to conjecture. Whether death will be ever abolished it is not for us tc/ say, and perhaps the constitution of things, being whait it iis, it would not be de- sirable if it could be. But certainly there is no necessity for half the children that are born, to die before they are five, years of a,ge,. There is no sort of necessity for tho,us-ands of people being swept off the' face Of the earth by famine. There is no necessity for pestilences and epidemics. Most of the 'diseases that afflict humanity are preventable. Those hideous accompaniments of death, 'and the procurers of death in ninety-nine' cases out of a hundred are not naturall or necessary. They are re- movable evils. Oppressions which are. rife in half the countries of the world are not a neces- sary part of an ideal state of things. Consider the history of Russia, I marvel not that, it is over-run with Nihilists, soi far as one can under- stand the present condition of things, probably we should all be Nihilists if we were the sub- jects of the Czar. Such thinigs have no right to exist. These things are no part of the neces- sary, natural :ord-er of the world. "Vve' look for new heavensi and a new earth wherein dwelleth righteousness, and we have 'a. right to look for them. We have a right to dream of some period in the future, history of the. world, when war, famine, pestilence, oppressions and pre- mature death shall be things only to bei re- membered. They are serpents and demons which an emancipatied humanity must trample out of existence. There are forces in this world, which when we have mastered them, and learned how to use aright, will make us Kings of the world. We can imagine in har- mony with the burden of prophetic lore, a brotherhood., a condition of peace and purity, when all these evils shall be. things long out- grown. In dreaming of an ideal condition of society, let us do all we can to bring it to pass., remem- bering that the, good of each lies in the good of all, that possession is only stewardship, that to moral beings there are no rights- but simply duties, which seek tio replace a brotherhood of law by one of love. "The fniew heavens and the new earth" are toi be created not by legal enact- ment, but by common sympathy and mutual co-operation. No reform will heal a social hurt, while there, remains a, selfishness of heart. There will be no reign of justice, till men are just; or of love till men are inspired with the charity of God. On every hand generous aspira- tions exist to secure among us a. social ordier -conforma-ble to the truth of human brother- hood. When all men in very deed are brethren, then will come to pass the ideal and actual commonwealth, with its hierarchy of mutual service, its arrny Off tamed passions, its in- visible guard of ideal restraints, its traditions of heroism, its hopes of greatness, its sympathy with tfhe moral life of the world,—itself the highest product of the providence, of God, and the most implrelssive, witness to the possibilities of man. However unlikely it may now appear the kingdom of righteousness shall be, established in the earth. The brave and the good of all ages havei yearned foir its glorious1 consuinma- I tioru Yea with aching hearts and throbbing l brows have toiled and prayed for it. Listen I to the words of the blind Bard of England, Milton, as he c-ried in prospect, of the moral, social and religious reformation of the English people.. "0 Thou the, ever-begotten light and perfect image -of the Father intercede, for us. And as Thou didst dignify our fathers' day with many revelations, thou canst vouchsafe to us as large) a portion of Thy spirit as Thou pleasest, for who shall prejudice- Thine all governing will? Seeing the power of Thy grace is not passed away with the primitive times, as fond land faithless men imagine. But now is Thy Kingdom at. hand -and Thou art stand- ing at the- door. Come. forth out of Thy royal chambers 0 Prince of all the Kings of the Earth. Put on the visible robes of Thine Im- perial Majesty. Ta-kel up the unlimited sceptre which Thine. Almighty Father hath bequeathed thee, for now the, voice of Thy bride calls Thee-, and all creatures sigh to be' re- newed." Yes, the time is approaching when in response, to the spirit of the Cross, which is a, spirit of service and of self-sacrifice, and in answer to the prayer of agony, "The new heavens and the new earth" of the text shall be accomplished facts. The multitudes of conse- crated souls, who not only pray for the coming of this ideal state of things, but who labour in- defatigably for its glorious consummation are inspired by the indications of the, hour. They dscern by the, eye :of faith the triumph-hosts which are marching forward tol assured victory. From age to age they gather, All the brave of heart and strong, In the strife with truth and error, Of the right against the wrong; I can see. their gleaming banners, I can hear their triumph-song, The truth is marching on. In this sign we conquer, 'T;s the. symbol of our faith, Made, holy by the, might of love, Triumphant over death. He finds his life who loseth it For evermore 'tis saith, The Right is marching on. The earth is circling onward Out of shadow into, ligrut; The stars kleep watch above our way, However dark the night, For every martyr's .stripe There glows a bar of mornng light; And Love- is marching on. Lead on oh cross of martyr faith With thee is victory; Shiineforth oh stars and reddening1 dawn The full day yet shall be. On earth His Kingdom cometh And with joy our eyes ishall see That God is marching on.
