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- ST. PATRICK'S DAY.I
ST. PATRICK'S DAY. I Our fellow-subjects the Irish devoted Saturday last to thecommeinoi a tion of their tutelarSaint. It is the custom with them on St. Patrick's Eve to assemble for vespers in the churches of their faith, where they listen to exordia from their pastors, and to panygyrics on their canonised patron, whose memory keeps as green in their hearts as the turf of their native country. However large a mixture of legend may have entered into the history of ST. PATRICK, as it is popularly told, there c&.n tie no question that his wisdom and his life- Work were far and away greater than any in the age in which he lived. fourteen hundred years have not dimmed the lustre of his reputation, a fact which i3 of itself sum- cient proof of the pure material of which that deputation was built. Sc. PATIIICK became great because he was good, pre-eminently great because pre-eminently good. The poet Was right who sang :— Only the actions of the just Smell sweet and blossom in the dust- and what was the man whose name is as indissolubly connected with the sevententh of March as St. DA vm's is with the first, or Our Lady's with the twenty-fifth of the same inonth, is a question too large for anything like exhaustive discussion within the limits or the space at our command. We will, how- ever, glance at one or two of the principal points of interest in connection with the subject. First, then, as to who the man was. The honour of having given birth to him is respectively claimed by England, Scotland, France, and Wales; each of those countries showing a very fair case as long as the others remain unheard. Some say St. PATRICK was a Welshman. Dr. OWEN PITGHK, in his Cambrian Bio- j(rupluj, assigns to AberHyehwr, in Pem- brokeshire, the honour of the Saint's birth- place. He is calieu PADHIG, the sou or or MAKNWYN, the Lord of Gvvyr. It was the glory of the Lmperor THEODOSIU*, ways this author," in con- junction with CYSTKNIN LLYDA W, suruamed 'The Blus.sed,' to have tirsL founded the Cullege of IUtyd, which was regulated by a mall from Pome; and l'AMHi, »°n of MAWKX, was the principal of it before he wag carried away a captive by the Irish- man." There is a deal that is satisfactory but, unfortunately, little that is conclusive in a.U this. That the Saint visited Wales and stayed there for some time is pretty generally admitted. There are several spots in the Principality which retain his name even to this day. Witness Sarn-badrig, or Patrick's Causeway, in Carnarvonshire, which he once walked over, but which is now submerged by the waters of Carnarvon Bay, where it forms an ugly and a dangerous shoal. And then, was it not from Llan badrig (Patrick's Church) in Mona's Isle, that the good man sailed from. Homewards? So much for the Welsh claim. Next COtnes the Scotch; according to which the Saint was born in Kilpatrick, between Dumbartoll and Glasgow, a view supported by the great hagiologist, ALDA BUTLEB, m his celebrated Lives," where Dr. PUGHE'S story of the abduction by "the Irishman" 18 repeated, with but a trifling variation. Recording to BFTLER the Saint was sold into "lavery and compelled for six months to keep cattle on the mountains of Ireland. Escaping thence by the aid of some kind hearted sailors, he found hia way into Gaul, and subsequently into Italy, where Pope CELESTINE, who died in the year 432, gave him an Apostolical mission for the conversion of the Irish. His footsteps in Scotland are traced in a Variety of directions. Besides Kilpatrick (the Church, or it may be cell, of St. PATRICK), where he was born, we find him at Dal- Patrick (the district or division of Patrick), 111 Lanarkshire," Cragphadrig (Patrick's .Rock), near Inverness, Kirkpatrick at Iron- |ray, in Kirkcudbright, and Kirkpatrick at Fleming in Dumfries, at each of which plaoes, as their name implies, he founded a Church. He ultimately sailed from Port •Patrick," says a Scotch authority, leaving behind him such an odour of sanctity that among the most distinguished amilie8 of the Scottish aristooracy PATRICK haq been a favourite name iown to the present day." He next visited England, preached in Patterdale (Patrick's Dale) in Westmoreland, and, in Durham, founded a Church, to which was given the name of Kirkpatrick. It was from England that he came into Wales, where we find him at Sarn-badrig already referred to. Armed with the Papal mission for the conversion of the Irish people, the Saint landed at Innis—(Welsh ynys, island)—patriok, visited Holmpatrick the County Dublin, touched at the Isle of and founded the church of Kirkpatrick there near the town of Peel, crossed over into Iceland again, and, somewhere in Sabbal- Patrick, now Saul, in the County Down, con- vrted and baptised the Chieftain DICHU on his own threshing floor. Following thence find the Saint at Temple-patriok in Antrim, Croagh—(Welsh craig, rock)—patrick in ayo, Domnach-Padrig (Patrick's house) East Meath, where he founded an t bey, and Dublin, where he built a ^hurch, the site of which is now occupied by e Cathedral of St. Patrick. After forty of marvellous labour, attended with dually marvellous success, St. PATRICK died Down, in Ulster, and was buried there ow e 17th of March, 403. One of the chroniclers states that after the Saint's there was no night for twelve ^ays, an assertion which tempts us Bay something of the miracles attributed to the holy man—although this is ?? age of such shameful unbelief that more fhan a passing reference to them would not e tolerated. Indeed the good Saint himself bought so many that a mere enumeration ^.°uld almost fill all the space we have at our disposal. Probably the one best known of *hem all is that by means of which the soil of '-•"eland was for ever cleared from every fanner of venomous beast and reptile. ^IBADKNEIRA affirms that even the wood of ,he Emerald Island is an all-sufficient anti- te against animal poison, for it is reported °»^\ng's College, Cambridge, that, being built Irish wood, no spider doth ever come near it." The fullest account of the Saint is p be found in a work by JOCELIN, of Urness, a Cistercian monk of the twelfth j^ntury, whose "Life and Acts of St. J^TIIICK was re-published by the Hibernia re88 Company, of Dublin, some eight and forty ago. The anniversary of the good Saint's ^ath having come round, is not the occasion Piost fitting one for reminding some of those ho claim in a special sense to be his °Uowers of the manner in which he won over Ujuan hearts to the cause of right ? He either spoke daggers nor taught dynamite h ar gunpowder, but simply a Gospel of peace aQd goodwill towards men.
BANQUET AT CARDIFF.
BANQUET AT CARDIFF. On Saturday evening a dinner was hold at the goyal Hotel, Cardiff, in celebration of St. Patrick's Councillor P. W. Carav occupied the chair, of I •^le attendance, which comprised a majority Ofj^hmen, with a fair sprinkling also of persons ^as 1 • nati°na'ities, was very large. Tt>e dinner j>g!f a>d in an admirable style, and the general ap- th t &Ce of the room reflected great credit upon 6 'andlord, Ml'- Williams. The arrangements for d, holding of the celebration, which was con- throughout wit,h the greatest good spirit, ta, heen entrusted to Mr. E. Grogan, hoc. secre- MHk Dui-5nff the evening Mr. Banes's string band, jgi pianoforte accompaniment, rendered a choice th characteristic Irish music. Among «T.°se who supported the chairman were—The fit n?r of Cardiff (Mr- G A- Stone), Rev. fathers Co anc* Butler, Alderman Daniel Jones, Jo^ncillors T. W, Jacob?, C.J. Jackson, and R. E. Dr. T. Wallace, Dr. S. Wallace, Captain Begg, t t\ni T. j. Callaghan, Mr. J. Ie Boulanger, Mr. T. Dr. Buist, Dr. P. O'Donnell, Mr. J. J. Hurley, f&ni- ^ogan, Mr. Prima vesi, Mr. T. H. Belcher llhie'tor)i Mr. J. G. Maddox, Mr. T. E. Rankin, I 4 J- K. Borke (Neath), Mr. M. W. Foley, Mr. | ^or °vens, and in the body of the room we I lced the following gentlemen :—Messrs. C. J. J(,r'NV°' Walter K. Foloj", Dennis Gorman, Oliver f t.Q\,S' Mortimer O'SulIivan, W. Anstice, W. Bruce, }• 'e. j. T. B. Batten, W. E. Dykes, Denis Fletcher, R. Owens, E. A. M'Mah'a. i.j ■j^j. Holomn, Wr. Irwin, G. Hall, ert» J. Price, Patrick O'Brien, A. P. Kiibian, i\e. °.Uly Buckley, J. Mullins, Maurice Preen, Jas. ''nh- Patrick Keohan, TJios. Fitzgerald, M. Ow 'V;;n, P. Maloney, Peter Sullivan, W. H. I!I'inH, J. S. Garland, Francis W. Lock, John i !t¡¡1¡ kly, Richard Price, Jas. Sheppard, Ii. Heitz- t D F. S. Lock, C. Hurlev, T. J. Callaghan, f M<a7,\ Pode^ta, C. Dacey, M. J. Leary, W. A. f U0l 'Ro, Oliver Purneli, J. O'Donnell, David R1311' T.Duggan, James Pilkington, E.J. Purneli, S, hn,n: jdy, B. Watts, W. R. Thomas, Michael I ■W J' Mahonev, Denis Dwyer, Edward Dwyer, C0u IYter Ray, P. Luddy, W. Baele, T"' W. l>u'yer, Daniel Dwyer, Thomas W. Vf0'!11 Swan ton, John Bulger, Michael Hart- ^'°o'd R°cbe, Patrick Daley, Captain H- At't* ^HAr.?r loval toasts had been given bv tke ■°r C. J. JACKSON proposed "The Bishops •hex- a°d Ministers of ail Denominations." w"t 'le sa' notice that evening that they Hieh1 h them representatives of the Church of i^th tilnost them were members. He coupled 8 WFINF toast tbe name of the Rev. Father Clark. f°lild n ?n,t0 suy there was one name he 'erid IP ltl^€ri''ng —it was that of a true lier rvrr 0 t^ietn there—namely, the Rev. Nut n l're'. (Applause.) And, though he was .'•f would ask tl'ieiu to drink to his '•'iv* v«s were there with them. };¡LtJ. Ct.AKK. amid nnolatiae. rose to .I! N-— respond, and said it wasindeed a pleasure to do so. It was a joy to feel that he was commingling with those who differed with him in thought as did the Antipodes. But if they had more of such meetings as these he believed they would come to know each other better and love each other more. Speaking of the decayed condition of various parts of Ireland, he said that if England allowed Ireiand as she allowed Canada, and Austria allowed Hungary, the power of Home Rule, then there would be no more of that decay. That was his opinion ten years ago, and that opinion was still the same. Mr. K GHOGAN, at this point, read letters from various gentlemen who were unable to attend, but who sympathised with the celebration. Among these were the Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese, who is in Home; Alderman Murphy, Newport; Mr. Vaughan, Major O'Kelly, Cardiff, and Councillor T. Waring. Dr. T. WALLACE proposed "The Army, Navy, and Auxiliary Forces," and the toast was responded to by Sergeant-Major OWEN, who gave an interesting account of his own long service in the army, of his experiences in the Egyptian desert prior to the construction of the Suez Canal, and in Afghanistan. He deprecated the short service system which had been introduced during recent years. The CHAIKMAN proposed the toast of the evening, "The Day we Celebrate." and in doing so he said he was sure he expressed the wish of the com- mittee in thanking the gentlemen who had assembled to assist them in tliisgieatand.asit was generally called, the 17th of Ireland—St. Patrick's Day. f Applause.) It was a pleasing sign to notice how their important local papers had regarded St. Patrick's Day. He was sure that the articles which had appeared in the Western wnd the South Wales Daily Xeifs hud so thoroughly thrashed out the subject that he did not know how Father Butler would be able to get in a word that was new to that assembly. (Hear, hoar.) The Rev. Father DUTLER responded, nnd in the course of a long speech said they might certainly say the day they were celebrating was a very re- markable one. When he saw around him English- men, Welshmen, and Irishmen corne to celobnte St. Patrick's fhv, in sunshine and sh-idow, he thought the feast; of St. Patrick had something about it which 110 other feast in the calendar had. As regards the relation of Irishmen aad Welshmen, he contended that history showed that for nearly 700 years their countries had been as closely united as was possible for two countries to be. St. David's mother was an Irishwoman, and the man after whom Hreconshire was called was an Irish- man. For 700 years Irish .