The Pembrokeshire Herald and General Advertiser

PHILOSOPHY OF THE DUNGHILL. APPLICATION OF MANURE.—If we consider the na- ture of the roots of plants, we shall be better able to understand how we should apply our manure to the land, so that the plants may receive the greatest advantage from it. The mouths of plants which take their nourishment from the soil are at the extremity of fine silken rootlets (called spongiolesby botanists) these stick in the moisture containing the nounshrnent they receive from the active soil these small spoagioles spread over the whole cultivated space between the rows of plants, however wide or distant they may bj, in search of the food which the plants require. But roots extend in depth, as well as horizontally and the depth, to which they are restricted is just the depth to which the soil is cultivated, and to which the influence of the sun and air extend, and has made the soil active. This being the case, we have another instrument in our power to increase the field for the roots to feed on, by perfectly draining, subsoil ploughing, and deep cultivation of the soil. Before the land is properly preparad for receiving the seed, we must always keep in view that the depth to which the roots of plants are enabled to go in search of food is just the depth of the active soil. When dead animal or vegetable matter, and the .'1 excrements of animals are left on tne suriace oi tne earth, owing to the affinity which the oxygen of the air has for :111 dead substances, their destruction is the result, decomposing them into their original elements; each of these again takes that place in nature from whence it was oii^iually abstracted. And this fact should ir struct us lhat no animal or vegetable matter or animal excrements should be left on the surface of the earth for a single day without being covered with earth the affinity which the substances resulting from the decomposition of the dead matter has for the earth will thus prevent them from rising above the surface. The object of the farmer, in applying manure to his land, is either to repair the injury which has been done to it by the preceding crops, or to increase the productiveness of the soil. The mode which Nature adopts to produce her crops and increase the pro- ductiveness of the soil, is by letting the crop die and decompose on the ground which produced it, and this goes on year after year, each crop furnishing food for the crop that is to follow in this way the soil has organic matter in it in every stage of decay from the first to the last stage of decomposition. We shall find the produce to be in proportion to the quantity of soluble matter in the soil fitted for the nourishment of the plants cultivated, and for this reason there should always be a store of nutriment in the soil for its crops to draw upon, being convinced that whenever this account is overdrawn the land becomes in a state of bankruptcy, and so does its occupier. We ought, therefore, always to apply more manure to our crops than they require, to give more of the materials of the ciop to the soil than the crop draws from it; in this way we increase the productiveness of the soil -there is always a large active capital in the soil ready to be drawn upon under every circum- stance. To be able to apply the manure properly we should not only know the kind and quantity of the materials required by the different plants we grow, but also the requirement of the soil, viz., the slowness or rapidity with which the land permits the decay of manure, to enable us at all times not only to keep up but to increase its productiveness; we should there- fore keep in mind that manure is decomposed much sooner in a loose silicious sandy soil than in a clayey loam, that the same quantity applied to a sandy soil will produce its effects in a much shorter period than in a clay soil or clayey loam, and that the more rapidly the manure is decomposed the greater is the result produced. The cereal plants, when producing seed, are much injured by the application of rank or fresh organic manure; their stems and leaves grow close together, are too luxuriant and become feeble and unable to retain an upright position, too much nourishment and want of air make them plethoric, but the weight of our root crops we believe to be in proportion to the amount of organic matter in a decomposing state in the soil for the plants to assimilate the nutriment which they require; and we have found the crops of wheat which follow the roots are in proportion to the state of culture in which the hnd is left after the root crops are withdrawn from it. The time which the manure takes to be