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War Declared.
War Declared. PREMIER'i~ RALLY. TWO THINGS TO FIGHT FOR. Mr Asquith opened the Government elec- toral campaign with a striking speech at the National Liberal Club luncheon on Saturday afternoon. At the outset of his speech, he observed:— "We meet here on the eve of a General Election, and my first question is, Why is Parliament about to be dissolved? The con- duct of the Government in advising dissolu- tion was denounced yesterday in the House of Commons by Mr Balfour as a breach of all Constitutional precedent. I agree that it is not easy to find a cas ein which the British Government enjoying the confidence on all questions of general policy of a large majority of the House of Commons-, that House, not having yet completed the first year of its Parliamentary existence, has felt obliged to advise a Dissolution. "But new circumstances demand new pre- cedents, and the circumstances here are with- out example in our Constitutional history (cheers). What are the circumstances? No House of Commons ever more clearly repre- sented the emphatically* declared will of the people than that which was returned in January, 1906 (cheers). Yet it almost every attempt which it made to give effect to the wishes of those who elected it, it was sys- tematically thwarted, baffled, defeated by the House of Lords, the body, which, then at any rate, claimed a gift -.vining the people's will, and the right of compulsory reference over the head of the people's representatives. The climax was reached whne, for the first time the whole of the financial year, on which the Commons had sepnt six months of care and to-ill, was summarily rejected. "In the new House of Commons, which was elected in January of this year, there was from the first an assured majority of over 100 in favour of limiting the veto of the Lords. It was by such a majority that the Government resolutions were carried out last April. "The death of the King on the eve of battle was the signal for a truce, and from June to November the best efforts of the Conference were directed to arriving at an agreed settlement. Those efforts were Linr availing, and we are 'back where we were in April—with this difference: that we must now put aside the method of compromise as a thing which has In tried and failed. Nego- tiations are over, and war is declared (loud cheers). CHRISTMAS ELECTION. "One word as to the date of the Dissolu- tion. Note that Mr Balfour (admitted yester- day in the House of Commons that an elec- tion could not be deferred for more than a relatively small number of weeks or months. I commend. that admission to the gentleman on his own side who are clamouring against a Dissolution as a gratuitous and wanton abuse of the Executive power. IT a General Elec- tion is inevitable in the near future, as Mr Balfour says it is, is it not on every ground desirable to have it now and at once? "We are told that it will interfere with Christmas trade. Why should it? The latest of the 'borough elections ought to be over by December 8th—seventeen days be- fore Christmas—and the last of the counties by a week before Christmas Day. We are satisfied that this is a much better arrange- ment in the interest of business, as well as a much more satisfactory one in the saving of time and expense than to repeat the experi- ment of last year and have an election hover- ing over our heads all through. the Christmas season, with the active fighting deferred until after the commencement of the New Year (cheers). LIBERAL CONTENTION ADMITTED. "I come now to my second question: What are we fighting for? Whatever may have been the case a year ago, the griveanc?s of the party of progres are no lonegr denied, (hear, hear). It is now admitted that under the existing conditions Liberal legislation deos not get a fair chance. It is admitted that the popular will though clearly and decisively expressed at the polls, may be frustrated or delayed by a body which has no representative authority. It is admitted tacitly, if not expressly, that i tis only when the Literal party is in power that the House of Lords claims or exercses its supposed right to compel a Dis- solution. We have, you see, made some progress in this controversy, after all. This state of things, with its unevenness, it sin justice, its deliverate and mischevious distortoins of the first principles of democracy—this stute of tilings we are determined to bring to an end once and for all, (cheers). "When, then, I am asked what we are fighting for, I answer: For two things—(fair play for progressive legislation and for the establishment in all its fulness of representa- tive government. "We are told that the plans which we have put forward, and the present House of Commons has approved, would substitute for the evils of the present system a. greater evil st,ill-the unchecked domination of a single Chamber. It is this prospect that fills Lord Rosebery with repugnance, and even w ith horror. To his imagination it would mark the transition from freedom to slavery But surely Lord Roseberry and those who share his apprehensions must be aware that during a large part of their political exist- ence—probably the larger part—they have been living under this very yoke- of the Single Chamber tyranny. BASIC PRINCIPLE AND SAFE- GUARDS. "But we are not proposing to set up a Single Chamber system. We are proposing such a change in the relations between the two Chambers as will ccrnfine the Second Chamber to those subordinate functions which are admittedly appropriate to such a body, and will secure the fair and even work- ing of the two Chambers, whichever party is for the time being in power. (cheers). The principle upon which we take our stand is that in a democratic country the chosen representatives of the people ought to have the controlling voice, not only in p ilicy, but in the shaping cf the laws. We have carefully guarded against possible abuses, (cheers). "By shortening the duration of Parliament we bring automatically to an end any House of Commons as to which there is any pre- sumption that it may have outstayed or out- lived its representative authority, (renewed cheers). Where the two Houses differ we