-schools were the seminaries or universities in which the youth of Wales was educated. It' it had not been for the Danes, he was convinced that the golden link that bound Ireland and Wales together for so many centuries would never have been severed. He thought that, the amicable relations which now existed might be taken as an assurance that the old I bond of fellowship would be once more restored, and that a good fellowship would also exist be- tween each of the countries comprised in the United Kingdom. Englishmen, ho alleged, after a. residence of six Or twelve months in Ireland, be- came more Irish than the Irish themselves. He had no need to say that, tho greatest thingrs for Ireland harl been done by Protestant gentlemen. Be might give them such names as those of Burke, Grattan, Curran, Flood, J. Martin, John Mitchell, and Charles S Parnell. He repudiated the idea that the outrages of which they had heard were the work of Irish- men. The true Irish gentleman was one who, wherever he was and whenever he went abroad, kept a corner in his heart for Ireland, and he con- tended that there was no such thing as an Irish- man losing his nationality. Mr. BOULANGER proposed, Prosperity to Ire- land n.nd to the Irish people at home and abroad," and with a view to more especially furthering the object of the toast he thought that Ireland should be allowed to exercise a greater voice in the ad- ministration of her own affairs. Mr. T. CALLAGHAN, jun., responded, and con- tended that Ireland ought to be perfectly able to maintain her population, and that indiscriminate emigration was no panacea for the evils under which she had laboured. Mr. GROGAN proposed The Mayor and Corpora- tion of Cardiff," and, in regard to the mayor, said he had not heard a single person say he had not done well since he had been elected to his high office; on the contrary, he had heard everybody extol him for his impartiality. As to the corpora- tion, they were all good men. He mentioned that he had omitted to state that lie had received from Councillor Johnston a letter apologising for his absence. Tho MAYOR of CARDIFF expressed his thanks for the warm manner in which the toast had been received, and intimated that when he took office he determined to be strictly impartial, and to rather favour those whom personally he had been opposed to as a party man than do anything to prejudice them. Ho might say that their chairman was a credit to the corporation. (Cheers.) As Irishmen, he felt sure they would be greatly pleased to know that he was more like an Englishman than an Irishman. (Laughter.) He was cool, and did not show any excitability on any subject. Ho was a perfect gentleman in every respect. Outside the corporation, he intimated, politics were very often prominent; but inside that was all forgotten, and the sole desire of the members was to advance the interests of the town. In response to the call of the meeting. Alderman Jones and Councillors Jackson and Jones each said a few words by way of acknowledging the toast. The CHAIRMAN said he would not let this occasion pass without contradicting a rumour in the town in reference to the Barry Dock site. His friend the mayor had been blamed for not giving his casting vote at a recent. debate. The speaker was very chary to enter into particulars, but he thought he would be a. coward if he did not do so on that occasion. (Hear, hear.) He then proceeded to state that the mayor had persistently abstained from identifying himself in a division, hoping that by maintaining that position he might become a happy medium of settling the question. Mr. THOMAS CALLAGHAN proposed The Health of the Most Hon. the Marquess and Marchioness of Bute," and in doing so he referred to the munificence of his lordship, and expressed a. hope that ho would seo his way to become a. more frequent visitor in the locality. The remaining toasts were those of the Town and Trade of Cardiff" (proposed by Mr. M. W. Foley, and responded to by Alderman D. Jones), The Chairman (proposed by the Mayor), Tho Visitors (proposed by Mr. Hartnett, and acknow- ledged by Dr. Buist), The Ladies (proposed by Mr. O'Leary), and" The Press."
LETTER FROM THE RECTOR OF…
LETTER FROM THE RECTOR OF MERTHYR. TO THE EDITOR. Sin,—Justice to Wales, at any rate to Cardigan- shire, compels me to address you on your very in- teresting and amusing article about St. Patrick. You say that Sarnbadrig," which St, Patrick once walked over, is in Carnarvonshire," and that it is a very dangerous causeway in Carnarvon Bay." Dangerous it is there can be no doubt, as I have often had reason to know, and probably may have reason again; but it certainly is not in Carnarvon," but in "Cardigan Bay" and sorry should I be as a Cardiganshire man if any of your readers should for one moment be led away by your article and deprive that noble bay of the glory which it has enjoyed for so many centuries of being connected with the name of the great St. Patrick—the man whose ban to this very day drove all the poisonous reptiles which then infested Ire- land away from the" green and Holy Isle for ever! You !—I am grieved beyond measure to think that—you, the' Western J'Juil! "the limes of Wales," as I had the honour to call it some ten years ago, or more, should for a moment doubt that "Pad rIg ab Mawon," the great saint that con- verted Ireland was not a Welshmen. You might as well say that the Western Mail is not a. Welsh newspaper. Did you never hear of Rice-Marchus ? as the monks called him, or, as we Welshmen call him, Roes Ymarchog, the groat chronicler of ancient things; or. greater still, did you never hear of Giraldus Cambrensis, the last real Welsh Bishop of St. David's that ever lived; the man who was made so by the people, in spito of Pope, Archbishop of Canterbury, and every other Popish priest that ever wore a cowl ? Or, did you never hear of John of Teignmouth, also a renowned English chronicler and monk as well ? Or, best of all, did you never hear of Achau y Saint" (" The Genealogies of the Welsh Saints "), written some of them fourteen hundred years ago ? And do they not every one of them—I every one of these authorities—declare most positively that Padrig was Principal of Llaniiityd-fawr, the great Welsh University—greater than Cardiff ever will be— founded by the Emperor Theodosiue ? And was it not while he was teaching theology, the arts, and mathematics to all the young; promising men of Wales at this University that the wild Irish"— "Gwyddelod,"as we Welshmen call them to this day, landed under the shelter of Barry Island—marched to Lantwit. despoiled the great city of learning, and, as a great triumph, carried away Padrig, tha chancellor, and landed him at Kingstown, as it is now called, and thus laid the foundation of "the conversion of Ireland," for until he arrived there they were all Pagans. God's hand was in it all. St. Patrick himself lived to see that and to confess it, for he often visited Wales. When the Barry Dock Bill comes to be commit-ted I hope the promoters of the Bill will note this fact and make use of it—viz., that even fourteen hundred years ago the Wild Irish," the Gwyddelod" of ancient history, saw its great capabilities and availed themselves of it in pre- ference to Penarth or even Cardiff.—1 am, &c^ JOHN GRIFFITH, Rector of Merthyr.
RIT[,;.\ LfSM AT THE PONTYPRIDD…
RIT[, LfSM AT THE PONTYPRIDD UOUNTY COURrr. [BY MORIEN.] It is stated by philosophers that time moves in cycles. The ancient Britons believed the same thing, and their sacred temples were, therefore, circular. It appears, judging from what Hecatmus, writing 600 years before Christ, says of them, that our ancestors paid particular attention to the moon and its circles, and that tho cycle of the moon, which occurs every nineteenth year, was called by them the Great Year, and that on that occasion Apollo, from the vernal equinox to the rising of the Pleiades, all night through expressed his satisfaction at bis own exploits by dances, and by playing on the harp." It is certain the ancient Britons were gr. at Ritualists or dramatists, and that this was due to a belief that teaching through the eyes was as commendable as through the ears nay, that it was more so, inas- much as the mind is quicker reached through the former than the latter. Congregations who are now drowsy under the infliction of a dull service would grow animated and sympathetic were the same truths conveyed by means of a few dramatic tccessories. The success of the sacred dramas )f Esther" and" Joseph and his Brethren," .vhich have been performed frequently in Wales n connection with Welsh Nonconformist Chapels, ihows that the practice would soon become popular. There are so many new ideas springing ip in Wales just now that no one would be able n say we are not, at least, moving, if not getting wound. Some of liS hoi;™ that. WQ have turned the proverbial corner. We have still the moon with us, and, while feeling satisfaction that that planet still performs its cycle, as it did in the time of our remote ancestors the Hyperboreans, one wonders whether Apollo, with the bays, will again tune his lyre and caper among the descendants of our sires. Of all places in the world the most curious to find a tendency to worship the muses is a county court, which is associated in the popular mind with stern realities—with pounds, shillings, and pence, hard swearing, and, as far as Pontypridd is concerned, hungry packmen. But even there, the biographer of Thomas Stephens has resolved, as will have been seen by the reports in Tuesday's journals, to introduce a poetical accessory to the law in the shape of gowns, which solicitors, from the patriarch to the neophyte, will henceforth fain have to don in the presence of the majesty of the law and Mr. Spickett, at the Pontypridd County Court. Tho able lawyer and courteous gentle- man who presides over the county court is eminently practical, and it is, there- fore, believed that he, a Nonconformist, has come to the conclusion that robed lawyers will prove of greater utility than were they to continue to practice before him, as hitherto they have done, gownless. There is no doubt that our friends, the local lawyers, will appear, in the eyes of the unsophisticated public, vested with greater dignity when gowned than otherwise. But the injunction of the judge for the lawyers to appear henceforth robed before him is chiefly valuable as a sign of the times.
--__-----__-THE NAME "WELSH."