completely decomposed into soluble and gaseous products is a subject of the greatest importance to the farmer. This does not depend entirely on the manure of the mate- rials of which the manure is composed, but also on the nature of the soil to which it is applied, and to the heat and moisture of our climate. The manure which, during a single season in the soil, is completely decomposed into soluble or gaseous products, wi 1, of course, exert the whole of its nutritious influence on the first crop, leaving no valuable residue in the soil for the foltowing year; but this is never the case with farm -yard manure. From the reasons previously given, we apply manure every second year when the land comes in course for a crop of roots; and if it takes six or eight or ten years to complete the decomposition of the manure then, then we have three, four, or five por- tions of manure, in as many stages of decomposition, furnishing the necessary supply of nutritive food for the plants we cultivate; the manure in every stage of its decomposition, and the humus or carbonaceous residue of it may act not only as a sponge to imbibe and transmit ammonia, &c., but it may have a me- chanical effect on the soil, so that the next applica- tion of manure to the improved soil will have an increased effect. I think it may be safely estimated, that of the manure applied to land 40 or 50 per cent. is con- sumed the first year, 25 to 30 the second, 15 to 20 the third, and from 10 to 15 the fourth year, and that the influence of it may be felt for five or six years, We never apply manure to any crop that produces seed; we invariably apply it to the fodder crops- those crops which produce food for stock, and which we call dung producing crops; which, by their con- sumption, increase the elements of an additional sup- ply of rich manure for the production of the same kind of crop. But we must remember that manure will remain in the soil in an active state unless it is minutely divided and evenly spread over the land and imme- diately ploughed into the soil, and respectedly culti- vated so as to separate its parts and mix it intimately in the soil; for it is from the action of the air, mois- ture, and heat on it, which makes it decompose, and fits it for the nutrition of plants. J Whatever inorganic matter the plants receive, Nature supplies it in very minute doses; nitre, soda, ammonia, and so on, are given in small doses, diluted with rain-water. Of these, ammonia is so minntely divided that chemists cannot measure its quantity; in the rain-water they merely find a trace of it. Now, as this is the way Nature adopts, we should also adopt the same system. Halt decomposed manure should oe piougueu ly into strong or clayey soil before Christmas, or early in the spring, that it may be well mixed with the actual soil; the roots have thus a greater field in which to find the matters which they are to assimi- late, and which we have supplied in the manure, and it being all mixed is easily found, and rapid growth is the result; the roots thus occupy every portion of the active soil, however deep it may be, if within the influence of the sun and air; they were then able to resist the greatest drought as well as the severest and of repeated frost in the spring; there is therefore, no check to the growth of the plant when the seed is forming (which is the case when the active soil is only 3 or 4 inches deep), as the roots receive their nourishment from a depth beyond the influence of the great changes in the weather. Manure applied to land in good condition, which gives out its nutritive or fertilising matter slowly, is the best; but on poor land there ought to be the ap- plication of that manure which rapidly decomposes, and thus rapidly gives up its fertilising matter from the first, and it must supply food to the plant from its sprouting, and continue it unremittingly till the plant has produced its seed ripe for harvesting. Poor sandy soils contain little carbon, hence the application of a large quantity of vegetable and animal manure is required, this being more lasting than artificial manure. The principal object of the farmer in the applica- tion of manure to his crops, is to put them into vigorous growth to carry them through the first stages of their infancy, to strengthen their roots to go in search of food, which they will find in deeply culti- vated soi1.-Gardeners Chronicle.

FLOGGING IN THE. AMERICAN NAVY—-2,201 lashes were administered on board the United States' sloop of war Albany, which lately arrived off Boston after a cruise of about twenty-one months. She was commanded by Victory M. Randolph.— New York Tribune.