NEWSROOM & LIBRARY.
NEWSROOM & LIBRARY. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. House of Mirth .Edith Wharton Forixeeve-s Eden Pnillpots Breath oif the Godsi Sid McCall Son -of the People. Baronet Ocksy Man from Australia Mrs De la Pasteur The Cherry Ribband S R. Crockett Travelling Thirds .G Atherton Platonia Friendship' .A. Cambridge Phil Conway A Gunters A Fatal Song .Fergus Hurnie Dick the Faithful .J S Winter Rid o' the Feud.Halliwell Sutcliffe The Stolen Peer .Guy Baotiliby Soprano Marion Crawford For Richer for Poorer G. F. Fowler Nine Days' Wonder.B. M. Croker. The Passport Richard Bagot The Bravest Deed .A. Miles Makers of History G. P. Oppenheim The Hundred Days Max Pemberton Hearts of Wales .Alien Raine Image on the' Sands G. F. Benson Behind the Throne W. Le Queux The Hut Horace Vachell Servant of the Public .Anthony Hope M-aid Margaret S. R. Crockatt The Root Orme Angus Vivien F. Maxwell Starve Crow Farm Stanley Weyman White Fires John Oxenham Household of Peter Rosa N. Carey Ayesha Rider Haggard In Cupid's Chains C. Garoin Other Side of the Lantern .Sir F. Treves Story of the Nation .Japan Story of the Nations Russia Canada, as it is .John Foster Fraser Singing of the Future D. Ffrancon-Davies
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WELSH TEACHERS' ASSOCIATIONS. The annual meeUng of the Menai Teachers' Association was held at Bangor on Saturday. Mr T. J. Williams advocated the. establishment of a sustentation fund lin connection with the Associatioai. The suggestion met with general acceptance. Mr William Parry was nominated for the vice presidentship of the County Asso- ciation, and Messrs King nnd Tegarty as treasurer a-nd se.cretary r„c^.ively. Mr W. Brock, the new pre. '-lent, in the course of his address, expressed 1 hope that the coming Education Bill w eta LI result in the schools being better staffed than at present. He con- gratulated the, Association on the fact that Mr T. J. Williamsi, St. Paul's, their nominee foir the N.U.T. Executive, had received such a large measure of support, from. North and South Wales, and he urged the membeirs to do their utmost to mlake his election sure. The annual meeting of the Llandudno and Vale of Conway District AsscGiation. of Teachers was held in the Higher Grade School, Colwyn Bay, on Saturday, Mr W. Williams president, in the chair. There- was -an attendance numbering over 80. A discussion took place regarding the position of the Denbighshire members of the Association, the- Jout.come of which was the formation of a new association, composed of Denbighshire teachers, under the name of "The Colwyn Bay and District Association," and Mr D. J. Williams, Llanrwst, was elected the first president, of the new Association.
A CHANGE.
A CHANGE. Liberal concessions are, it appears, being granted to. the civilian class in Germany. A tailor, who was throw-n into the' street by an officer recently at Farnkfort-on-Oder, has been permitted to escape without either or im- prisonment.
CARNEGIE'S NEW BOOK.
CARNEGIE'S NEW BOOK. Andrew' Carnegie, it lis said, is engaged in writing a book which ought to be absolutely unique of its kind. The volume, sa far as can be gathered from what has been allowed to leak out, will be a sort- of business biography. Each of the author's former partners has been asked to furnish data and reminiscences, which he will complete. It is said Mr Carnegie will begin with his humble birth, trace his efforts to obtain know- ledge, and give; in detail his rise from mes- senger-boy to head cf the steel industry. Several chapters in Mr Carnegie's business career have been filled with bitterness. He has intimated that he will not shield himself nor omit his own mistakes in life. It is Mr Carnegie's hope' that the book will become a classic for the guidance of young men who ha-vel energy and ambition.