THE NAME "WELSH." [BY MORIEN.J It may be necessary to tell some of the readers of this journal—which, as is well known, circu- lates far beyond the limits of the Principality— that the Welsh people themselves do not call them- selves Welsh. This is a name which has been thrust upon them, and they—following the prin- ciple that a rose by any other name would smell as sweet"—have tamely submitted to it. But it must be admitted that the disagreeable epithet Welcher," given to one who de- frauds at races, has frequently made some of us feel inclined to repudiate the name Welsh be- cause of its resemblance to the opprobrious epithet, Welcher." The correct name of our nation is Cymry, and Wales is Cymru. Not Symru, as some ignorantly pronounce it, but Kymru, as the late Mr. Thomas Stephens, Merthyr, always spelt the word. The ancient bards called the Cymric nation, Ci/mrj/ pen paladr," that is, the Wolsh, the leading and topmost branch," referring to the position of the Cymric as the leading tribe of the Celts, which word, by the way, I was astonished. when at Oxford the other day, to her Professor Rhys pronounce Sclt. Now, it is well known that it was the custom of ancient nations to name themselves after the name of the God they wor- shipped. Tho Cymry had nearly as many names as the Hebrews-who had 70—by which they designated Him. Those names are to this day in use among the Cymry in Divine worship, but it is significant that only throo of them, viz., Duw, which, it is stated, means tico, that is active and pas8ivo principles, and Ai-yhcydd, that is, Argoleuydd (Illuminator), and lor (Eternal) were admitted into the Welsh translation of tho Bible. The sublime names, Ion (First Cause), Nav (one who forms or constructs), 3Ner (might, power, strength, force, aid, help, succour), & were omitted. But the authors of the splendid Welsh hymns re-introduced those and other names into Divine worship among the Cymry. One of the supreme names of God among the Welsh was Celi (Keli)—" Duw Celi"—meaning the Mysterious One, the Hidden One, or to employ the Scriptural designation of the God worshipped by the Athe- nians, the Unknown God," whom, according to the admission of St. Paul, the people of Greece worshipped before he visited them. The Revs. W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson state that St. Paul did not act so discourteously before the Athenian philosophers, as one might be led to sup- pose by the words of the Authorised Version he did, as charging them with being "superstitious." What he did say to them was, "Yo men of Athens, all things which I behold bear witness to your carefulness in religion." It seems exceedingly probable that tho Deu-Cali-on of the Greeks is this Celtic name of the Most High, surrounded by the fables of the Greek poets. But what I wish to say is this, that the Colts seem to have been so called because Celi was the supreme name of God among them. It is, therefore, wrong to pronounce the name Selts.. I claim the distinction of having caught Jupiter nodding at Oxford. The following interesting remarks on the name "Welsh" are from tho pen of Mr. Peter A. Griffiths, Oshkosh, and appear in the vernacular in the JJrych:—" The Welsh are called Britanish-che by the Germans, therefore thwe is no connection be- tween the people called Welsh-che—Welsh Ger- many—by the present Germans. But there is a lingual connection between Welsh and Welshche (identical), and also Wal, Walah, and Vealas of the early Germans. It is stated that the primitive meaning of the word Welshche and its other forms is strangers,' which is doubtful, notwithstanding that is the German meaning of the word. Some people believe it is a German word, while others think it is Sanskrit. But Mr. Jacob Grim, a good German scholar, thinks that it is derived from the word Galli (in French Gaules), and that it was taken by tho Germans from the neighbouring Gauls. We believe this is the correct meaning, and, therefore, that it is a Celtic word. Early in the middle age, and later, it was customary among the German, or Teutonic, tribes to designate those speaking dialects derived from the Celtic language, or a. mixture of Celtic and Latin, Welshche, Wealsche, Wallisisch, Wala, &c. They name one of the smallest nations in Europe, numbering about 40,000, Romancho or Romanisch, and they name those of their own nation who dwell on the border land between Switzerland and Italy Churwealsch, that is Wealsch for Chur or Coire, their chief city. We find reference to them as early as the year 885 in the words lletia quod alio nomineclmrewala appelleittr. German scholars as late as the Sixteenth Century designated Italy, when referring to the people of Lombardy, Longobarder in Welschland. The word Wallachia is a relic of the same custom, and also Wallon,' the name of a people inhabiting a. district in Bel- gium, who speak French, derived from the same source. In a like manner when the Saxons came into contact with the Britannic Loegrians (Welsh inhabitants of England) they called them Vealas, Weala, Wealh, &c., from which came tho names Welsh and Wales, implying that they were an identical people with those of Galli or Gaul (France), and speaking the same language. This goes far to prove that the sojourn of the Romans for about 400 years in Britain did but little to lessen the practice of speaking the native language (Cymraeg) even in those parts most under Roman influence. The French have always called the people of Wales Galles."
DEATH OF ANOTHER GLAMORGANSHIRE…
DEATH OF ANOTHER GLAMOR- GANSHIRE WORTHY. "Morion writes:—It is my painful duty to chronicle the departure from among the living of the venerable Mr. David Davies, Gellywion Farm, Pontypridd, which melancholy event took place at two o'clock last Sunday afternoon. He was a month over the patriarchal age of 96 years. Until I the present winter he had retained a large amount of vigour, and ho was a familiar figure in the town I of Pontypridd, especially on Wednesdays. He seemed to derive pleasure on that day. which is the Pontypridd Market-day, from familiar inter- course with his fellow farmers from the hills, who visit the market. Sitting in his old familiar corner at the Butcher's Arms Hotel, with his modest glass within arm's length, he discussed with aged friends, whoso fathers were his compeers, the affairs of the day, especially those relating to farming. Those topics often suggested to his mind incidents which had occurred long—very long— ago in the parishes of Llanwyno and Ystrady- fodwg, and those he would relato while the com- pany listened to his recital with profounde.st interest. His memory, which remained perfectly unclouded to the last, was a remarkably retentive one, and he would relate matters that had occurred between 70 and 80 years ago with the greatest accuracy. He was an adept at reciting the tribanan and engh/nion which were on the tongues of our forefathers. To most of us those composed—I shall not say penned, for it is doubtful whether they have ever been committed to paper—those composed 40 or 50 years ago by a witty local atcenydd-, familiarly designated Twm Hywel Llewelyn, were productions of yesterday. Had one asked him for a specimen of the rhyming talent of the unlettered muse reigning in his early life in the parishes of the district he would, doubt- less, have supplied the following :— Mae (ivchryn diifawr arnaf wrth feddwl am v fiirn, Yr Ystrad a Llanwyno fydd yno I gyd yn sarn A nili Mab George Basaett, fydd yno 'n mtihth y 11a, Ar Barinvr fydd yn gofyn-Dyn, o ba Its wyt ti ? A few years ago he described to the writer merry, making in the olden time in tha secluded slid sparselv populated" Cwm yr Ystrad," as the Rev. D. W. Williams, Fairfield, still affectionately desig- nates the densely populated upper portion of tho Rhondda Valley. And he described to men kind of dancing rehearsal—-preparatory to the taplas h&f— in which he himself took part, nearly 80 years ago in Cwmsaerbred Ysgubor, when the cleared threshing floor was made merry with the nimble feet of his young companions, all of whom passed over that bourne from which no traveller re- turns" long before his turn came. He was abso- lutely the oldest inhabitant in the district. Throughout the whole of his long career ho bore the character of a very intelligent and shrewd man of business; to employ a familiar expression, a man would have had to get up early indeed to get over" Mr. Davies, Gellywion, in any business tran- saction. He seemed to have long ago resolved to endeavour to make the best of both worlds," for while busy in this, as long as his strength lasted, he did not negleet religious matters, and he was a. faithful member with the Welsh Calvinistic Metho- dists at Penuel Chapel, Pontypridd. Mr. David Davies was the son of Mr. Wm. Davies, Fanhaulog Farm, Llanwyno, where he was born in the year 1787. He was one of nine children, five of whom, in addition to himself, reached the extraordinary ages of 87, 89, 88, 83, and 86 respectively. He was the only survivor of the nine. He dwelt during the last half century at Gellywion, a holding which he farmed during that long period. He had re- cently completed a villa in Morgan-street, Ponty- pridd, where he intended spending the remainder of his days. But Mr. Thomas, The Great Heath, with characteristic warmth of heart, would not hear of the old tenant leaving his old home. It is gratifying to know that this interest in him mani- fested by his landlord greatly cheered the patriarch during the closing weeks of his earthly career.