THE POPE'S BULL FOR THE RESTORATION OF POPERY IN ENGLAND. This important document, entitled Apostolic Letter of our Most Holy Lord, by Divine Provi- dence Pope Pius IX., by which the Episcopalian Hierarchy in England is restored, The date is |"Given at Rome, at St. Peter's, under the seal of the Fisherman, on the 29th day of Sept., 1850, in the 5th year of our Pontificate." The bull, which is headed "Pius P. P. IX., ad Perpetuam rei memoriam," sets out with the earnest desire and aim of the Roman pontiffs to have ever been the increase of the catholic religion in every quar- ter of the world, as a proof of which history shows that, amongst many other nations, the distin- guished kingdom of England enjoyed the benefits of Christianity even from the earliest age3 of the Church, until towards the middle of the fifth cen- tury, when the Anglo-Saxons nearly destroyed both' civilization and religion. The efforts of Pope Gregory the Great and St. Augstine, with their emissaries and successors, had, however, the desired result of bringing the rnde invaders also under the sway of the Church, the whole kingdom increased in religious zeal uutil the schism of the 16th century, during and since which the Roman Pontiffs have used the most unremitting exertions to re-convert the nation, especially, as is stated, by the foreign education of devout young English catholics, who, when brought up to the ecclestical calling, might return to their native land to pro- pagate the true faith. (This clearly shows the importance of the Propaganda College.) The cause of Apostolic Vicars having been appointed to watch over the interests of Catholicism in England by Popes Gregory XV., Urban VIII., Innocent XL, Benedict XIV., and finally Gregory XIV., is stated to have been removed, and reputes the pre- sent moment the most propitious for the reestab-1 lisment of the ancient form of ecclesiastical dis- cipline iu England, the Church there enjoying free exercise as in other countries, and no longer requiring the extraordinary mission of Apostolic vicars. The earnest desire and petition of the English apostolic vicars themselves, with many no- ble and estimable church and laymen, are adduced as an additional motive for the hastening of this measure, which His Holiness resolves upon, after having implored the aid of God, the intercession of the blessed Virgin aud the saints, and the advice of his venerable brethren the cardinals of the sacred propaganda congregations. Then fol- lows the list of the new dioceses. London and its district are to be divided into two-the arch bishopric of Westminster, whose occupant will be Catholic primate of England, and the bishopric of Southwark-.the spiritual jurisdiction of the former extending north of the Thames to Middle- sex, Essex, and Hertfordshire, whilst that of the litter reaches the southern counties of Berks, South Hants, Surrey, Sussex, Kent, and the Chan- nel Islands. In the provinces there will be one bishopric in the northern and one in York district, the see of the latter being fixed at Bererly. In the Lancashire district there will be two bishops residing, one at Liverpool, and the other at Sal- ford. North Wales will form one bishopric, and South Wales another. In the Western district, the Bishop of Clifton will preside over Glouces- tershire Somersetshire, and Wiltshire, whilst he of Plymouth extends his sway over Devonshire, Dor- setshire, and Cornwall. The sees of Nottingham md Birmingham will flourish in the central dis- trict, Oxford coming under the jurisdiction of tbe latter. Finally, in the earstern district, the Bishop )f Northampton will foster the growing spread of the Church. Thus," in the words of the bull, "there will be one sole ecclesiastical province in the flourishing kingdom of England, formed by a metropolitan archbisbop as chief, and twelve bis- hops as his suffragans, by whose endeavours and pastoral care we trust that God will abundantly amplify the Catholic Church. The document then proceeds to order the new archbishop and bishops to tansmit from time to time to the pro- paganda. congregation on account of their spiritual labours and progress, encouraging them with the assurance (a. highly significant and important clause) that they will enjoy the same rights and faculties as in other catholic countries, viz., those laid down by the sacred canons and apostolic con- stitutions and that they will be bound by the same obligations to the Church as other bishops and archbishops concerning which point his Ho- liness, by the tulness of his apostolic authority, expressly does away with and abrogates, in the next instance, all peculiar customs, whether intro- duced by ancient tradition of English churches, or by the state of the country, since" Mutata nunc temporum causa," they are now unnecessary and unlawful. Respecting those things which are of doubtful jurisdiction, the archbishop and his bishops are to decide. The Pope repeatedly pro- mises to watch over the progress of the whole es- tablishment, and assures the new prelates that that they will be no losers by their advancement in a pecuniary point of view, since he shall warmly exhort his beloved children in England to increase the liberality of their contributions, so that the splendour of the temples, the support of the clergy and poor, as tvell as other ecclesiastical purposes, may be amply provided for. The bnll concludes with invoking the aid of the Almighty, through the intercession of the most holy Mother of God, the Apostles St. Peter and St- Paul, with the rest of the heavenly patrons of England, and especially St. Gregory the Great. Finally, the most positive and exact legal formulae attests the durability of the establishmeut.