provide for such opportunities of conference and such an interposition of delay as would effectually frustrate any attempt to rush un- popular leglisation by a scratch majority out of touch with public opinion. We accept from the new arrangement legislation which is introduced in the flater years of a Parlia- ment until the electorate have had an oppor- tunity of pronouncing upon it. "It is subject to all these safeguards to prevent any 'House of Commons that might be minded from stealing a march on the people, and secure to the Second Chamber large powers of delay and apportunities for amendment and revision—it is subject to these safeguards that we ask that in future the will of the people, as expressed by their representatives in the House of Commons, shall within the lifetime of a single Parlia- ment, be effectively supreme (loud cheers). There is nothing erovlutionary in these pro- posals. On the contrary, they proceed strictly on the lines whidh our Cosntitutional develop- ment has hitherto followed; and seure to the people through, and in, the House of Com- mons, the same supreme authority over the making of the laws which they have already, step by step and stage by stage, acquired in the appointment of the Executive and the control of finance (cheers). LORDS HASTE TO REFORM. "I proceed now to my third and last ques- tion What are we fighting against ? This is a much more difficult question to answer. A year ago the House of Lords was depicted on the Tory platforms as the ark of the Constitu- tional covenant—the chief defence, nay, the last refuge of our popular liberties. It had just by a supreme display of patriotic cour- age, rejected, root and branch, the most iniquitous and unpopular Budget of modern times; and. with these blushing honours thick upon it, it made a confident appeal to the gratitude and admiration of its fellow- countrymen. Ah. gentlemen, what a change eleven short months have Wrought! (cheers). This ancient and picturesque structure has been condemned by its own inmates as un- safe. The parricidal pickaxes are aready at work, and Constitutional jerry-builders are hurrying from every quarter with new plans. In a single sitting, not unduly prolonged, the venerable institution which has withstood the storm of ages was transformed—in principle, of course; some of the details are still with- held-into a brand-new modern Senate. There had been nothing like it since the memorable night of August 4. 1789. The motive for this feverish exhibition of de- structive and constructive ardour is not far to seek. The Tory party were determined at ail hazards not to face another General Elec- tion with the incubus of the House of Lords on their back. There must be something to put in its place, something—it doesn't matter for the moment very much—but something that could e called a Second Chamber, with a coat, however thin, of democratic varnish. LORD ROSEBtERYS SPECTRAL SCHEME "And this is how it comes about that the country is suddenly faced with an alternative policy to ours in Lord Rosebery's resolutions. This, remenrber. is the scheme, and the only scheme, which has been approved with prac- tical unanimity by the House of Lords itself. And what is this new Second Chamber which is presented t othe country as the real solu- tion of our constitutional difficulties. It is a nebulous body of uncertain size composed in undefined proportions of hereditary Peers, of official and qualified Peers, and of Peers chosen, not necessarily elected, but chosen- chosen by somebody, somewhere, somehow. I said a moment ago that some of the details are lacking, and the authors of this ingenious proposal se?m to think it unreasonable that at this stage they should be called upon for fuller particulars. They expect the country to vote for what is, to all intents and pur- poses, a ghost. But it is on these very parti- culars that the merits or demerits of the scheme depend. According as they are filled in one way or the other, your new Second Chamber may be better than, or as bad as. or even worse than, the existing House of Lords. "In the meantime, it is no answer to our de,m,and for an immediate and effectual re- moval of the obstacle that blocks the road of progress to say that in course of time it may be found possible to evolve a Second Chamber better fitted than the House of Lords to exercise the true functions of such. a body (cheers). I have always hoped and thought that it would. But I have got to leal-vou have got to deal—the country has got to deal—with things here and now (loud cheers). We need a instrument that can be set to work at once, which will get rid of deadlocks and give us the fair and even chance in legislation to which Ave are entitled, wid 'which is all that we demand (renewed cheers). THE GOVERNMENT PLAN. The plan of the Government will do so. and it is the only plan before the country which even pretends to, meet the urgent necessities of the case. To us. as a party, constitutional changes are but the means to further and greater ends. We have before us great ideals in the soeal and economic sphere—ideals toward the realisation of which we have made some progress during the last five years mainly because of the financial omnipotence of the Lower House hut find ourselves ham- pered at every stage on the road by the over- riding powers of a Chamber overwhelniingly Tory in composition and the natural champion of threatened interests and privileges. These great causes of which wc are trustees cannot afford to go on waiting (cheers). Is is for their sake that we are bringing the matter to an issue. "We ask. gentlemen, for your confi- dence and for that of the party outside. We have passed through a troubled year, in which Ave have had to encounter difficulties 11d perils exceptional in number and decree, and some of them Avholly unforeseen. We believe that, nevertheless, the party is stronger now, (both inside the House of Com- Dioils and in the conn fay, than it a\ ai- eleven months ago (cheers). Given your confidence once more, Ave shall make the longest step in months ago (cheers). Given your confidence once more, Ave shall make the longest step in the lifetime of a.ny of us for the red enfran- chisement of the people (cheers).