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THE ROYAL CAMBPJAN IACADEMY…
THE ROYAL CAMBPJAN ACADEMY OF ART. THE PERMANENT GALLERY AND SCHOOL. CARDIFF PROPOSED AS SITE. On Monday evcning a. meeting called by his Worship the Mayor of Cardilf (Mr. G. A. Stone) was held in the Grand Jurv-room of the Town- hall Cardiff, for the purposeof considering the advi- sability of taking steps to secure the establishment of the Permanent Gallery and Schools of the Royal Cambrian Academy of Artat Cardiff. The Maj-or pre- sided, and there were present—Mr. J. L. Wheatley (town-clerk), Captain Short, Mr. J. L. Traherne, Alderman Lewis, Alderman Taylor, Alderman Winstone, Mr. A. Thomas, Mr. C. J. Jackson, Dr. Edwards, Dr. Vachell, Mr. W. J. Trounce, Mr. Lewis Williams, Mr. P. Price, Rev. J. S. Lidgett, M.A., Rev. J. Waite, B.A., Mr. S. Allen, Mr. T. H. Riches, Mr. C. Thompson, Mr. J. P. Thompson, Mr. E. Seward, Mr. Thomas, Mr. Pettigrew, Mr. W. Gillies Gair, Captain Ingram, Rev. W. E. Winks, Mr. Hodges, Mr. W. Hughes, Mr. D. Duncan, Mr. E. C. Downing, and others. The circular convening the meeting was read, also a circular setting forth the objects of the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art. The latter stated that the resident artists of Wales resolved to establish the Cambrian Academy of Art in the hope that such an institution will give an impetus to the further development of art in the Princi- pality. In April her Majesty the Queen was pleased to command that the Academy should be styled the Royal Cambrian Academy. The objects of the Academy are the advancement, of the art of painting in oil, in fiasco, and water colour, of drawing in antique, and elementary drawing, and also the study of sculpture and architecture. Arrangements have been made to hold an exhibition in the summer months at Llandudno, but the question of whether the permanent gallery and schools are to be erected in Llandudno or in one of the large towns of South Wales remains yet to be settled. The MAYOK said they had just fought one battle, and he had no doubt they were prepared to enter into another and achieve equal success. (Ap- plause.) He hoped they would put their shoulders to the wheel to get the. Academy established in Cardiff, for he thought it would be an important adjunct to the College, and in this and other respects wcukl bo an acquisition to the town. He did not know much about the scheme himself, and he would, therefore, call on Captain Short to intro- duce the subject to the meeting. Captain SHOUT said that about a month ago he wrote to the secretary of the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art for some information concerning the institution, with a view to sending in an appli- cation for membership. He received a reply to the following effect:—"I enclose you extracts from the rules, from which you will see what is neces- sary. The Academy have had it under serious consideration to see whether a movement could be got up in Cardiff with a view to the permanent establishment of an Art Gallery and Art Schools in connection with the above, and I and our chairman of council have been appointed a deputation to go down and see what can be done. Will you sound some of the principal inhabitants and ascertain whether their views are favourable ? &e. (Signed) W. L. BANKS, hon. secretary." On receiving that letter he wrcte asking for further information, and be got a second communication from the chairman (Mr. E. A. Newbery), of which the following is a copy:— KOYAL CAMBRIAN ACADliMY or ART. As our L. Banks, is not at all well, he has forwarded your favour of the Z2nd of February to me, and has desired me to put you iu posses- sion of the information you require. The objec¡, of the Royal Cambrian Aùademy is to establish a gnliery anu schools on t he piau Qf the Royal Academy—one ilj,)íorth Wales and another in 8011t,h Wales. There "timng u large number of reident artists in Jforth Waies, it was natural timt a summer exhibition should be first, estab- lished, aneI efitwts directed to the founding of a per- manent building in .North Wales first. Tills is about C0111plljted, and the couneil are desirous now to turn their attention to the Sout.h Wales portion of the scheme. lt is suggested that a winter exhibition might be held in Cardiff or Swansea, and a permanent building: established, provided tlie South Wales inhabitants would subscribe handsomely to the building fund, 01' offer some existing building tD the Academy. From what has been done in conrleCtion with the new Soutll Wales College scheme, I shouid ImagÏ1w that, South Wales pCDple would come forward liberally If the matter were put properly be/ore them. We have had several sites and Imildills oriVred ill North Wales, and have only just been able to choose between them. Do you think Cardiff would move in the matter? Do yon think vou could call a meet ing of art patrons to dtSU11S5 tl subject, and to appeint U committee to can- vass for 8ub3cript.lons and d011a thJlls? Mr. Banks pr myself might run down to Cardiff shortly to give further n(Ol'n1ation.. Captain Short said that those letters gave them the gist of the matter, and there was very little more that he could add. As they knew, there was in Cardiff an art society, and during the past year the membership of that society had increased from about 40 to 100, in addition to which there were now about 50 honorary members. He thought that this showed that there was a decided feeling in Cardiff in favour of art. Some persons might think that if the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art came to Cardiff it would be in antagonism to the existing schools of art; but he had given that point his careful consideration, and he was now of opinion that, on the contrary, it would be a decided aid to those schools of art. (Applause.) Those who studied at the schools of art could, when they were efficient enough, pass to the Academy, and there undergo a further term of training. Thus the one would be an incentive to the other; and promising pupils would have an opportunity which they had not now of rising to eminence in the study and practice of art. Mr. J. L. TRAHERNU followed, and said it was patent to them all that the presence of such an institution as the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art in their midst would be an incentive to many per- sons to study art and to advance in art. Mr. VACHELL asked if the proposed Gallery and Schools of Art were to be offshoots of the Gallery and Schools of Art in North Wales ? The MAYOR: It is to be the reverse OF that; we could not play second fiddlo to Llandudno. (Hear.) Mr. J. L. WHEATLEY read the portion of the circular stating the objects of the Academy, which said that the question of whether the permanent gallery and schools were to be erected in Llan- dudno or in one of the large towns of South Wales remained yet to be settled. Mr. SEWARD asked if a Royal Charter had been granted to the Academy. Mr. J. L. WHEATLEY Said all they knew was that the Queen had allowed the institution to be styled The Royal Cambrian Academy of Art." Alderman TAYLOR moved :—" That in the opinion of this meeting every possible effort should be made by the inhabitants of Cardiff for the estab- lishment of the permanent gallery and schools of the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art in the borough." He said ho was glad that such a move- ment was on foot, because he had felt for some time that the local schools of art had now almost outgrown themselves. Those who attended were pressed by the want of room, while others were unable even to obtain admission, and they, there- fore, required more extended facilities for educat- ing their young people who were now coming to the front so largely in the subject of arr. After referring to the progress of the Cardiff Art Society, he went on to say that they required in Cardiff several professors of art, in order that those who wished to study art couid get better instruc- tion than was at present open to them. Continu- ing, he alluded to the gift of pictures made to the town by Mr. Menelaus, and said he would like to see those pictures and the others they possessed form the nucleus of an Art Gallery for Cardiff. He had heard it stated that if they had suitable rooms many persons in Cardiff would contribute from their abundance valuable works of art to add to the collection. Mr. J. P. THOMPSON- had great pleasure in seconding the resolution. Ha remarked that nothing would tend to raise the social status of a town like Cardiff more than a Royal Academy of Art, and the selection of Cardiff as the site of'the College made it the proper place for the location of such an institution. The following resolution was then submitted to the meeting', and was carried aem. dis.— Mr. A. THOMAS moved That the following gentlemen be appointed a com- mittee, with power to add to their number, for the pUI"¡)03e of Cûlryln into effect the foregoing resolutiol1, and that the committee be instructed to invite the deputation from the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art who have heen appointed to visit Cardift with a view of nlakin all requisite o.rranjl;8ments as early as possible, and tiiat the committee be RlIthorJsed t,) obtain subscriptions, and take such of,IIef proceedings a3 they may deem advisable, viz., the Mayor, Messrs. Alderman Taylor, Louis Tylor, T. Webb, J. Ware, J. Guim, Lewie Williams, W. X. Lewis, J. S. Corbett, Rses Jones, R. Bird. E. R. Moxey, J. Cory, Dr. Vachell, 1: de C. Hamilton, J. P. Thompson, E. Seward, T. H. Thomas. Captain Short, J. L. Traherne, J. L. Wheatlev, D. Roes, Dr. Edwards, A. Thomas, C. Thompson, 1': Price, C. J. Jackson, 8. Allen, X. H. Riches, T. E. Cole, Alderman Winstone, Captain Ingrain, Alderman Lewis, Rev. J. S. Lidgett, M.A., He v. \V. E. Winks, and the Key. J. Waite, B.A., with power tu add to their number. He said that the old Infirmary building might he admirably adapted to the purposes of an art school; but in any case they would require such a building, because they now had a splendid collec- tion of pictures, for which they had no adoquate accommodation. Mr. P. PRICE seconded the motion, and said there was a prospect of Cardiff becoming, not only the Athens and Corinth, but also the Florence of Wales. Dr. EDWARDS, who rose in response to a call, said he did not wish to discourage them, but he thought they ought to enter with caution upon the scheme before them, inasmuch as the University College would make a great demand upon their energy and resources. Mr. W. GILLIES GAIR, who said he was a late student at the Royal Academy, expressed his pleasure at being present at a meeting which had been called for the purpose of promoting the study and development of art in the Principality. In reply to the last speaker, he narrated the circum- stances connected with the origin and progress of the Royal Academies of England and Scotland and drew from their histories a lesson of encou- ragement for those who were now endeavouring to secure the establishment of a similar provision for Wales.. The resolution was then put and carried. Mr. J. P. THOMPSON made a few remarks in reply to Dr. Edwards, and moved that Capt. Short and Mr. J. L. Traherne be appointed hon. secretaries of the committee. Mr. LEWIS WILLIAMS seconded the motion, which was agreed to unanimously. On the motion of Mr. J. L. WHRATLEY, seconded by Mr. S. ALLEN, Mr. J. P. Thompson was appointed hon. treasurer. The meeting then terminated, but before the company dispersed the Mayor read a telegram he had received from Bishop Hedley at Rome, to the following effect:—" Just seen news about College; warmest congratulations to yourself and all friends."
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THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. ♦■■■-
THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. ♦■■■ MEETING OF THE CARDIFF COMMITTEE, MUNIFICENT GIFT BY SIR H. HUSSEY VIVIAN. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COLLEGE. A meeting of thaCardiff College Committee was held in the Council Chamber of the Town- hall, Cardiff, on Tuesday afternoon, under the pre- sidency of the Mayor (Mr. G. A. Stone). There were also present Aldermen Evans, Jones, Taylor, and Lewis; Councillors À. Thomas, R. E. Jones, P. W. Carey, E. Beavan, T. Waring, Morgan, Sanders, Vaughan, Cory, James, and H. Jones; Messrs. Lewis Williams, T. Davies, W. L. Danieil, J. Gunn, D. Evans, P. Price, Griffith, H. J. Evans, L. Tyior, Dr. Edwards, Dr. Wallace, Dr. Vacheli; the Revs. W. E. Winks, Nathaniel Thomas, J. S. Lidgett, D. Young, J. Watters, J. Waite, A. Tilly, Dr. Roberts, and others. FT I FT or SIR HUSSEY VIVIAN. The MAYOR said he was very pleased to meet them that day under such favourable circum- stances. (Applause.) They had met before to fight a great battle they met now as victors; and he was sure they all rejoiced with him to know that the victory had been gained in such nn honourable manner. They had not won the battle by saying one word against their opponents; and he thought he might say that their opponents had proved themselves to be honourable men. lie was sure they would all be very much pleased to hear a letter read which lie had received from Sir H. Hussey Vivian, and which was to the following effect:— Parkwern, Swansea, 19th March, lo83. My Dear Sir,—The arbitrators having decided that Cardiff is the best site for the College, for South Wales, I beg you will kindly enter my name as a subscriber for £1,000,- YOtH"S very faithfully, HLSSKY VIVIAN. Mr. G. A. Stone, Mayor of C<trdilT." (Loud applause.) Ho was sure, they would all be pleased to hear that letter read. The gift was a very generous one, and it would help to smooth over many of the little unpleasantnesses that had t iKeu place between this town and Swansea. Ho pro- posed That the warmest thanks of the Genera! Committee be accorded to Sir Hussey Vivian. Bart., M.P., for his magnificent donation of £1,000 to the College Fund, and more particularly for the magnanimous feeling which has prompted this gift. The committee desire to assure Sir Hussey that, though Cardiff has been selected as the site of the College, it is their earnest