FRIGHTFUL ACCIDENT TO A PLEASURE PARTY, On Saturday, Mr. Hughes, the proprietor of the extensive tar and varnish works, Rotberhithe, having invited his workmen to a dinner at his private residence in Sydenham, while about twenty of the party were proceeding thither in a spring van, and had neared the Red Lion Tavern, adjoning St. Helena Gardens, the near horse shied at some- thing passing. The horses became unmanageable p and darted off, and before they could be stopped the vehicle turned completely over, precipitating those on the top with fearful violence to the ground and eight of them were shockingly injured. The foreman, who was driving, sustained a compound fracture of the left leg, fractured ribs, &c. Mr. Bliss, the proprietor of the van, also sustained fracture of both bones of the right leg, with contusions on various parts of his body. Another of the party received a concussion of the brain, and a lacerated wound of the scalp, by falling on his head one of the men, it is said, expired during Sunday. The van, which was a very handsome vehicle, has received considerable damage. SHETLAND \V OOL.- The Shetland man wears no- thing but the wool of his own sheep; stockings, shirts, drawers, thick Jersey cap, mittens, are all knitted by his family. His trowsers are from the same wool, woven in a rude loom, But the wool is of further use in affording the means for the good wife s indul- gence in the luxury of tea. The quality of woo varies; the fleece of some of the sheep is coarse, of others exquisitely fine; so that from two sheep be- longing to the same hill-pasture, one pair of stockings may be made worth fourpence, and another pair worth two guineas; but its general character is a soft fine texture. Practice in the old fashioned hand- spinning gives to some a beautiful certainty and regu- larity, competing with, and surpassing the thread spun by the finest machinery. The Shetland woman knits from childhood; her ball of worsted and wires accompanying her everywhere; into the fields, to be taken up at intervals of rest: even during hard work she plies her industrious fingers, for she may be met on the hillside with a heavy burden on her shoulders, bending beneath the weight, but still knitting. She knits too, when she herself forms the burthen on the back of her little sheltie: hi1* short steps do not prevent her knitting. With such constant practice, need we be surprised that some arrivo at such perfec- tion in the art ? For many years the Dutch were the chief consumers for Shetland hosiery. Their fishing vessels, from five hundred to a thousand carrying fifteen men each, made Shetland their rendezvous, in their yearly visits to the North Sea, to prosecute the herring-fishery, and did a considera- ble bartar trade, giving in axchange tea, tobacco, and other exciseable articles; the Board of Customs or Excise, however, deriving no benefit in the matter. But the knitted goods in demand were coarse and cheap, little calculated to improve the manufacture. As the number of Dutch boats dwindled, and with them the hosiery trade, a market was found in Scot- land, and finer goods came into demand. The Scotch ladies, good knitters, could appreciate the work. It is only of late years that these goods have been more particularly introduced into England. Fortunately for the knitters, a notion gains ground that woollen clothing is more suited than any other for our variable climate; and the softness of the wool, and the plea- sant elasticity that knitting gives, causes these goods yearly to increase in favour. SIXTY-NINE clergymen of the Church of England' including six Canons of Westminster, the Principal of King's College, and the rectors, curates, and ministers of many of the most notable places of Established worship in the metropolis, yesterday presented to the Bishop of London an address, asking for counsel under the extraordinary circum- stances of the usurpation by a Romish ecclesiastic of the title of Archbishop of the English city in which the Sovereigns of England are crowned, the Parlia- ments of England sit, and the laws of England are administered—the city of Westminster. They solemnly protest against this act of religious invasion, of outrage to the British constitution, and of indignity to the British crown, and crave directions how to vindicate the rights of their church and country. The Bishop expressed his entire concur- rence in the sentiments and language, and promised t5 z5 to answer in writing.