- ILICENCES "REPORTED" AT…
I LICENCES "REPORTED" AT ABERGELE. COMPENSATION ACT IN OPERATION. At the' adjourned Licensing Sessions for the division of Isdulas, held at Abergele on Satur- day, Mr J. E. Oldfield presiding, a temporary transfer was granted of the licence of the Black Lion, Llanfiairtalhaiarn, from Arthur Culliford Jones to Frederick Chambers, of Wavertree Road, Eidge- Hill, Liverpool, retired brewer. Mr E. A. Crabbie appeared for the incoming tenant, and Mr J. D. Jones (Messrs Chamberlain and Johnson, Llandudno) for the owners, Messrs Ind, Coope and Co. Mr Crabbe made formal application on behalf of the tenant, Henry Brookes, for the renewal of the licence of the Market Vaults, Abergele. Superintendent Hugh Jones, Denbigh, ob- jected to the renewal, and -cialled Inspector B,agshaw, who produced a copy of a notice he had personally served upon Henry Brookes, upon Mr A. Foiulkes, the. agent to the owner of the premises, Mr H. R. Hughes, of Kinmel; and upon Mr Crabbe, as representing Messrs Allsoppis, the lessees of the premises, to the effect that the superintendent, by direction of the magistrates, opposed the renewal of the licence, -on the ground that it was not needed for the public requirements of the neighbour- hood. Inspector B-agshaw said that the house w« an ante-1869 beerhouse, and was also licensed for the sales of wines. It was situated in the passage leading from Market-street, through the market hall, to Water-street, and in Water-street there was, within a distance of 320 yards, a fully licensed house, the Castle Hotel, with every accommodation, while in Market-street there were three alehouses and one beerhouse, the furthest of them being the Bee Hotel, 190 yards away. In Bridge-street, which was a continuation of Market-street, there were three beerhouses and one alehouse. The population in the neighbourhood of the ■Miajrket Vaults consisted principally of the working .classes. The hou,se had six rooms, three of which were 'used by the public, and there were two families residing on the premises, 'including the licensee and his wife. The average of the population of Abergele to each house was 231 persons. There had been no conviction against the Market Vaults, and no complaint had been made. The present licensee had occupied the ihouse since 1904, and there had been three tenants1 in the past twelve years. Replying to Mr Crabbe, the inspector stated that the late Miss Owen was at the Market Vaults for nine, yeaIls in succession, and she was succeeded by a relative who left because she had bought another house. Mr Crabbe: If this licence were taken away, would there be one glass of beer less sold in Abergele ? Inspector Bagshaw: I do not say that. Mr Crabbe: There has been no change of tenant because the house would not pay. I can show you that the profit of the tenant is £3 a week. Inspector Bagsfhaw: There are a number of other beerhouses in Abergele—better houses in every respect. Mr Crabbe was about to examine the witness as to the structure cif the premises when Mr J. Herbert. Roberts, M.P., one of the magis- trates, stated that the only evidence which the Court could consider relevant was with refer- ence to the objection which had been taken by the superintendent—namely, as to the require- ments of the neighbourhood. Mr Crabbe, stated that the owner of the site in fee simple- was the Countess of Dundonald, ,and that Mr Hughes, of Kinmel, held under a long lease. The Chairman stated that the Bench had de- cided to report to Quarter Sessions that this licence, in their opinion, should not be re- newed for the reason stated in the notice of objection. Mr Crabbe, who said he appeared for the licensee and for Messrs Allsopp and Sons, the owners of the Red Lion Hotel, Abergele, asked for the renewal of the licence of that house. Superintendent Hugh Jones opposed, Inspector B-agshaw having on nÎJs, behalf served notice of objection, upon the, same ground as was put forward in the case ctf the Market Vaults, in accordance with the directions of the Bench at the annual licensing meeting. Inspector Bagshaw stated that the Red Lion was an .ant-e-1869 beerhouse in Bridge-street. It contained eight .rooms, five of which were for public use-—namely, the kitchen, smoke- room, and three bedrooms. There was stabling for six horses. The. house was closed volun- tarily by thei licensee at 10 30 p.m. The cus- tomers were chiefly of the working class, and there did not seem to be a, large, trade there. There had been no conviction ,against the- hoiuse since 1898. The present licensee had held the tenancy since May, 1902, and during the last thirteen years there had been eight changes of tenancy. Nearly opposite was the- Gwyndy -ale- house, and 100 yards away was the Penybont Inn, with every accommodation for man and beast. Close to that wa,s the Hesketh Arms. Replying to Superintendent Jones, the In- spector said he did not think any person would suffer the least inconvenience if this, as well as the Market Vaults, was done away with. Mr Crabbe said that the Red Lion was con- ducted in an exemplary manner, .and was the oldest inn in the place. To, both these proposi- tions the Inspector -agreed. The Bench decided ta report this house also to Quarter Sessions as unnecessary.
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