desire that the Swansca, Committee should co-operate with them in making the College as threat a benefit to Swansea and the rest of South Wales as they trust it wilt prove to Cardiil and Monmouthshire. Mr. LEWIS WILLIAMS seconded the motion. He said that a more honourable antagonist than Sir Hussey Vivian he could not wish to Uleet, in any public debate. The hon. gentleman conducted himself in a manner that certainly reflected great credit upon himself, as well as upon the borough which lie represented. He assumed from the remarks Sir Hussey made that, whichever way t he decision of the arbitrators went, he would be pro- pared to give his very hearty support to the College. He did his utmost to secure the prize for S-.vansea, and his letter would not only be accept- able to them, but to the whole of South Waies, That letter would go far to allay the irritation that had been created in the minds of some per- sons in Swansea by the decision of the arbitrators in favour of Cardiff. He thought they should add to the resolution the name of Mr. Llewelyn, whoso gift of £1,000, which was given without any condition whatever, would now bo applied to the building of the Cardiff College. (Applause.) The resolution was theu submitted and carried unanimously. unanimously. THK AWARD CONUIUT C LAT IONS A NO VOTKS OK THANKS. The MAYOR then read the award of the arbitra- tors in favour of Cardiff. j' Several letters were afterwards read. The Dean of Llandaff, writing from the Temple under date March 19, regretted his inability to I attend, and said :—"I am m't anxious that the kindest consideration should be shown to the naturally wounded feelings of Swansea. It must I be our first care now to trv to carrv with us the sympathy and co-operation" of South Wales, and primarily of the rival town, which has undergone I what we must feel to be a. trying mortification." Bishop Hedley telegraphed his congratulations from Rome. I Mr. F. R. Crawshay, writing from Treforest, under date 19th March, stated that inevitable cir- I cumstances called him to London :—" I think," he I said, the question of the site is a most important one and requires great consideration. I would pro- pose the site upon Ely Rise, being a convenient one for the two railways—the Great Western and the Taff Vale. The latter are making a passenger line at the Penarth branch, and will necessarily have a station at lily. It will be just far enough to keep students from the licence of town life. Congratu- lating the town on its success," &c. Mr. John Cory wrote regretting his absence, and observing that the sooner they began operations with the College the better. The MAYOf then proposed, "That the best thanks of this meeting be accorded to the Dean of I landaff and to Mr. Lewis Williams for the valu- able services they have rendered in 8upporting the claims of Cardiff to be the site of the College for South Wales and Monmouthshire, and more parti- cularly for the admirable and complete manner in which they submitted to the arbitrators the facts and arguments adducible in favour of the selec- tion of Cardiff, thereby contributing in no small measure to the highly "gratifying result of the deci- sion of the arbitrators." He said he had great pleasure in proposing this resolution. He had the honour of moving that the Dean of Llandaff and I Mr. Lewis Williams should represent Cardiff in London, and ho felt certain that if they had looked all round Cardiff they could not have found two better men to advocate their in- terests. He was sure that they had more than answered their expectations, and that, even if they had employed two of the most eminent counsel in the couHtry the work would not have been done so well. (Applause.) Counsel would not have taken the trouble necessary to prepare the case. 1 With Dr. Vaughan and Mr. Lewis Williams it was not a money consideration they seemed to have the College on the brain, and they discharged the task allotted to them in a manner which Miowed that it was to them a real labour of love. (Ap- plause.) Mr. A. THOMAS seconded the motion, and said he thought the town was much indebted to the Dean of Llandafi and to Mr. Lewis Williams for their very able advocacy of their cbims. The motion was carried with acclamation. Mr. LEWIS WILLIAMS, in response, said I regret very much that my very able and senior colleague I the Dean of Llandaff is not here to respond to the vote of thanks which has been just proposed in such very handsome terms. I am sure he would have done it in more fitting language than it is possible for me to use on this occasion; but on his behalf and my own I tender you sincere thanks. Too much cannot be said in praise of the services which the illustrious Dean has rendered to this movement. He has never thought any sacrifice too great to make for it. Journey after journey has he made from London in the promotion of it, and whenever we have sought an interview with him he has not hesitated to give us one, two, and on one occasion as much as three hours of his valuable time. His advocacy before Mr. Mundella and before the arbitrators was such as to lay the town under a lasting debt and obligation to him. (Applause.) I will say for my own part that I have not for only one, or two, or three years looked for this College. I think my earliest public effort was in connection with the movement to secure for Wales the University College at Aberystwith, and since that time I have been 1 confess an agitator—an agitator to induce the Govern- ment to do for Wales what I consider to be fair and just, and what would be for the pro- motion of our highest welfare. When the Depart- mental Committee was appointed I did feel that my heart was warmed with thankfulness, for at last our claims wero being recognised, and the question did oocur to m-How could these claims be most effectively met for the welfare of the Principality? I ventured to express the opinion to soma friends at the time that I thought that if the College for South Wales were fixed at Cardiff it would confer the greatest benefit possible upon the districts for which it was intended. Tliose friends thought I was too sanguine, and that what I was suggesting was out of the question; but when the Depart- mental Committee visited Cardiff I had the pleasure of giving evidence directly in favour of Cardiff for the location of the University College. I have learnt since that most of tho members of the committee came to Cardiff with the view in their minds that Swansea was the best site I have also learnt since that after that sitting they wonT, away with the altered im- pression that Cardiff was the best site. (Applause.) I hardly like to refer to my own services. What I have done in this matter has been to me a labour of love, and the decision of the arbitrators more than compensates for any time or devotion I may have given to this work. I never undertook any work with greater feelings of trepidation, but I shall always look back with very cherished memories to the six hours I spent, in the room of tho Lord of the Privy Seal. Those were tho stiffest six hours I have ever had to pass through in my life. The decision has been given in our favour, and I think that that decision has given great satisfaction to the whole town. I will make no further reference to the matter than to say that I am receiving far more praise from my townsmen than I am entitled to. (Cries of No.") Wherever I have gone—and it is remarkable how widespread the interest is, extending as it does | from the very poorest to the very richest—I have been met with kind words of congratulation, and nothing has given me more pleasure than a. letter addressed to me by one of the boys in tho schools of the School Board. He thanks me for the services I had rendered to the town, and says that coming generations will have reason to be grateful for the College. (Applause.) More praise has been given to me than I am entitled to. There are other gentlemen whose services call for some recogni- tion, and I will venture to mention our borough member, Sir Edward Reed. When the Depart- mental Committee was appointed, three years ago, I noticed from a paragraph in the newspaper that it was for Wales only. I said to myself, if for Wales why not for Monmouthshire, and I wrote to Sir Edward Keed ajafcingr him to take council with the members for Monmouthshire, and giving a series of arguments why Monmouthshire shoul. he included. The membsrs for Monmouthshire had left town, but I learnt afterwards that Sir Edward Reed had handed my letter to Mr. Mundella, with the result that before a week was out Monmouthshire was included. We are, there- fore, indebted to our borough member, and we shall not overlook the services he has rendered. I cannot refrain from referring also to the services ot Mr. A. Thomas. He intimated to me that he intended to do what I thought was a very noble thing, and I asked him to allow me to make a little use of the fact, with the view of obtaining sub- scriptions. After some hesitation he said he would leave the matter in my hands, and I mentioned to several gentlemen that he proposed to give £1,000 towards the College with the result that at the meeting which was held I was able to an- nounce subscriptions to the amount of ,£5,000. That was largely due to the munificence of Mr. A. Thomas; and in addition to making this handsome contribution he has given any amount of time to the work that has been required from him. Mr. Williams went onto refer to the services of the town-clerk. Mr. W. Sanders, the Rev. Cynddylan Jones, and Mr. J. Duncan, and, in conclusion, said I hope, now wo have secured this prize, whilst we snaP use it for the welfare of Cardiff, we shall use it primarily for the advancement of the highest interests of the Principality. (Applause.) Mr. R. Corn: said he thought one secret of the success of Cardiff was the amount of money it had raised, and he thought it should be known to the town that, Mr. Lewis Williams was tho prime mover in getting a fund together, and that it was owing to his zeal and persuasion that some iarge amounts were in the first place promised. The MAYOR moved, "That the best thanks of I the meeting be given to Mr. J. Duncan for the valuable services rendered by him in the prepara- tion of the facts and arguments adducible in support, of the claims of Cardiff to be the site of the University College of South Wales and Mon- I mouthshire," &c. EDWAEDS seconded the motion, which was carried. Mr. A. THOMAS thought, that a vote of thanks should be given to Mr. Henry Jones, who was the first to biing the question of the College before the corporation, and to tha other members of the Executive Committee, who in their collective capacity had done a great deal of useful work. The MAYOR: Will you move that? Mr. A. THOM \S moved a resolution in accordance with his suggestion, and this being seconded by AJderman EVAS was agreed to, The MAYO", proposed "That the bet thanks of this meeting 00 given to the town-clerk as hon. secretary of this committee; also that, he be asked to accept the sum of £150 as an honorarium* and to ddray the expenses he has incurred in connec- tion with the College during the last eighteen months." He spoke in terms of eulogy of the eminent services rendered by Mr. Wheatley in connection with the College, and stated that he had employed extra. derks, und incurred railway expenses, kc., for which he was at present out of pocket. Mr. T. WARING seconded the motion, which was supp'u-ied by Mr. W. SAN»KR>. L. K. COKY thought that £150 was not a suffi- cient sum, and moved as an amendment that f200 ¡y voted to the town-clerk. (Applause.) Alderman EVANS said tie was about to make a similar proposal; and he would now most cordially second t.he mot-ion. Tne MAYOR withdrew the original motion, with the sanction of the meeting; and the amendment was then carried unanimously. Mr. J. DUNTCAN' moved thanks to the gentlemen 'Hitsido Cardiff who had assisted the committee in securing the selection of Cardiff as the Site of the College. A large number of names were men- tioned. including those of Lord Tredegar, Mr. J Carbui.t, M.P., Mr. F. K. Crawshay, the Rev. Dr. Roberts (Pontypridd), 1r, W. L. Daniel! {Merthyr;, the Aaron Davies (Rhymney;, tho Rev. David Edwards (Newport),and others. The Rev. A. TILLY seconded the proposition, which was carried with applause. The Rev. Dr. ROBEUTS, in response, said that the gentlemen whose names had been mentioned did not, ho was sure, expect a vote of thanks, inasmuch as in assistiug Cardiff to obtain the College they were only doing that which would bo of advantage to themselves. He could assure that meeting that the district to which he belonged was quite as joyous as was Cardiff when they heard that the eastern town had been chosen to be the site of the College. (Applause.) Mr. IV, L. DANIELL said that, in the first in- stance, his heart seemed to favour Swansea, and his head seemed to favour Cardiff. He was now glad that Cardiff had been selected,and he thought that the conclusion to which the arbitrators had come was the right one. He was gratified at the vote they had accorded to him and his friends outside Cardiff, and now they had thanked one another all round ho thought the best thing they could do would be to set to work, and add to the glory of the. town by getting the College established at the earliest- possible moment. Mr. H. J. EVANS moved a vote of thanks to the various public, bodies that had petitioned in favour of tho selection of Cardiff as the site of the College, This was seconded by Alderman EVANS and agreed to. It was further resolved that all the votes of thanks passed, with the exception of the latter, should be printed on vellum, and presented to the persons to whom they relate. CARDIFF AND SWANSPA.