—Spectator. At Lambeth Police-office, on Thursday week, Hardy and Smith, notorious and expert burglars, were brought before the Magistrate. They, were arrested by the police in the Kennington road, at night, in consequence of their bulky appearance four coats, a telescope, and other property, evidently the produce of a recent robbery, were found upon them; also, housebreakers' implements, two of which were large plyers. Sergeant Goff explained the use of these— Hitherto the greatest security against picking the locks of street doors was that of leaving the key in- side; for while it was so pltced a skeleton-key could not be introduced. The use of these instruments produced, however, destroyed this security; for with them the end or pipe of the door-key was laid hold Df, and in nine cases out of tea was turned round so as to unlock the door. If, however, the lock was so stiff as not to act by the force applied to the key, the key itself was turned round to a position to enable the burglars to force it from the lock, and then intro- iuce a proper fitting skeleton key. Again, its appli- cation as a latch-key was most effectual; it mattered not whether that part entering the pipe of the key was round or square, the instant it was caught by the and of the plyers, that instant could the bolt be forced back. There was another ingenious instrument imongst the lot, namely a parlour door-key, or dummy without wards, and covered with wax, for the pur- pose of taking the impression from some lock." The burglars were remanded. ON Thursday afternoon, a hackney cab was con- veying a gentleman, when, opposite the Lowther Arcade the horse became unmanagable, and dashing an to the foot pavement twelve persons weie knocked lown and more or less injured; the animal then furiously rushed onwards, and opposite the Golden Cross the vehicle came into collision with a lamp- post, and the driver was hurled from the box, and the cab came in contact with a Kensington omnibus, destroying the front of the omnibus in the concussion. The unfortunate gentleman (who was unknown) who occupied the cab was released by the police- covered with blood and shockingly mangled-and conveyed to Charing-cross Hospital. The driver's injuries were comparatively trifling. Among the sufferers was Mr. Wingfield, the architect, who was conveyed to his residence with a compound fracture of the right thigh. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.—The New York papers contain a census of the population of the United States, and compared with the census of 1840, it is most interesting. It is observed, that a few of these returns are estimates, in part, the marshals taking the census, but that they are sufficiently near to what may be called correct for a comparison. A total of forty cities, towns, and villages shows within the ten years an increase from 329,913 to 831,802 inhabitants, or 448,889, which is equal to 117 per cent. The American editors with ttuth remark, o these returns, that they show an astonishing increase, and prove the great prosperity of the county during the period in question, as the cities and towns mentioned comprise large proportions of the com- mercial and manufacturing marts of the Union. These returns, it is admitted, do not form a correct guide, or index, to the general increase of population throughout the United States, many of the agricul- tural destricts having remained about stationary, and others showing but a small increase. The agricultural regions which will exhibit the greatest increase are those of the valley of the Mississippi. It was sup- posed, judging from the returns received, that there was in the ten years an increase, on the whole, of upwards of four millions. Baltimore had increased from 102,213 to 165,000 Cincinnati from 49,338 to 150,000 St. Louis from 16,469 to 90,000 Buffalo from 18,213 to 50.000 Providence from 23,171 to to 43,000 Williamsburgh (New York) from 5,094 to 30,884; Richmond (Verginia) from 20,153 to 30,280; Lowell (Massachusetts) from 20,786 to 32,984; Syracuse (New York) from 5,500 to 22,000; Chicago (Illionois) from 4,470 to 35,000 Milwaukie (Wisconsin) from 1,700 to 20,029; Utica (New York) from 12,782 to 17,558; Wilmington (Delaware) from 8,367 to 13,700 Oswego (New Yoik) from 4,658 to 12,129 Pughkeepsie from 7,500 to 11,080 Pottsville (Pensylvania) from 4,337 to 6,050 Norris Town (Pennsylvania) from 2,937 to 6,050 New Burnswick (New Jersey) from 6.500 to 7,893; Nashau (New Hampshire) from 3,700 to 5,920. The returns for some of the larger cities had yet to be made, as more time was required in preparing them. A CHILD CUT TO PIECES.