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LOCAL AFFAIRS.

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THE THANKSGIVING FOR THE RE-COVE…

OUR LONDON LETTER.

ORDINATIONS AT LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL.

THE NATIONAL THANKSGIVING…

LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL.

!.i'orai Jittellinmu'c.

[No title]

MR. DISRAELI AND LADY BEACONSFIELD.

MR. GIFFARD, Q.C.

! CARDIFF NATURALISTS' SOCIETY.

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CARDIFF NATURALISTS' SOCIETY. The ordinary monthly meeting of this Soeiutv was held in the Grand Jury Room at the Town Hall, on Thursday, February 22n,1. The chair was ojcupied by Mr. Franklen G. Evans, Vice-president. There were also present, Messrs. Thompson, Le B.>r«lauger, Scott, Peter Price, H. Deacon, Blessley, Tomlinson, Fisher, T. Webber, A. P. Fiddian, I1011. sec., &c. The following gentlemen were elected members :—Messrs. J. W. Lukis, St. James's, Roath Robert Y. Evans, CrocklierbtoAvn E. E. Yearsley, Queen-street and J. J. West, Duke-street. An interesting description of an Ant as seen under the microscope, by Mr. F. Pratt, surgeon, was read by Mr. P. Price, after which the following paper was read by Mr. Scott on the WILL 0' THE WISP. MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN,—The Will 0' the Wisp, or Jack o' Lantern, is a light which appears in dark, warm, quiet, autumn evenings, as a flickering, wandering flame, hovering in the air from 6 inches to 1 foot G inches above the surface of stagnant pools and other places containing vegetable and animal matter in a state of decomposition. The flame, or light, gene- rally appears similar to the flame of a candle-some- times of the size of the hand, and as a complete body of flame. It moves rapidly in a dancing manner for a few seconds, then disappears, when other flames make their appearance near the same place. This effect goes on for a considerable period, several flames being fre- quently seen at the same time. Their colour is of a yellowish tinge, sometimes bluish or slightly red. These flames are of a peculiar character, and have often deceived travellers who have lost their road, and who, thinking they are actually lights carried by some person at a distance, have attempted to follow, and sud- denly found themselves in a pool or bog. These appear- ances have been attributed by thel^asantrv in old times to evil spirits, and have given rise to many superstitious ideas. The Will o' the Wisp is most probably men- tioned, under the name of the Ignis fatuus, as early as 1300. Shakespeare mentions it in "Henry IV. where Falstaff speaks of Bardolph's red nose as an "Ignis fatuus." "When thou run'st up Gadhill to catch my horse I did think thou liadst been an Ignis fatuus." Newton mentions them as ignited vapours from stagnant pools. In Scotland they are termed elf caudles in North Wales, corpse candles. It is not certain if they are mentioned by ancient Latin or Greek authors. These lights are very different from that produced by fireflies neither do they appear as phosphorescent lights. In the places where seen, on plunging a stick into the mud, bubbles of gas escape which appear to be carburetted hydrogen or as it is frequently termed marsh gas. The gas producing these lights is most probably phosphuretted hydrogen combined with carburetted hydrogen. The former gas has the property of bursting into flame when a bubble is allowed to escape into the air, and phos« i phorus is contained iu many plants, seeds, and animal substances, from which by decomposition this gas may be evolved. This gas is no doubt necessary for the production of the flame; and also decayed animal matter; as the gas obtained from simple decomposing vegetable matter does not appear to have the pro- perty of taking tire Avithout the application of j flame a small quantity of phosphuretted hydro- gen being evolA-ed with other gases is sufficient to give the mixture the property of taking tire on exposure to the air. There is no reason to suppose that the flames are extinguished during the day, but > they can only be seen in the dark. It is very difficult I to get near the flames as the least current of air will cause them to move away but in some sheltered '1 places, with great care, they may be approached, and I if thin white paper be then brought in contact Avith them they will tint it a brown colour. If an observer endeavours to approach these lights by walking towards them at the usual pace, the flames always recede, and sometimes when he walks from them they will follow him hence these appearances have been ascribed to evil spirits. There is very little doubt that animal matter must be present to cause these lights, so that when the Will o' the Wisp is seen it is probably owing to the decomposed remains of some animal or fish, or perhaps some unfortunate traveller These lights are by no means common, and compara- tively few persons have ever seen them. The localities in which they are generally found are marshy districts, damp old churchyards, battle-fields, and stagnant Avater in damp A'alleys, heaths, or moors, old pools surrounded by thick foliage and full of decayed rushes, weeds, toads, kc. In the lake district of Westmore- land, in a small pool surrounded by trees and bushes, between Penruddock and Threlkeld, on the Penrith and Keswick Railway, they have been frequently seen in great perfection, three or four flames being visible at the same time. They have been also seen near I lver- ston and Carlisle, but seldom in the South of England. One of the best places for seeing them is stated to have been an old churchyard at Gibraltar. A similar light has been seen in a churchyard in Warwickshire, and described as a phosphorescent blue light playing over a grave. Such lights may have given rise to some of the tales of churchyard ghosts. The Will o' the Wisp is said to have been seen in the valley of the Taff River. Some of the old naturalists have attributed these lights to luminous insects hovering in clusters over the place but those who have seen large quantities of fireflies, as in India, would see the difference imme- diately. Neither are these flames to be mistaken for ignited naptha springs, as they have been in Italy, in the East, and in other places. Upon the conclusion of the paper, which was very attentively listened to, Mr. G. Thompson proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Pratt and Mr. Scott for their contributions. He said that he had always had a strong though ungratified wish to see a Will o' the Wisp, but he thought that the next best thing to seeing one himself was to meet with a man who had seen one. Mr. P. Price seconded the vote, and remarked that the superstition of the corpse candle existed also in South Wales. In putting it to the meeting, the Chairman said that the fact that the curious phenomenon under discussion was simply luminous, and not attended by any appre- ciable manifestation of heat, convinced him that it was mainly dependent upon phosphorus, which burnt slowly In the air at common temperatures. Carburetted hy- drogen would not do this. but would give oil a dangerous flame. The presence of decaying animal as well as A_egetable matter in the favourite haunts of the Jack o' Lantern strengthened this view. In this connection, he mentioneda verysingular circumstance that occurred many years ago in one of the London hospitals. A poor man who had led a drunken, dissipated life, was dying in one of the wards, and some hours before death the nurses observed a pale bluish dame issuing from his mouth. They were much alarmed, and fancied, perhaps naturally, that the torments of the nether re- gions had already commenced in the still living body. This, of course, was the result of ignorance and a hasty judgment of probabilities in the case of the sufferer. The true explanation was a production of phosphuretted hydrogen, the result of incipient decomposition, A-ery similar to the exhalations that cause the Will 'o the Wisp. The Chairman then gave an instructive and agreeable microscopic demonstration, illustratiA-e of minute vege- table structure, and the physiology of the lowest forms of plant life. A cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Franklen Evans for his interesting exhibition, as well as for pre- siding, concluded a meeting which was much enjoyed, notwithstanding the extremely wet weather.