—PROPOSED CONFEUKNCF. Ir. A. THOMAS moved That the Mayor of Car- diff, as chairman of this committee, be asked to communicate with the Mayor of Swansea, stating that the question of site having beer; d, mined, this committee cordially and sincerely the Swansea Committee to join the Cardi. ,ommittc-e, so that they may unHeilly promote the establish- mont of the new College, and present guch a scheme to the E:1nclttion Department HoS will ensure the College being of the greatest benefit to South Wales and Monmouthshire." He said he proposed that resolution with very great pleasure. They knew that some little feeling would be excited 111 SW:iI1;;en. if the decision went against them that couid not very well be avoided, and i; was now their duty to endeavour to conciliate the sister town, and to ask them to co-operate in the establishment and promotion of the College. He thought that bv passing the resolution before- them they would be acting in harmony with the wishes of the Very Rev. the Dean of Llandaff, who, in thu letter which had been read, urged them to do utmost to bring about a friendly feeling with Swansea. It had been suggested that the Swansea people should allow the subscrip- tions which they had collected to be devoted to the provision of scholarships, which should be open to youths from their district only. He I thought that was a wise suggestion, and that they would nor, require to ask anything from them to- wards the cost "of the building beyond what they I had already received from Sir H. Vivian and .1 i.. Lhwe1\"1J. I Mr. U. COKY: No, no; they will contribute a great deal mure than that. I Mr. A. THOMAS said he would not speak posi- tively on the point, but he threw it out as a sug- gestion that the subscriptions already promised by Swansea might be devoted to the foundauon of scholarships for the Swansea district. Alderman JONES seconded the proposition. He said that the Swansea people must feel a little mortified result of the arbitration, and no doubt the resolution would help to conciliate them for the defeat they had sustained. At any rate they must endeavour to secure the co-opera- tion of Swansea, and he hoped the people of Swan- sea would meet them in a generous spirit, and would now see that it was their duty to strive to mako the College, which was not a College for Cardiff, but for South Wales and Monmouth- shire, a great success. (Applause.) Dr. EDWARDS said he honed that they would leave no stone unturned to carry out a concilia- tory policy, not only towards Swansea, but to- wards the wlwlo of South Wales. They must bo I very careful to see that a Cardiff complexion was not given to that movement, and he would suggest that an influential deputation should be sent to meet the Swansea Committee in friendly council, and to discuss with them the best means ot securing the end which they all had, or ought to have, in view. The generous gifts of Sir Hussey Vivian and Mr. Llewelyn would have a good re- sult, and he thought they might get together in r friendly conference, not only gentlemen from Swansea, but also from Carmarthen and Haver- fordwest. The Rev. X. THOMAS said that certain gentlemen in Swansea, were doing, and intended to do, their best to induce students to go to the College at Aberystwith. (Cries of No.") They should not say" So," because he knew that it was so on posi- I tive authority. They must do all they could to prevail upon Swansea to co-operate with them; but if Swansea showed a disinclination to dp this, and thev waited and did nothing, they might find that the ground would be taken from under their feet. Dr. EOWAHOS said that the town-elerk had suggested that it should be made an instruction to the Executive Committee to take the measures which lie hid proposed; and to this he would give his consent- He thought that nothing could be mora unfortunate than that the two towns should be divided, for the College was not for Cardiff, but for South Wales and Monmouthshire; and the united exertions of the people of South Wales would be required to make it a success. Mr. Louis TYLOK thought that if the latter part of the resolution were struck out, beginning with the words And present such a scheme," that would meet the views of Dr. Edwards, and would strengthen rather than weaken their position. What they wanted to do was to send a message of peace and goodwill to Swansea. (Hear, hear.) Dr. EDWARDS approved of this suggestion. The Rev. DAVID YOUNG thought that they should not only seek to secure the co-operation of Swansea, but of the whole of South Wales and Monmouth- shire, including such towns as Carmarthen, Haver- fordwest, and Brecon. He could confirm the statement which had been made by Mr. Thomas, that there were three or four leading men in Swan- sea who were determined to do all they could to turn students away to Abeystwith. That was not a t hing t.hey could ignore—it was a fact; and it was important that they should move quietly and firmly, and endeavour to secure the sympathy and support of the whole of the southern port ion of the Principality. If a resolution such as that before them was to be passed why should they not add that the Mayors of Carmarthen, Haverfordwest, Brecon, Xeath, and other large towns should also be asked to meet and confer with them, when tlie subject was a College in which they wera all equally interested ? (Applause.) The Rev. J. D. WATTEKS, M.A., said that if that resolution were carried it would involve them in a considerable amount of negotiation, and after that negotiation was ended then they would begin the real work of the College. What was that work? First, to get a charter from the Queen, and that would occupy a couple of months; then to advertise for lecturers, and afterwards to select the lecturers, each of which operation would keep them engaged for a similar space of time. Was it not a desirable thing that before they passed the resolution they should have some definite idea as to what their action should be ? If they were to aim at opening the College on the 1st of October, it seemed to him it would be a mistake to commit themselves to any negotiations which might be prolonged. And he thought they should try to open the College by the 1st of October for this reason: The degree which the majority of the students would seek to obtain would be the degree of the London University, and the matriculation examination of that University took place in July. If the College were opened in October the students would have time to prepare for that examination, and if it were not opened at that date the result would be that twelve montlis would practically be lost. Would it not be better that the mayor should convene a meeting of the leading men of South Wales and Monmouthshire to consider the whole subject and to determine what measures should be taken for the establishment of the College ? Dr. EDWARDS fully appreciated the remarks of Mr. Watters, but thought that if tha resolution were | modified, as suggested by Mr. Tylor, it would fuily meet the case. The Rev. J. S- LIDGETT thought there need not be the delay which Mr. Watters apprehended. If the answer of Swansea were unsatisfactory, then they could proceed at once to take the practical steps that were necessary to the establishment of the College. The resolution was then altered as suggested and, on being submitted to the meeting, was carried unanimously. I SCHOLARSHIPS FOR THE COIXKWFT. Mr. Li wis WILLIAMS moved. That this com- ¡ mittee, believing that the inhabitants of Cardiff will bd fuily prepared to contri- I bute the whole 0: the money necessary to build the College, would respectfully ask theat-ten- tion of the various towns of South Wales and Monmouthshire to tho great importance of raising funds for providing scholarships for deserving ) students of their own localities, as it is only by some such aid that mauv of the most promising of Welsh youths will be able to secure a University j degree." He said that to give effect to the first part of this resolution Cardiff would have to raise at least £.0,000, and he thought that if they put their shoulders to the wheel they would not hive j I' much difficulty in bringing" the subscription list up to that amount. He knew there was a great deal of feeling in some parts of South Wales about giving money for the pur- pose of raising a building m Cardiff; and they I should try to show their friends this—that what they were most anxious about now was to secure ) scholarships to enable poor Welsh boys in any part of South Wales and Monmouthshire to pass through that course oi study which would fit them for a degree. Mr. R. Coar seconded the resolution. ¡ Dr. RDWAKDS said that th9 resolution was one which required serious consideration, and he thought it ought to be postponed to a subsequent meehng. (Hear, hear.) Mr. LEWIS WILLIAMS, with the sanction of Mr. Cory, withdrew the resolution, and, in doing so, he wished it to go forth that what they intended to ask from the outlying district was, not that they should contribute to the cost of building that College, but that thoy should provide scholarships which should be open to their own deserving youths. He thought this object would now be accomplished; and he would,therefore,resjrve the resolution for a subsequent meeting. AVPOIST.UKNT or A F.XFCUTIVT: COMMIT IKK. Alderman TAYLOR proposed That the following I gentlemen be appointed an Executive Committee to carry out the details, and take overv necessary step to secure the eommenccmsnt of the College at the earliest possible date, also to make all requisite arrangements with the Education Department, viz. The Mavor, the Denn of L'.andaff. Bishon Hedlev, Mr. W.'T. Lewis, Mr. Lewis Williams, Mr. R. Forrest, Mr. J. Cory, Mr. T. Waring, tho Rev. X. Thomas, Mr. £ 1. J. Evaus, Mr. A. Tiumas, Mr. J. Duncan, the Rev. C. J. Thompson, Dr. Edwards, tlie Rev. J. Waite, the Rev. J. Cynddylan Jones, Mr. Henry Jones, Mr. Lasceiles C:u*r, Alderman Evans, Mr. P. V. Carey, the R-V. A. Tilly, the Rev. the Rev. J. Waite, the Rev. J. Cynddylan Jones, Mr. Henry Jones, Mr. Lasceiles C:1.rr, Alderman Evans, Mr. P. V. Carey, the H v. A. Tilly, the Rev. J. S. Lidgett, the Rev" J. D. Watters, Mr. J. Gunn. Mr. F. S. Johnstone, Mr. C. Lundis, Mr. W. San- ders, Mr. R. W. Griffith, Mr. P. Price, tiki Rev. W. E. Winks, Mr. Louis Tylor, Mr. J. C. Thompson, i the Rev. D. Young, Dr. Tayior, Dr. Wallace, Dr. Vachell, the Rev. Aaron Davies. the Rev, David Edwards (Newport), the Rev. Dr. Roberts (Ponty- pridd), k w. L. Daniell (Merthyr), the Rov. A. Jonas, Dr. Treharne, 2.11'. VV. H. Lewis, Mr. B. T. Williams, Q.C., and Capt. Short, with power to add to their number. Alderman EVAXS seconded this proposition which was agreed to. THK Mr. HHSKY JONES moved "That Sir Edward Reed, M.P., be desired to obtain the immediate in- j sertion in tho estimate- for the Civil Service and Revenue Departments of the promised Govern- ment grant of £4,000 towards the expenses of the establishment and maintenance of the College." Alderman TAYLOR seconded the motion. Alderman LEWIS suggested that they should add to this an expression oi their thanks to the borough member for tho services which he had already rendered in connection with the College. (Applause.) Alderman TAYLOR thought that the services of Sir Edward Reed required a special acknowledg- ment. and lie moved that a formal vote of thanks be accorded to the hon. gentleman aud endorsed on velJum. Alderman LEWIS seconded the motion, which, with the other, was carried. Tills concluded the business.
DILL WIN" AND DISESrAB! LISHMEXT.i
DILL WIN" AND DISESrAB- LISHMEXT. In the House of Commons on Monday night, Mr. DILLWY.N (Z., istcansea) gave notice that on II an early date after Easter he would call attention to the anomalous position of the Church of England in the Principality of Wales, and move a resolution The Daily Xtic? says:—Mr. Dillwyn will ballot for a place for his motion for the disestablishment of the Chuseh in Wales. The motion will, we understand, receive influential support from below the gang- way on the Ministerial side. Mr. Dillwyn's notice has been given after conferencu with influential Liberals in Wales. The Glebe of Tuesday, commenting upon the motion of which Mr. Dillwyn gave notice in the House on Monday liight, saysThe enemies of the Church of England have been long occupied in attacking the principle of Establishment as repre- sented by the Church of Scotland and Mr. Dillwyn will, it appears, take advantage of certain local con- ditions t,) attempt n more direct home-thrust, from the Welsh border. His motion for disestablishment of the Church of England in twelve counties will, so the leading organ of political dissent under- stands, receive inlluerftial support from below the gangway on the Ministerial side. The probability is indeed so obvious as to be scarcely worth stating—it would be more interest ing to learn what sort of answer will be given to Mr. Dillwyn from the same side above the gangway. There has been of late a curious and not easily accoun- table tendency to treat the Welsh counties as con- stituting a separato nationality, as in the matter of liquor legislation and examples of this kind are always convenient as precedents whenever it is required to apply an otherwise inadmissible prin- ciple. But. the more widely a short-sighted and sentimental policy causes the constituent parts of one small island to tend towards separa- tion the more important becomes the duty of counteracting such a tendency by all possible nxsans. The Church has neither tho right nor the duty to surrender her work west of the Severn simply because she neglected it in long past times nor is it possible to admit, to the smallest fraction of a step, the principle that sho should retire from any locality for the mere reason that she happens to be for the moment, outnumbered. What- ever arguments apply to Wales apply to Cornwall, for instance, where the Arch- bishop of Canterbury has so conspicuously shown how great is the need of the Church's work, and how great that work can be, in a typically Dissenting community. Mr. Dillwyn's motion is an attack upon the Church, not merely in Wales, but in England and Wales and as such it will assuredly be regarded by all who give it their support. We will not do Mr. Gladstone the in- justice of nnticipatingthat, in his answer to this I motion, he will stoop to please Welsh political Dissent by phrases that can possibly be translated into promises by sanguine minds. Welsh Dissent I must not be encouraged to imitate the tactics of Irish agitation. I-. ■ 1
THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS.
THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS. The Mark Lane Ervre3s of Monday says :— During tho past fortnight young wheats !Jf1ve been quite at a standstill. -No doubt the check has been beneficial to forward wheats, but the severe night frosts of Thursday and Friday, which were accom- panied by biting easterly winds, coming upon the late, weakly, thin plants, unprotected by snow, have mado them look rather brown. With regard to trade farmers' deliveries have increased under more favourable circumstances for threshing, and the condition shows some improvement. Prices, however, were weaker rather than other- wise at the olose of the week, millers being shy and reluctant buyers, owing to the excessive supply of foreign flour. It is a significant fact that whilst at the present time the price of flour is not more than 6d. to 18. per sack above its lowest point since the commencement of tho cereal year, the price of good milling wheats, English and foreign, is from 5s. to 6s. per quarter above the lowest point touched during tho same period. Spring corn has met fairly active inquiry for seed parcels in country exchanges, but the de- mand for consumption lias been very slow. Trade for foreign wheat off stands in London is restricted, I and prices remain nominally unaltered. In Liver- pool, too, trade has been slow at. unaltered rates. Maize declines but slowly on the spot. The Farmer says:—Weather cold, and, of course, I makes the market gloomy. Tho attendance was good. English wheat: A fair supply, which sells at old terms. Foreign wheat in sliort supply, and is neglected but fine qualities make fibriner rates. Flour sells but very slowly at barely old quota- tions. Barley is steady in price. Oats are difficult to sell at last week's 3d. decline. Maize is taken in retail at Friday's 6d. decline. Beans and peas un- altered. The tone of trade is weak.
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lCURREST AGRICULTURALI ¡TOPICS.…
l CURREST AGRICULTURAL I TOPICS. (BY AQRICOI A OF THE FIELD.") I How are we to understand Dr. Voelcker's ipse dixit at the last meeting of the London Farmers' Club, Ordinary bad land will never make very first-rate Land," and the conclusion he drew from this premiss—" Not to spend on ordinary poor land immoderate sums of moneyEvery prac- tical man of profound practical experience in the improvement of land will smile on reading the worthy professor's statement, and take it as some- thing akin to the well-known aphorism so often quoted by farmers, and endorsed by their experience —"Better to give £3 an acre for a really first-class farm than have a thoroughly bad one to manage at a gift." Dr. Voelcker's assertion, however, im- plies much more than this. Tha reason a farmer finds it far better to give a high rent for land im- proved ready to his hands is often, and, I may add. far too often, because, being only a yearly tenant, and having no tenant.-right security, it will not pay him to make the necessary improvements so as to render the inferior land remunerative. Had he a long lease, or, what might be far better, perfect security for unexhausted improvements, it might be far different. Besides, while taking Dr. Voelcker's dictum in its plain meaning, I do not hesitate to pronounce it absolutely incorrect. He .savs ordinary bad land will never make very firet- rate land." but solely depends on the broad- ness or narrowness of the limitations of the terms. If the prairie soils of Western America, some hun- dreds of feet deep in pure virgin mould, be taken as representing first-rate land," he would be cor- rect even if he asserted that medium and even many well-reputed farms of fertility can never bo expected to be brought up to that standard. On the other hand, ordinary bad land may be made to cover an immense variety of conditions and capabilities. To cultivate either very hesvy or very ligh;soils everybody knows to be undesirable, unless their mechanical texture can be improved, simply because in very trying seasons they would suffer so much more than farms with a nice, soft, siiky staple. The doctor's rule applied to them may be correct enough, and his recommendation not to spend on them •'immoderate sums of money" would, it is to be presumed, ba well appreciated by a yearly tenant, for every peuny spent in artificial manures might be wasted if the season turned out utterly unfavourable to the soil. Still the assertions as they stand would include permanent no less than manurial outlays, and who does not know that even oil the most sterile parts of Bagshot Heath there are oases in the desert where cottagers have taken in hand smail plots and converted them into tirst-class gardens. The same change might be effected just as well on a large as on a small scale, if the owner were pos- sessed of suiScient capital to make the necessary outlay, and it. may be taken as a far safer axiom than tho one laid down by Dr. Voelcker that in the majority of cases nothing pays half so well as the permanent improvement of what is termed ordinary bad iand." I ha ve known thousands of acres of peaty soils which were absolutely barren bpfore being taken in hand eonverted by 311 outlay of from £12 to £15 an acre in under-draining and marling or liming into what may really be termed good farming land," for excellent crops could I subsequently be raised by ordinary tillage, and it seemed to advance in fertility with protracted I proper management. Nor would this rule be limited to soils of that particular nature, theie being thousands of acres of wastes and probably a still larger area in a state of semi-barrenness that only require lime in some form or other, to be ap- plied after being cleared of suriace-rubbish, and drained to have a very satisfactory condition of fertility Imparted. I make this demurrer to the speech in question to come more thoroughly unfettered to the con- sideration of the main point on which Dr. Voelcker so thoroughly insisted therein—the evanescent and very temporary results to be obtained by the application of artificial manures and the danger likely to ensue that the coming measure, intended to give security for unexhausted improvements, will burden the incoming tenant with a heavy bill for outlays in manures from which he would be unlikely to derive the slightest benefit. Now, as regards purely nitrogenous manures, such as nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, I entirely agree with what the learned professor said, that I their beneficial effects are usually limited to the ¡ crop for which they are applied, and that, conse- I quently, the incoming tenant immediately suc- 1 ceeding the year after the application of any such manures ought not to be charged with any pro- portion of their outlay. But. Dr. Voelcker, if reported correctly, endeavoured to carry the rule further. He argued that it a tenant about to quit were to employ superphosphate largely for turnips, and the crop from some ulterior cause—having nothing to do with the excellence or adequacy of ;lie manure—were to fail or be defective, the in- comer, if he sowed wheat, would be likely to obtain no benefit therefrom; and the learned professor founded this argument on tlie fact that he had found by the Woburn experiments that a, plot of land manured continuously year after year with superphosphates yields no more wheat than an adjoining plot which is subjected to perpetual wheat growing without manure of any kind being applied. There is, however, one consideration which ought to be accounted utterly fatal to the line of reasoning here adopted. Soils differ very much as to their natural affluence or deficiency in phosphatic elements. I have heard of some on tho green sand formation being ao richly endowed that farmers found it to be ot no service to apply soluble phosphates by the manure drill for turnips. In fact, I once heard Dr. Voticker relate an inte- resting anecdote himself which proves this. He said that when first he undertook the duties of ( Chemical Professor at Cirencester College t hinking to make patent a very forcible illustration of the manurial effect of sujjerphosphate he traced letters on a grassy slope nnd covered them with that j manure, but was surprised subsequently to find the grass not much mote luxuriant where the manure had been laid than anywhere else. But the cause was soon apparent on the soil being sub- jected to analysis, as he found it was naturally very rich in the manurial element he had applied. Now, the Woburn soil may be much more affluent I in phosphates than toany other soils, or, at any rate, no doubt contains sufficient of these mineral t elements for successive wheat crops to obtain all they want, and, consequently, any applications of it would be wasted, that kind of produce solely considered but I would remind Dr. Voelcker that this would not very probably be the case with all soils, and that barley, not. wheat, usually succeeds turnips, which requires phosphates so much more thin the latter that I have frequently known farmers in certbin districts apply superphosphate as manure for barley in preference to nitrate of soda. 1 am the more particular in pointing out this bit of fiiilacious reasoning on the part of Dr. Voelcker as it is absolutely essential that the outgoing tenant should be secured a very material pro- portion of the manurial outlay made by him in the last year of occupation, with the solitary exception above mentioned — those purely nitrogenous in cliaracter. A distinction may well be drawn in favour of mineral manures which usually remain behind in the soil for several years if not taken up by the roots of plants. Dr. Voelcker may consider that they are liable to be washed down into drains, but the loss in mineral fertility from this cause would, probably, amount to no great deal, and, if there is some slight risk of loss here, it is surely much more than balanced by the active functions of the soil being brought more thoroughly into action whenever there is any material increase in green cropping through the application of superphos- phates and other mineral manures. From a heavy produce of turnips fostered by phosphates on a poor farm the incoming tenant would obtain a rich legacy to be carried forward for the enhance- ment of future productiveness, and if the principle of payment for results were strictly carried out a I crop of this kind would be valued far higher than the actual expenditure incurred in raising it. Breeders of Shropshire sheep are gain; ahead at a pace calculated to astonish their fellow flock- masters who patronise breeds such as the I Leicester, Southdown, Cotswold, and Lincoln, which at any rate are far older than the Shrop- shire, the origin and rise of which can almost be remembered by very old residents in the north western counties. I allude to the formation of the Shropshire Sheep Breeders' Society, for the special object of bringing out a flock-book in which the pedigrees of Shropshire sheep shall be chronicled, as those of Shorthorn, Devon, and Hereford cattle are at present registered in the herd books belonging to thoso breeds. Not only do the Shropshire men intend to bring out this book, but, apparently, the first volume will soon make its appearance, as an announcement has been issued that all applications for animals to be entered must be sent in before the 25th of March. This is, I believe, the first attempt ever made in this country to form a pedigree flock-book for any | breed, but our American cousins have done some- | thing in this direction.
I NITROOF.N IN ARABLE huon.