—A s:id and fatal oc- currence happened at Newton, near Margate, on Wednesday week, when a little boy, only 7 years of age, was literally cut to pieces. He was the son of Smith Deuce, a bricklayer, and on the evening already named, accompanied by some other bovs, he went into the brick shed where his father worked. The clay in this yard is filled with clay knives, and the whole set in motion by steam-power. The engine on this occasion was at work, and the poor child, Richard Deuce, accidentally fell in amongst the knives, and was instantly killed in the manner described. The coroner held an inquest on view of the body at the Leeds Court-house, on Thursday I whftn the jury returned a verdict of" Accidentally killed''—Lead's Mercury. REGIMENTAL FURLOUGHS.—The usual general order, regulating regimental furloughs during the winter months, has been issued. One field officer, half the captains, and half the subalterns, are to be always present with their regiments, and no more than ten men per troop or company are to be on leave at the same time. The order does not apply to depots of regiments on foreign service. SOME or ALL SORTs.-One of the Duke tif Richmond's keepers going through one of his Grace's preserves, a few days ago, alighted on a peculiar trap called a pit hutch," for catching vermin. The man's curiosity tempted him to look below the surface. On looking in he was greeted with a peculiar sound, and on further examination found that it proceeded from a partridqe standing. in juxta position to a cat. He went home and told his son, and with him returued to the trap. To th ir surprise it was found to contain, in addition to the cat and partridge two rats and two rabbits, all alive, and to appearance, afraid of one another. The partridge was set at liberty, the rest were destroyed, Peto and Betts, the eminent contractors have undertaken to reclaim the Norfolk estuary of 23,000! acres, and so to drain the Bedford Level, and the adjacent low lands, comprising nearly half a million of acres, as to get Jrid almost entirely of the ex- pensive system ef drainage by wind and steam. The land proprietors have contributed £60,000, towards the cost; and an equal sum has been voted by the corporation of Lynn, in consideration of the improvment of the Ouse. SEIZURE OF AN ILLICIT DISTILLERY.—-On Satur- day the detective officers of Inland Revenue forced their way into a house in Salamanca-road, at which they had been refused admittance, and discovered in the cellarja great quantity of manufac- tured spirits of the usual strength, with about 155 gallons of mollasses, fermented wash, and all the apparatus for carrying on a very extensive trade. Considerable expense had been incurred and inge. nuity displayed with a view of avoiding detection, n -on, as pipes were passed through every room in the premises, directly communicating with the com- mon sewers, for the discharge of the wash. the place had the appearance of being a wholesale bottle warehouse, but the hampers, instead of bot- tles, were filled with contraband articles. CAUTION TO G,UERs,-On Saturday, an old woman, named Henson, residing at Nottingham Union workhouse, dislocated her jaw whilst in the act of yawning, Mr. Worth, the medical officer, was quickly in attendence, but all attempts to re- place the jaw were unavailing, until chloroform wrs administered, when it was placed in its proper position without pain or difficulty. On Sunday, John Hail, of Forest Side, aged 21, had his jaw dislocated from the same cause. He, however, at the dispensary, was very soon relieved from the great inconvenience occasioned by the acc dent-— Notts Guardian. L HF. IRISH AND THKIR SOIL.— 1 reland sa hnecoun- try, first flower of the earth,' and so on, as fine rivers, a'ni a fertile land. Of this rich land one-third is hoc, moor, waste, totally uncultivated. The cultivated land has not increased in quantity, but dwindled. The land was held by few men, bound by the laws of land, encumberd, and almost unable to sell hundreds of thousands of acres have gone out of cultivation. In one barony in the County of Cork, Sir Robert Peel told us in 1849, extending over eighty thousand acres, all the lands were thrown waste. A recent act facilitates the sale of encumbered property, and will in some degree check this evil. But of the waste land, while the Irish bid their famine prices for potatoes, there are a million and a half of acres reclaimable for spade or plough—(Here. Hermit, I quote the report of Mr. Griffith of Lord Devon's Com- mission) two and a half millions reclaimable for pas- ture. Two and a half millions Mr. Griffith calls hopelessly waste, but there is no soil hopeless to a. small proprietor. Here, Hermit, I quote John Stuart Mill.—Were these wastes bought by Government and sold again, or sold at once by their possessors, in small freehold properties, to the poor Irish tenants, each would spend such energy upon his own domain as would soon turn the mass of waste into a little home Australia. Not only would thousands be fed and raised into comfort upon what is now mere useless ground, but a new thing would be seen,-a multitude of happy peasants in the sister island. I have been in Zurich, and have seen how men w ho own a bit of ground love it and nourish it, plaut every corner, water solicitously every single cabbage, rise with the sun, and spend their holidays npon the cherished soil. When people come to love the land atter that fashion, the land loves them, and makes them handsome presents."—" But." said the Hermit, has not this a tendency to root men to one spot-to stick them as firmly into a small patch of the earth as the vegetables they grow ? does it not smother energy and check interprise 1" Every tree must have a root" replied the "fast" young traveller, "or it spreads no branches" so with man. Give him a status, and he educates his family to respect that standing and to support it. He sends his children out into the world to find similar standing places for themselves he trains them to expect this, and not to live to snatch away some of his hard-earned acres, or to become his neigh- bouring rival. His branches are spread till they extend to other parts of the earth where they, in turn, take root, and thus become centres of the same sound and beneficial expansion of population. Dickens's Household Words, No. 29. MUNICIPAL ELECTORS IN ENGLAND AND WALES.— It appears, by a Parliamentary return published at the instance of Mr. Philip Howard, that the total number of municipal electors on the burgess roll in the corporate cities and boroughs of England, and Wales is 213,652. Of these, 206,474 are in England, and 7,178 in Wales. The boroughs with the strongest constituencies are Birmingham, 6,300 Bradford, 4,741; Bristol, 7,131; Leeds, 13,486; Liverpool, 10,584 Manchester, 11,128; Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 3,822; Nottingham, 3,377 Portsmouth, 3,990 Sheffield, 10,490 York, 3,371. The largest borough in Wales is Swansea, having 1,157 electors and the smallest, Pwlheli, with 104. The boroughs in England with the smallest number of municipal electors are the following :-Andover, 242; Arundel, 277 Bassing- stoke, 268 Blandford, 111 Bewdley, 416 Calne, 155 Chard, 114 Falmouth, 202 Faversham, 218; Godalming, 199; Hilston, Z;16 Kingston-upon- Tamas, 250 Launceston, 155 Lyme Regis, 205; Lymington, 155 Romsey, 155 Stockton, 107 Waliingford, 211 Wycombe, 228. ELECTIVE FRAKCHISE.—We learn from a sonree on which we place every reliance, that Ministers intend to bring in a measure immediately on the re-assembling of Parliament, for an extension of the elective franchise. Without professing to know the main features of the intended Bill, we have tlie best reasons for believing that it will contain such com- prehensive provisions as will ensure a very great addition to the constituency of the country. We have further reason in believing that the propriety of a very liberal extension of the electoial qualifica- tion will be among the first subjects which Lord John Russell will be among the first subjects which will bring under the consideration of his Cabinet, at its approaching series of meetings. THE CITIES OF LONDON AND PARIS COMPARED.— The report of Mr. Darcy, divisional inspector of the Ponts et Chaussees, who has been to England to obtain information relative to the macadamized roads, has just been published. In this work we find the following particulars relative to the population, extent of the streets, &c., in Paris and London :—The total surface of London is 216,000,000 of square matres its population. 