I NITROOF.N IN ARABLE huon. j Some results of importance to farmers have been lately acquired by M. Deheran from seven years' observations on an experimental form. He finds that the loss of combined nitrogen in a soil that is plouglied every year is not due exclusively to re- moval bv crops* Moreover* it is more the more abundant the manure supplied, and it ceases when the soil is maintained in the state of artificial meadow instead of being ploughed an- nually. The mode of cultivation has more influ- ence on the richness of the soil than the deductions of crops and the additions of manure. The follow- ing conclusions are formulated:—(1.) The losses of nitrogen in arable land are due, not merely to the requirements of the crops, but also, and in greater part, to the oxidation of the nitrogenized organic matter; they are more considerable the more numerous the dressings required. (2.) When the ground is not moved, but kept as natural or artifi- cial meadow, the air penetrating it less easily, the combustions in it are less active, and the gains of nitrogen exceed the losses. (3) Hence a farmer will more easily enrich his soil in nitrogen in keep- ing it meadow than by copious applications of "11.' -+- A TALL STORY OF AMERICAN FAEMTKG. The writer of agricultural reports in the Mom ing Post says:—Another big story of American fanning has just come across the Atlantic. W e a now asked to believe that m Colorado there is a 10- acre field, which is no more than a subterranean lake covered with soil about 10 inches deep. On the soil is cultivated a field of corn, which pro- duces 30 bushels to the acre. In this field, we ara told, if any one will take the trouble to dig a hole to the depth of a spade liandle he will find it to fih with water, and by using a hook and line fish foui or five inches long may be caught." It is not astonishing to be told that. the fish have neithei scales nor eyes, and are perch-like in ha.pe." Tht ground is said to be black marsh in naiure tha' was at one time, in all probability, an open body of water on which vegetable matter accumulated, which has been increased from time to time until t now has a crust sufficiently rich to produce line eorn. It has to be cultivated by haxid, as it is not strong enough to bear the weight of a horse. But "die harvest hands are able to e..mp""SJ\t8 them- selves, for they often catch great strings of fish by making a hole through the FATTENING OF CALVES. Farm and Home says:—If cidves are wanted to be alwavs fat and sleek, in a fit condition to send to the butcher or to gentlemen of no practical ex- perience who want to see tilings looking fine, and the breeder cares nothing for the value at the churn of the developed nnimais, feed oil meal boiled f' r hours in a large quantity of water until the liquid is of about- the consistency of thin rcuenuge. Or feed fine corn meal, cr anything c-lse that will pro- duce fat. If the object of the breeder is to have his young things "tlH the eye" of thp inexpe- rienced, and to sell them to such persons for long prices v.hon young, always koep them fat and sleek. If the object of the breeder is the honourable one of producing an animal the superior of its pro- genitor's or at least their equal, to sacrifice any prospect of immediate gain to the production of rhe best practical cow possible at the churn, he will pursue a far different course. Feeding young things for present eifect on the eye of the inexpe- rienced is necessarily fatal to their largest future usefulness. To feed any substance especially culated to produce iat to a bull, or at any time before she comes in milk to a h» ifer. will induct 'he habit of laving on fat, which will continue through all its subsequent career. The younger tht animal is wlion this bad habit of making flesh and fat begins, the more controlling it will be. and the more likely the ar.i.n: wii l, to transmit that habit to its offspring. ENSILAGK IN TlV STATL". At an ensilage congress recently held in New York. President. Francis Morris, of Maryland stated that his experience "f fattening cattle on ensilage showed a gain in economy over an ordinary feed of not less than 51 per cent. Dis- cussion "wos also led on the following questions :— "Is it profitable to ensilage other crops than maize 'i Are ensilage grasses better for daisy purposes and more profitable when ensilaged than when dried? Can the se*d of inaizo IJ.; ripened alltlsêcuredand -he stalk ensilaged ? Mr. t,) Grand B. Cannon, of New York, adduced information from his own experience, ,l1ic11 had t)1;f>11 c'Hlt1ned to the employment of ensilage in fattening cattle. Cattle fed in this manner cost less than those fed on hay their gain in weight was greater, and their improvement in condition much more marked. Another farmer remarked upon the par- ticular adaptability of ensuage as tood for hogs, and Mr. Linslev, from New Jersey, said that tile miik of cows fed on ensilage improved very materially, both in quantity and quality. :\11"- Potter thought, that siios underground were superior to those built above ground. With regard to the best material for making ensilage, Mr. W. H. Truslow spoke strougfy in favour of maize, lie stated that he had tried sorghum, but that he hac found the rind to be tough and sharp, and disa- greeable to the cattle; while ciover contained toe much nitrogen to make good ensilage. The con' gress affirmed a resolution urging the universal adoption of the system of ensilage by the farmers of the United Statee. COMPOSITION OF FODDKB CABBAGK. :\1. Dugast communicates tu a recent number of the Aiinales Agfoimniqi'ts a series of analyses of cabbages grown as forage-piants in France. Tha samples were gathered early in November and again in January, dried in an oven, reduced to powder, and analysed. The quantity of water present ranged from 70 per cent, in the roots to §0 per cent7 in the leaves, and was greater in January than in November. The roots con- tained 6 per cent. of mineral matter or ash. The ash generally varied much in regard to the per- centages of sc-mo of its constituents, the phos- phoric acid ranging from 5 to 11 per cent., and the lime from 21 to 46 per cent., the latter occurring chieliy in the leaves, while potash was most abundant in the stalks. The amount of nitrogenous matter was greater in the leaves than in the stalks, its percentage ranging in the former from 11 to 21, and in the latter from 7 to 13. The percentage of oily matter or fnt was also greater in the leaves than in the talks. These results all show how superior is the feeding value of the leaves over that of the stalks ('1' the cabbages, while the rule usually followed in French agricul- ture of taking from SIb. to 61b. of cabbage to re- place lib. of hay is also justified by the results obtained in these investigations. IDIAN WHKAT IN* AUSTRALIA. The Sydney Mail gives the following particuiai's ofsome trials of wheat from India, which have been made in the colony of New South Wales, wilt a view to obtain M rust-proof wheat:—Mr. Ingiu has forwarded to us for inspection a sheaf o. Indian rust-proof wheat," grown at Canterbury near this city, by Mr, A. A. Leycester, who has made several experiments of the kind in the county Cumberland. This wheat was not sown untii tb' 1st of August, but it thrived remarkably well, oDd before reaping had but a very faint tingo of rust The ears are well filled and the grain of fnu quality. Mr. Inglis writes:—" It is only fair t say that from another source I have had ar u nfavourable account. Mr. John Wearne, miller of Gunning, writes to me to say that, though th' wheat has ripened without rust, yet the sampV seems to have completely changed from the whit small, plump grain sent into a hard. flinty, brittle grain, with little or no substance, and of no use t( the miller." Mr. W. Mackenzie, of Wollongong writes:—" Having procured seed from Mr. Ingli of Sydney, late in the season, it was not sown unti the 17th of August, and on account of the drv weather it did not grow to any length. The rusi on it was very slight, but sufficient, to injuro the seed; no rust was seen until the wheat began to ripen. We will be able to sow early this year, which will prove whether it will resist the rust." The Sydney Mail gees on to say:—" Gradu- ally but suidy the claims of certain varieties of wheat to be considered rust-proof are being disproved by safe evidence. Three years ago the Champlain wheat was considered invulnerable, and so it proved here, but experiments wade in South Australia somewhat, damaged its reputation. Then came the hardy samples of Indian wheat. These were tried, and the first year oniy proved that when sown very late in the season the Indian could not resist rust. Later trials have afforded more satisfactory results, but its prefix 4 rust- proof has wisely been dropped. Much has been done, but up to the present season it cannot bu said that any variety of wheat known is a perfect resister of rust. Defiance and mummy wheats seem nearer the standard than any others, accord- ing to the results of some iate experiments mad' by Mr. J. ll. Watson, of tiie Botanic
....-.--------POULTRY JfOTES.
POULTRY JfOTES. March and April are the great hatching months- of the year, and chickens hatched in either "i these months generally make the largest a/id fines* exhibition birds. To the farmer and the ordinary poultry keeper who do not desire exhibition birds March" will be early enough to hatch. Toward" tho end.of last month and the beginning of this thf weather was so fine and June-like that poultry rearers were anxious to have chickens, for they well know from experience that it is the early birds that pay. Rut the past few days have rudeiv shattered those hopes ot the fine genial weather, and winter fs at host upon us, causing many poultry rearers to consider whether they are not quite soon enough w; Ji their hatching. When the weather is cold and damp only assiduous attention to warmth and feeding will keep the chickens olive, nnd although they live they never thrive so well »s when the hen i. cooped out in the open and the former are allowed to run in and out of the coop. Even with care few will die from cramp. Hens should be set this weather in-doors.and cut of draughts, usingnatural « liny instead of straw for the nest, as the straw allows the air to pass through, which tenas to coof the eggs, whilst the hay helps to keep the egg; warm. Examine the eggs after the hen has sat on them five days and remove the unfertile. Th- sprinkling of the eggs, which is useful in warrr weather, is not necessary yet. See that the cockr are kept in good spirits, and if necessary feed them apart from the hens. for some cocks are so proue they will not eat half enough, and unfertile egg? will be the result; whilst on cold or wet davs i*- is a good plan to give the breeding stock a littlr animal food. See that the cocks are not spoiling the plumage of the hens; nnd if they are let them have a few more. Let the chicks have plenty ol liberty, taking care that they do not get wet; feed often, and give the soft wood warm. If any look sickly see to them fit once; if vermin is the cause powder them with Persian insect destroyer, whict quicklv cleanses them. It is also well to give th- nests 'a good dusting with this powder, and ? proper dust bath must be provided for the sitting hens, which must not stay off too long when tha weather is very cold. Be very careful, however, in getting them to their nests agai. Feed the chicks generoasty but avoid over-feeding, and, above all see to cleanliness and warmth. A HAMBURG liEN WITH COCK FFATHEUS, A correspondent in the Live Stock Journal writes: —I have a pure-bred black Hamburg hen. Her age is now about a year and ten months. She was laying up till a few days before Christmas, when she moulted, and has now come with a plumage, long sickle feathers in tail, with sid, hangers, and long neck hackle, like that of a cock with a few long hackle feathers on the hips tha rest of her body has the usual hen's plumage. Sha is a beautiful colour, .but has only iust now come into full feather, and show". no sign of laying at present. There was nothing unusual in hei plumage last year. I had her on view in Lincoln market a fortnight ago, and ail who saw her say they never saw or heard of such a case. LABPBNTM SEED IN POULTRY RUXS. In Notes and Queries, March 2,1 see that a ques* tion is asked as to the poisonous effect on poultry of laburnum seeds. I have kept poultry for the) last twelve years, and on their run are two trees this species, and I have never lost a fowl, although I have seen them picking the seeds. 1 wrote M your paper on this subject last year. You state that ivy is poisonous. My fowls are divided, and one lot occupy alternately a run of about lt square, in which is an ivy-covered wall, and this»' nearly stripped of leaves, and no evil result. I may mention as to grass run that the fowls hae about: an acre, over which to roam every other day, grass land, and when penned have abundanc# o cabbage, but seem to prefer the ivy. There ar^ laurel and aucuba trees, but the leaves I have nr noticed as eaten.