1,624,000 number of houses, 460,000 extent of the streets, 1,126,000 metres extent of the streets, not including the foot-pavements, 6,000.000 metres extent of the sewers, 639,000 metres. The total surface of Paris is 34,379.016 sqnare metres population, 1,053,879 number of houses, 30,536 extent of the streets, 435,000 metres surface of the streets, exclusive of the foot-pavement, 3,600,000 square metres length of the sewers, I35(000 metres surface of the foot-pavement, 888,000 metres. Thus, in London, every inhabitant corresponds to a surface of 100 metres at Paris, to 34 metres, In London the average of inhabitants for each house is 7| at Paris 34. At London the average lencth of each house corresponds to 10 metres 40 centimetres at Paris, to a length of street of 15 metres. These details establish the difference which exists between the two cities, from which it appears that there is in London a great extent of surface not built over that the houses are not very high, and that almost every family has its own. The Boulevards of Paris is the part where the greatest traffic takes place, and the following are the results of the observations of :\1: Darcy on this object: —On the Boulevard des Capucines there pass wery 24 hours 9070 horses drawing car iages Boulevard des Italiens, 10,750 Boulevard Poissonniere, 77.10; Boulevard St. Denis, 9609 Boulevard des Filles lu Calvaire, 5856 general average of the above, 8600 Rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, 4300 Avenue des Charups-Elysees, 8959. At London, in Pall mall, opposite her Majesty's Theatre, there pass at least 800 carriages every hour. On London-bridge not less than 1.3,000 every hour. On Westminster-bridge the annual traffic amounts to not less than 8,000,000 horses. By this it will be seen that the traffic in Paris does not come up to one-half of what it is in the macadamized streets of London, LORD CARLISLE AND A WARDER OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND.—During a recent tour in Scotland, Lord Carlisle, in company with the Hon. and Rev. F. R. and Lady Elizabeth Grey, presented himself for admittance into the Regalia-room in Edinburgh Castle without the requisite order from the Lord Provost's office. The Warder at the foot of the stairs refused admittance to the party, but was ultimately induced to allow his Lordship to pass upon his representation that he was one of her Majesty's Ministers. Mr. and Lady Elizabeth Grey, however, not being able to advance the same claim to dis- ticntion, were prevented following his Lorriship by the scrupulous porter, who upon his lordship's dis- appearance, straitway inquired, What kirk hashed' He was informed that the Gentleman he had just admitted was ''one of the Queen's Civil Ministers." Ou, aye," was the reply; "dootless an uncoo ceevil man he is; but whar does he preach ?" Mr. Grey said he was one of her Majesty's State Ministers, and that it was Lord Carlisle who had just passed up stairs. Just at this point of the con- versation, the Earl, who had found it less difficult to make the functionary up-stairs understand who he really was, returned to summon his sister and Mr, Grey to join him, when he was most respectfully saluted by the Lay Minister of her Majesty at the bottom of the steps as the Lord Bishop of Carlisle- a mistake counteuanced by a u wide-awake* which his Lordship wore, and which the worthy man sup- posed to be the Ecclesiastical shovel." At the Central Criminal Court John M'Donald, 30, servant, was indicted for feloniously threa'eniug to accuse Henry May of an atrocious crime, with intent to extort money. Mr. Parry conducted the" prosecu- tion. The evidence went to show that the prisoner was one of the gang of miscreants infesting the metropolis, who made a trade of extorting money by the most atrocious means. In the present case it appeared that the prosecutor, who is a waiter at the Scotch stores, in Regent-street, was on his way home about one o'clock on the morning of the 18th of September, when he was assailed by the prisoner, who threatened to charge him with an odious crime unless he gave him a sovereign. The prosecutor happily had nerve enough to repel the charge with indignation, and he knocked the prisoner down, and theu called for the assistance of the police and gave him into custody. The prisoner said nolhing in answer to the charge. The jury, without any hesitation, returned a verdict of Guilty, 3"rt v d sentenced to be transported for life.